FINAL PROJECT

SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE

Jamilatul Mala (15320118)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM

MALANG

2018
  Tittle :
Racial Discrimination on Short Story Know Thy Neighbour and Its Relation With
Trisakti Tragedy 1998

 Research Question :
o What kind of discrimination did by indigenous of Indonesia toward ethnic
Chinese in the short story?
o What is the relation between the short story with the social condition of
Indonesia in 1998?

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discuss about literatures related with the research. First of all we would
discuss the approach that used in this research. The approach that used for this research is
sociological approach. The theory that used in this research also would be a discussion in this
chapter, which is theory is the theory of nature and prejudice by Gordon Allport. This
chapter also discuss the description of racism, discrimination and violence, in case of give
understanding about them.

2.1 Sociological Approach

According to Alan Swingewood (1972), literary works cannot be separated from the
real life. The process of producing literary works may be influeenced by the sociological
condition in certain period. In this research, the writer believe that the object of this research
is also the reflection of the real condition of certain period. According to Rane Wellek and
Austin Warren (1994) in their book Theory of Literature, the study of sociological literature
is devided into three kinds; sociological of the authore, sociological of the literary work and
sociological of the reader.Therefore, the sociological approach that the writer used in this
research is sociology by the literary works where the literary work become the primer and
only data that used in analyzing.
2.2 The Nature of Prejudice
In 1954, Gordon Allport, an early leader in comprehensive social science analysis of
prejudice and discrimination, articulated the sequential steps by which an individual
behaves negatively toward members of another racial group: verbal antagonism, avoidance,
segregation, physical attack, and extermination.1 Each step enables the next, as people learn
by doing. In most cases, people do not get to the later steps without receiving support for
their behavior in the earlier ones. In this section, we describe these forms of explicit
prejudice.

2.2.1 Verbal antagonism

Verbal antagonism includes casual racial slurs and disparaging racial comments,
either in or out of the target’s presence. By themselves such comments may not be
regarded as serious enough to be unlawful (balanced against concerns about freedom of
speech), but they constitute a clear form of hostility.

2.2.2 Avoidance
Avoidance entails choosing the comfort of one’s own racial group (the “ingroup”
in social psychological terms) over interaction with another racial group (the
“outgroup”). In settings of discretionary contact—that is, in which people may choose to
associate or not—members of disadvantaged racial groups may be isolated. In social
situations, people may self-segregate along racial lines.

2.2.3 Segregation

Here the prejudiced person makes detrimental distinctions of an active sort. He

undertakes to exclude all members of the group in question from certain types of
employment, from residential housing, political rights, educational or recreational
opportunities, churches, hospitals, or from some other social privileges. Segregation is an
institutionalized form of discrimination, enforced legally or by common custom.

1
Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Reprinted by permission of Perseus Books Publishers,
a member of Perseus Books. L.L.C.
 2.2.4 Physical Attack
Under conditions of heightened emotion prejudice may lead to acts of violence or
semi-violence. An unwanted Negro family may be forcibly ejected from a neighborhood,
or so severely threatened that it leaves in fear. Gravestones in Jewish cemeteries may be
desecrated. The Northside’s Italian gang may lie in wait for the Southside’s Irish gang.

2.2.5 Extermination

Extermination or mass killings based on racial or ethnic animus do occur. These

are complex phenomena; in addition to the sorts of individual hostility and prejudice
described above, they typically encompass histories of institutionalized prejudice and
discrimination, difficult life conditions, strong (and prejudiced) leadership, social support
for hostile acts, and socialization that accepts explicit discrimination.

2.3 Racism

Racism is a beliefe or ideology that all member of each racial group posses
characteristics or abilities specifi to that race, especially to distinguish it as being either
superior or inferior to other racial group. Racism may include any attitude, action or inaction
which subordinates a person or group because of color/race/ethnicity.

2.4 Discrimination

Discirminationis the different treatment among individuals on the basis of their

membership in categories.

2.5 Violance

Violence is a form of crime which oppresses another person or group which result injury,
death, psychological harm or feprivation. There are some kinds of Violence, which are
physical violance, sexual violance, emotional violance, psychological violance, cultural
violance and spiritual violance.

2.6 Previous Study

Many of the previous studies have discussed racial discrimination issues that occurred
during the May 1998 riots. One of them is research by Wenny Erga Sari entitled Struktur
Dan Pandangan Dunia Novel Sekuntum Nozomi 3 Karya Marga.T : Analisis
Strukturalisme Genetik. That research is having the same issue with this research. that
 research aims to reveal the structure of the novel Sekuntum Nozomi 3, the world view of
the author in the novel SN3, and the social structure that becomes the context. In the
novel Sekuntum Nozomi 3. This novel is depicted by the authority of the New Order
which oppressed the small people, increasingly enriched the big officials, to the
discrimination of the Chinese race which led to their violence.2 Although the theory used
is to discuss a slightly different perspective, namely about the whole May 1998 tragedy,
but in this study it still explains the problem of racial discrimination experienced by
ethnic Chinese.

2
Sari, Weni Erga. (2017). Struktur Dan Pandangan Dunia Novel Sekuntum Nozomi 3 Karya Marga.T : Analisis
Strukturalisme Genetik. Yogyakarta. Universitas Gadjah Mada
2.1 Bibilography

Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. (1995). Reprinted by permission of Perseus

Books Publishers, a member of Perseus Books. L.L.C.

Sari, Weni Erga. (2017). Struktur Dan Pandangan Dunia Novel Sekuntum Nozomi 3
Karya Marga.T : Analisis Strukturalisme Genetik. Yogyakarta. Universitas Gadjah Mada

Wellek, R and Warren, A. (1949). Theory of Literature. New Yorl: Harcot, Brace and
Company