CE 3155 Structural Analysis

(2b) Truss analysis using Stiffness Method

Dr Poh Leong Hien

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
E1A-07-13
Email: ceeplh@nus.edu.sg

Thermal effects   FL / AE

• If a truss member of length L is subjected to a temperature increase T, the member will
undergo an increase in length of L =  TL
•  = coefficient of thermal expansion
• To satisfy geometrical compatibility, a compressive internal force q0 is applied to the
member so that it is returns to its original length.

 T L  q0 L / AE  q0  AE T
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Thermal changes Q  TT q

(q N ) 0  AET

(q F ) 0   AET

• Note: if the temperature decreases, then T is negative. The direction of the internal
force q0 will be reversed, i.e. in tension.

Fabrication errors   FL / AE

• If a truss member is made too long by L before it is fitted into a truss, the compressive
internal force q0 needed to keep the member at its design length L is q0 = AE L /L

(q N ) 0  AEL / L

(qF ) 0   AEL / L
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Fabrication errors Q  TT q

• In global coordinates, these internal forces are

• Note: if the member is originally too short, then L is negative. The direction of the internal
force q0 will be reversed, i.e. in tension.

Matrix analysis – Thermal changes and Fabrication errors Q  KD

• With the truss subjected to applied forces, temperature changes and fabrication errors,
the force-displacement relationship becomes

Q  KD  Q 0

where Qo is the forces caused by temperature changes & fabrication errors, following the
ordering of the global dofs.
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Matrix analysis – Thermal changes and Fabrication errors

Q k  K 11Du  K 12 D k  (Q k ) 0
Q u  K 21Du  K 22 D k  (Q u ) 0

• The unknown dofs Du are determined from the first equation.

• Once the displacements are obtained, the member forces are determined from

q  k ' TD  q 0
F
• Since qN = -qF for equilibrium of the member, we can just solve for qF
 DNx 
D  N
qF 
AE
L
 x  y x  y   DNy   qF 0
Fx
  qN
 DFy 

Example

Determine the force in members 1 & 2 of the pin-connected assembly if member 2 was
made 0.01 m too short before it was fitted into place. Take AE = 8(103) kN.

Numbering of dofs?
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Since member 2 is short, L = −0.01 m.

x  0.8,  y  0.6

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Member 1:

x  0,  y  1 , L  3m

3 4 1 2
0 0 0 0 3
 0.333 0  0.333 4
k 1  AE 
 0 0 1
 
 0.333  2
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Member 2:

x  0.8,  y  0.6 , L  5m

1 2 5 6
0.128 0.096  0.128  0.096 1
 0.072  0.096  0.072 2
k 2  AE 
 0.128 0.096  5
 
 0.072  6

12

Member 3:

x  1,  y  0 , L  4m

7 8 1 2
0.25 0  0.25 0 7
 0 0 0 8
k 3  AE 
 0.25 0 1
 
 0 2
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Q  KD  Q 0

Assembling the stiffness matrix, we obtain

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Partition the matrices as shown and solve for the unknown dofs:

D1  0.003704 m
D2  0.002084 m
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 DNx 
D 
qF 
AE
L
 x  y x  y   DNy   qF 0
Fx
 
D
 Fy 
Member 1:

x  0,  y  1 , L  3m , AE  8(103 )kN

 0 
 
8(103 ) 0
q1  0  1 0 1  
3  0.003704
 
  0 . 002084 
 5.56kN

16
 DNx 
D 
qF 
AE
L
 x  y x  y   DNy   qF 0
Fx
 
D
 Fy 
Member 2:

x  0.8,  y  0.6 , L  5m , AE  8(103 )kN

 0.003704
 0.002084
8(103 ) 3
)(0.01)
q1  0.8 0.6  0.8  0.6   8(10
5  0  5
 
 0 
 9.26kN
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Check for equilibrium

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The End