Federal Urdu University of Art Science and

Technology Islamabad

ELECRTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Project Report
Speed Control Of DC Moter Using PWM Technique

Submitted to: - Madam Asima Mirza

Prepared By: - 1. Muhammad Zahid Ur Rahman

2. Syed Rizwan Hussain Shah

3. Ghulam Yasin

(B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronics) 5th-B)

 INTRODUCTION TO PWM TECHNIQUE

Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique for controlling analog circuits
with a microprocessor's digital outputs. PWM is employed in a wide variety of
applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and
conversion.

Analog voltages and currents can be used to control things directly, like the volume of a
car radio. In a simple analog radio, a knob is connected to a variable resistor. As you
turn the knob, the resistance goes up or down. As that happens, the current flowing
through the resistor increases or decreases. This changes the amount of current driving
the speakers, thus increasing or decreasing the volume. An analog circuit is one, like
the radio, whose output is linearly proportional to its input.

PWM is a way of digitally encoding analog signal levels. Through the use of high-
resolution counters, the duty cycle of a square wave is modulated to encode a specific
analog signal level. The PWM signal is still digital because, at any given instant of time,
the full DC supply is either fully on or fully off. The voltage or current source is supplied
to the analog load by means of a repeating series of on and off pulses. The on-time is
the time during which the DC supply is applied to the load, and the off-time is the period
during which that supply is switched off. Given a sufficient bandwidth, any analog value
can be encoded with PWM
Figure shows three different PWM signals. Upper figure a shows a PWM output at a
10% duty cycle. That is, the signal is on for 10% of the period and off the other 90%.
Middle and lower figures and 1 show PWM outputs at 50% and 90% duty cycles,
respectively. These three PWM outputs encode three different analog signal values, at
10%, 50%, and 90% of the full strength. If, for example, the supply is 9V and the duty
cycle is 10%, a 0.9V analog signal results.
 CIRCUIT DESIGN

Circuit diagram of speed cotroll of a DC Motor using PWM technique

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND WORKING

IC NE 555
The 555 Integrated Circuit (IC) is an easy to use timer that has many applications. It is
widely used in electronic circuits and this popularity means it is also very cheap to
purchase, typically costing around 30p. A 'dual' version called the 556 is also available
which includes two independent 555 ICs in one package.

The most common types of outputs can be categorized by the following (their names
give you a clue as to their functions):

 Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications

include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches,
frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc
 Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include
LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.
 Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin
is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched
switches, etc.
Pin 1 (Ground):
Connects to the 0v power supply.

Pin 2 (Trigger):
Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2 is
LOW, and pin 6 LOW, output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes
LOW, output goes LOW while pin 2 LOW. This pin has a very high impedance (about
10M) and will trigger with about 1uA.

Pin 3 (Output):
(Pins 3 and 7 are "in phase.") Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail) and LOW (about 0.5v
less than 0v) and will deliver up to 200mA.

Pin 4 (Reset):
Internally connected HIGH via 100k. Must be taken below 0.8v to reset the chip.

Pin 5 (Control):
A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network (quite considerably).

Pin 6 (Threshold):
Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is HIGH. This pin has a very
high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 0.2uA.

Pin 7 (Discharge):
Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be HIGH. If pin 2 is HIGH,
pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7 remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH) and stays
HIGH when pin 2 detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin 6 is
LOW. (Pins 7 and 3 are "in phase.") Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does not go high -
it goes OPEN. But it goes LOW and will sink about 200mA.

Pin 8 (Supply):
Connects to the positive power supply . This can be any voltage between 4.5V to 15V
DC.
Description

This circuit to control speed of dc motor is based on single IC that is NE 555 which work
as a-stable multi-vibrator. In this mode 555 timer is not stable and its output is
continuously changes from low to high or from high to low. This continuous change from
one state to another (high to low and then back to original state) produces a continuous
square wave output.
Now if the power supply is first connected to a-stable circuit then initially the timing
capacitor C1 is discharged. The voltage at pin2 is 0V and the output of timer is driven
HIGH. Now C1 starts charging through VR1 and R2. Capacitor C1 is also connected to
pin6 which is threshold input of the timer. When the voltage through C1 goes below 1/3
of the power supply, the output of the lower comparator reaches a new value. This
doesn’t change the logic state of the flip flop which means that the output remain low.
The second comparator’s input get the voltage from pin 6 which is threshold input and
2/3 Vcc from internal voltage divider. When the voltage through C1 goes below 2/3 of
the power supply the output of the second comparator reaches a new level. The flip-flop
changes their state and the output becomes HIGH. So the output of 555 timer goes
from HIGH to LOW.
In this circuit we vary the speed of DC motor with the help of VR1. When wiper arm of
variable resistor is on top position, capacitor C1 charges though R1 and D1 and
produces a pulse at the output pin 3 of long negative and short positive pulse width.
Therefore at this time speed of motor is slow and when wiper is bottom position speed
of motor is high. This output is provides to pin 3 and the motor connected to vary its
speed.
 COMPONENT LIST

Sr. No. Component Type Reference Number Value Remark

1 IC 556 IC 556 TIMER IC
2 Transistor Q1 NPN Tip 31
3 Diode D1 N 4148
4 Diode D2 N 4148
5 Battery BAT 1 12 V DC Source
6 Motor 12 V DC
7 Capacitor C1 100nf
8 Capacitor C2 100nf
9 Capacitor C3 100nf
10 Capacitor C4 100nf
11 Resistor R1 120
12 Resistor R2 1K
14 Variable Resistor VR1 100k

Oscilloscope, solder, soldering wire, voltmeter, Ampere meter, connecting wires, breadboard,
wire board and other axillary tools/material will be used
 RESULTS

Potentio meter
Sr. No. Output Voltage Speed
position

1 0

2 1

3 2

4 3