Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358

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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Convective heat transfer in the entry region of an annular channel

with slotted rotating inner cylinder
M. Fénot*, E. Dorignac, A. Giret, G. Lalizel
Institut P, Cnrs e ENSMAeUniversité de Poitiers, UPR 3346, Département Fluides, Thermique, Combustion, 1 Avenue Clément Ader, BP 40109, 86961
Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France

h i g h l i g h t s

< We measure heat transfer along a channel with a 4 slots rotating inner cylinder.
< It corresponds to the air gap of an open four-pole synchronous motor.
< Variation and level of heat transfer depend on axial speed as well as radial speed.
< Results show a clear difference of heat transfer between slots sides and poles.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper investigates the convective heat transfer of a complex annular channel with an inner rotating
Received 16 January 2012 wall. This configuration corresponds to the air gap of an open four-pole synchronous motor. The channel
Accepted 9 October 2012 is constituted of a smooth static outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder with four slots such that the
Available online 20 December 2012
channel’s diameter is 15.8 mm. Experiments were performed for axial Reynolds numbers from 2140 to
6425 and rotational Reynolds numbers from 1750 to 35,000 (corresponding to Taylor numbers from 104
Keywords:
to 4. 106). Local heat transfer on both cylinders (rotor and stator) was measured using an infrared
Rotor
thermography device. PIV measurements were carried out in rotor slots. Results show a clear difference
Stator
Electric motors
of heat transfer between slots sides and poles. In both cases, Nusselt number variation is comparable to
Infrared thermography the variation encountered in the entry region of a stationary channel. Both variation and level of heat
TayloreCouetteePoiseuille transfer nonetheless depend on axial speed as well as rotational speed.
Concentric cylinders Ó 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction thermal standpoints) is composed of two smooth concentric

In electrical machinery, the insulation system separates elec-
trical components, preventing short circuits. Insulation efficiency is
directly linked to temperature and decreases as the latter increases.
Temperature limits are consequently a key factor affecting the
efficiency and capacity of the system. This problem is particularly
critical as more electrically dominant propulsion systems lead to
higher-power electrical systems in confined zones. Consequently,
the improvement of such devices is directly linked to the optimi-
zation of their cooling. Convective heat transfer in the air gap
between rotor and stator is a strategic way of cooling. The most
basic air gap geometry (as shown from the aerodynamics and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ33 549498109; fax: þ33 549498101.
E-mail address: fenot.matthieu@ensma.fr (M. Fénot).
cylinders.
Flow and heat transfer between two smooth concentric rotating
cylinders, named TayloreCouette flow, has been extensively
studied over recent years. Gradual destabilization of the flow may
be studied both experimentally and through a mathematical
approach [1e3]. Moreover, this kind of flow has many industrial
applications, particularly in the fields of mechanical or chemical
mixing equipment: heat transfer around rotating heat pipes [4],
bearings [5], rotating extractors [6], extremities of the turbojet
turbine [7] and electric motors [8e12]. Flow and heat transfer have
consequently been the subject of several bibliographic reviews
[13e15].
Studies of flow in a smooth and closed annular gap have shown
the existence of different flow structures. Those structures depend
on rotation speed, or more exactly on the Taylor number
Ta ¼ u2 Rrotor e3 =y2 .

1359-4311/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.10.039
346 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358
Nomenclature
Drotor rotor outer diameter (m)
Dstator stator inner diameter (m)
Dh hydraulic diameter (m)
e annular gap (m)
h heat transfer coefficient (W m2 K1)
L length (m)
Nu Nusselt number
p slot depth (m)
R radius (m)
Relec electrical resistance (U)
Reeff effective Reynolds number (based on Dh or e)
Reeff ¼ ðVa2 þ aðuRrotor Þ2 Þ1=2 Dh =y or
Reeff ¼ ðVa2 þ aðuRrotor Þ2 Þ1=2 e=y
Rea axial Reynolds number ¼ Va Dh =y
Rer rotational Reynolds number ¼ Vr Dh =y
s curvilinear abscissa (m)
tFR4 epoxy glass thickness (m)
Tdow downstream temperature (K)
Tup upstream temperature (K)
Ta Taylor number (based on Dh or e)
Ta ¼ u2 Rrotor ðDh =2Þ3 =y2 or Ta ¼ u2 Rrotor ðeÞ3 =y2
Va Mean axial injection velocity (m s-1)
For a very small Taylor number, the flow is considered steady
and laminar. Heat transfer from one cylinder to another is constant
and dominated by conduction (Becker and Kaye [16]).
Above a critical value (Ta z 1700), the flow presents instabilities
known as “Taylor vortices” as shown by Taylor [17]. Following the
appearance of Taylor vortices, heat transfer rises in accordance with
an increasing Taylor number. The increase may be explained by the
emergence of Taylor vortices which allow rapid transport of fluid
from one cylinder to the other.
With increasing rotation speed, flow becomes more and more
complex, and random fluctuations progressively come to dominate
the flow, which finally becomes turbulent. This flow evolution with
increasing Taylor number has been studied by many authors
(Gollub and Swinney [18], Coles [2], Serre et al. [19]). Since the
appearance of fluctuation is progressive, heat transfer increases in
line with Ta. According to most authors [20e22], Nusselt number
increases with Ta1/4.
If an axial flow is superimposed on the rotation, it is then named
TayloreCouetteePoiseuille flow. For this type of configuration, four
types of flow have been recorded by Kaye and Elgar [23]: laminar
flow, laminar flow with Taylor vortices, turbulent flow and turbu-
lent flow with Taylor vortices. In such a configuration, heat transfer
depends not only on rotation speed but also on axial speed. As
a result, most authors use the effective Reynolds number
Reeff ¼ ðVa2 þ aðuRrotor Þ2 Þ1=2 e=y as an influence number with
a varying from 0.5 to 1 depending on the authors. Consequently, two
Nusselt numbers need to be defined, one at the rotor Nurotor and the
other at the stator Nustator. In the gap entrance region, Molki et al.
[24], observed that Nurotor decreases from the onset of the cylin-
drical gap and then tends to reach a constant number. It perfectly
corresponds to the thermal development of flow in a pipe or a duct.
The higher the rotation speed, the more rapidly Nu tends to reach its
final limit. In a similar configuration, Jakoby et al. [7] observed a rise
in the Nusselt number for X/Dh ¼ 7 and attributed this variation to
the appearance of a turbulent flow zone. Few authors have studied
the stator heat transfer ([21,25], for example). They noted that
rotation played a limited role and estimated a Nusselt number Nustat
lower than the one estimated on the rotor Nurot.
x,y,z coordinates (see Figs. 2 and 3)
Greek symbols
ε emissivity
l thermal conductivity (W m1 K1)
n kinematic viscosity (m2 s1)
s StefaneBoltzmann constant ¼ 5.67  10-8 W m2 K4
4elec electrical flux dissipated by Joule effect (W m2)
u rotation speed (Rad s1)
Indexes
air relative to air
conv relative to convective heat transfer
elec relative to Joule effect
ert relative to ertalyte
FR4 relative to epoxy glass
pol relative to the rotor poles
rotor relative to rotor
rad relative to radiative heat transfer
slot relative to the rotor slots
stator Relative to stator
stator,f relative to the front side of the stator (air gap side)
stator,r relative to the rear side of the stator (outside of the
stator)
Unfortunately, industrial configurations such as an electric
motor gap may present more complex geometry. For electric
motors, the main possible geometrical difference consists in the
presence of salient magnetic poles separated by longitudinal slots.
The salient poles can be present at the rotor, at the stator or on both
sides. Their width, depth and number may also vary. Given the large
number of parameters, it is very difficult to generalize the study
results to slotted configurations. The authors who have studied
flow and heat transfer in a slotted gap [4,21,26,27] are generally
convinced that previous numbers (Ta and Reeff) may characterize
flow and heat transfer. It is nonetheless necessary to replace the
annular gap by the hydraulic diameter Dh:Ta ¼ u2 Rrotor ðDh =2Þ3 =y2
and Reeff ¼ ðVa2 þ aðuRrotor Þ2 Þ1=2 Dh =y.
In such slotted gaps, heat transfer results are generally contra-
dictory. The presence of slots at the stator or rotor has no effect on
Nusselt number for Gazley [26], increases Nusselt number at the
rotor and at the stator for Hanagida and Kawasaki [27], increases it
at the rotor and lowers it at the stator for Bouafia et al. [21]. The
differences between the study results may be explained not only by
differing geometries, but also in terms of divergent velocity
entrance profiles: flat profile for Gazley [26] and Hanagida and
Kawasaki [27], but established flow for Bouafia et al. [21]. This
second parameter is particularly important since the studies
involve mean heat transfer all along the annulus, and do not involve
local variation. It is consequently not possible to compare heat
transfer profiles along the gap.
An electric motor gap presents complex geometry along with
relatively short length. In such cases, convective heat transfer
may vary strongly along the gap. Since rotors as well as stators
are to some extent composed of highly conductive materials,
knowledge of mean heat transfer is not sufficient for motor
optimization. As a result, the present study was undertaken to
investigate flow and local heat transfer in a channel represen-
tative of a four-pole motor or alternator air gap. The experiment
was conducted with an air flow in a channel consisting in
a smooth static outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder with
four slots. The channel hydraulic diameter is Dh¼15.8 mm.
Experiments were performed for axial Reynolds number
 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358
Rea ¼ Va Dh =yair from 2140 to 6425 and for rotational Reynolds
number Rer ¼ Vr Dh =yair ¼ uRrotor Dh =yair from 1750 to 35, 000
(corresponding to Taylor numbers Ta ¼ u2 Rrotor ðDh =2Þ3 =y2air from
104 to 4. 106). A summary of the different configurations studied
is presented in Table 1.
2. Apparatus and methods
2.1. Test bench
Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the experimental appa-
ratus. Figs. 2 and 3 represent the test section, respectively, for the
rotor and the stator.
As seen in Fig. 1, the airflow is supplied by a fan. A system of
valves regulates the air flow rate and a Venturi meter allows for
measurement of the mass flow. The Venturi meter and associated
pressure converters had previously been calibrated over the mass
flow rate (up to 0.09 kg/s) used in the experiment. The airflow
crosses through a divergent passage and enters the upstream
plenum chamber. Then, the air flows into the test section in the gap
between the slotted rotor and the stator. Finally, after crossing
through the test section, the air flows into the downstream plenum
chamber.
The test section is composed of the stator and the rotor,
respectively an outer smooth static part and an inner slotted
moving part.
As shown in Fig. 2, the rotor is a Lrotor ¼ 500 mm-long slotted
cylinder. Its outer diameter is Drotor ¼ 296.8 mm. Four slots are
made all along it. The depth of the slots is p ¼ 53.5 mm. The rotor is
driven by an electric motor allowing a rotation speed up
to 3000 rpm. The rotor is made of ertalyte (PET-P) covered with
a heated thin foil. Ertalyte is used for its low con-
ductivity (lert ¼ 0.23 W m1 K1 102). There are 12 heated
thin foils over the rotor (two for each slot and one for each
pole). Each foil is composed of epoxy glass plates (FR4,
lFR4 ¼ 0.32 W m1 K1  8  103) covered with a thin foil (17.5 mm
thick) of copper on their front sides (sides of the air gap). The
copper foils are engraved by circuits that are linked to DC supplies
and allows heating the rotor by the Joule effect. The rotor is painted
black to ensure high uniform emissivity for thermographic
measurement (εrotor ¼ 0.95  0.02).
As shown in Fig. 3, the stator is a smooth cylinder. Its inner
diameter is Dstator ¼ 300 mm. A heated foil coveres its inner face.
As for the rotor, the foil allow heating the stator by the Joule
effect and has the same structure (epoxy glass covered with
copper engraved by a circuit that is linked to DC supply). The
inner face of the stator is painted black to ensure high uniform
emissivity for precise radiative heat flux calculation
(εstator ¼ 0.95  0.02). Three holes have been drilled (through the
stator structure and its heat foil) and infrared windows have been
positioned. The three IR windows are distributed along the stator
to allow temperature measurement on the largest part of the
rotor. Another hole, called “stator window” on Fig. 3, is drilled
through the stator (but not through the heated foil that covers
Table 1
Summary of studied configurations.
Rer Rea
2140 4280 6425
1750
8760
26270
35035
347
the stator’s inner face). It allows for observation and measure-
ment of the temperature of the rear part of the heated foil located
on the stator (Fig. 4). The stator is insulated from the outside
environment by glass wool covering, except on the IR windows
and on the “stator window”.
2.2. Heat transfer measurements
The Heat transfer measurement technique consists in elec-
trically heating the rotor or the stator using copper circuits. The
local convective heat flux is then determined. Rotor and stator
surface temperatures are measured using infrared thermography.
Once both convective heat flux and surface temperatures
are known, it is possible to determine the heat transfer
coefficient.
2.2.1. Temperature measurement
An infrared camera is used to measure rotor and stator
temperature. For the rotor, temperature measurements are carried
out through the three IR windows. The camera is linked to the
motor’s angle coder via a PC. This configuration allows an IR image
to be made for a given angle of the rotor. To remove measurement
noise, the measurement is repeated twenty times for the same
angle. The infrared camera had previously been calibrated with
a black body placed behind an IR window.
For the stator, measurements are carried out along a small
portion of the stator called the “stator windows” (see Section 2.1).
Contrarily to the rest of the stator, the “stator windows” are made
up only of the heated foil. The IR camera measures temperatures on
its rear part. Each thermographic measure is the result of the mean
of thirty images recorded for 10 s, reducing measurement noise.
As the camera measures the rear temperature: Tstator,r (Fig. 4),
Tstator,f can be deduced from Tstator,r with Eq. (1):
tFR4

Tstator;f ¼ Tstator;r þ 4rad;stator;r þ 4conv;stator;r (1)
lFR4
Other temperatures (such as axis temperature) were recorded
during the experiment. Five thermocouples are set in the upstream
plenum chamber to measure air injection temperature Tup. Air
temperature in the chamber is homogeneous (temperature varia-
tion is less than 0.5 K). Downstream plenum chamber air temper-
ature Tdow is measured using thermocouples set up throughout the
chamber. Two thermocouples are set on the axis near the rotor to
measure the axis temperature.
During rotor temperature measurement, the stator is not
heated electrically. Its temperature is dependent only on convec-
tive heat transfer with the fluid and radiative heat transfer with
the heated rotor. For the calculation of radiative losses (see Section
2.2.2) it is necessary to know the stator temperature, so 10 ther-
mocouples are dispatched between the stator and its glass wool
cover.
2.2.2. Heat flux measurement
Current intensities through the copper circuits (at the stator or
the rotor) are measured. The exact electrical flux density dissipated
by the Joule effect 4elec is then calculated. Electrical resistivity
variation with temperature is taken into account in calculus of the
heat fluxes:
Relec ¼ 1:68  108 ð1 þ 0:0035ðT  20ÞÞ (2)
Radiative and conductive losses must be calculated in order to
determine convective heat flux density. The rotor and the stator do
348 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358

Fig. 1. Experimental apparatus.

not record the same losses. For the rotor, heat transfer modes are 1  
presented in Fig. 4a. Convective heat flux density is equal to: 4rad;stator;f ¼ s Tstator;f
4 4
 Trotor (6)
ð1=εrotor þ 1=εstator  1Þ
4conv;rotor ¼ 4elec  4rad;rotor  4cond; rotor (3)
With 4rad,stator,r, the radiative heat flux density on the rear side
4rad is estimated using: (outside the stator):

   
1 4rad;stator;r ¼ εstator s Tstator;r
4 4
 TN
4rad;rotor ¼ s Trotor
4 4
 Tstator;f (4) (7)
ð1=εrotor þ 1=εstator  1Þ

And 4conv,stator,r, the convective heat flux density on the rear side
In this measurement configuration, Tstator is measured by ther-
(outside the stator):
mocouples. 4rad,rotor is lower than 8% of 4conv,rotor. So, even if the
error on 4rad,rotor is high, the resulting error on 4conv,rotor is small.

4cond,rotor is calculated using numerical simulation taking into 4conv;stator;r ¼ hstator;r Tstator;r  TN (8)
account the axis temperatures and IR measurements. 4cond,rotor
lower than 6% of 4conv,rotor. As regards convective heat flux density on the rear side 4con-
For the stator, heat transfer modes are presented in Fig. 4b. The ,a heat transfer coefficient hstator,r has been measured
v,stator,r
heat fluxes correspond to those of the “stator window” (Section without axial flow and rotation: hstator,r z 12 W m2 K1 (2).
2.1). Convective heat flux density on the front side (stator air gap Radial heat conduction within the stator heating foil can be
side) 4conv,stator,f is calculated using: overlooked due to the relatively homogenous temperature of the
plate.
4conv;stator;f ¼ 4elec  4rad;stator;f  4rad;stator;r  4conv;stator;;r (5)
2.2.3. Heat transfer coefficient
With 4rad,stator,f, the radiative heat flux density on the front side Heat transfer coefficient by convection h in the air gap is defined
exchanged with the rotor: for the rotor:

Fig. 2. Test section: rotor.

 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358 349

For the stator, random uncertainty for rotor Nusselt number

values is no higher than 7%. Overall uncertainty for Nusselt number
values is no higher than 15%.
All these uncertainty values have been reported at a 95%
confidence level.

2.3. Velocity measurements

In an attempt to confirm a number of heat transfer results,

Particle Image Velocimetry has been used to measure of the mean
velocity fields. Due to difficulties of synchronization between the
motor’s angle coder and the PIV system, the number of velocity
fields is relatively low. As a result, only mean values can be usefully
exploited. The synchronization problem is principally due to small
variations in rotor rotating speed.
Flow seeding is carried out through use of a Laskin nozzle oil
generator that releases particles with a mean diameter of about
1 mm. Particle injection is located between the fan and the Venturi.
A pulsed laser is used to illuminate the flow and to create a thin
Fig. 3. Test section: stator. light sheet. Images are acquired with a 1280  1024 pixels camera.
The sampling frequency is 4 Hz, with total number of velocity field
at N > 700. The number of velocity fields ensures that the number
of uncorrelated events is sufficient to get accurate statistics.
Velocities are estimated using correlation calculation of 32  32,
4conv;rotor 50% overlap.
h ¼ (9)
Trotor  Tref The errors inherent in the PIV measurements were quantified
according to Westerweel with a 95% confidence level. The errors of
And for the stator: the method mainly depend on scale calibration (0.85%), pixel
displacement (1.24%) and time scale between the two images
4conv;stator;f
h ¼ (10) (negligible uncertainty). In order to determine measurement
Tstator  Tref uncertainty, it is necessary to add to the precision the various biases
The reference temperature is the average temperature of the air of this technique. If we assume that the biases are less than twice
in the gap, taking into account the temperatures measured in the the uncertainty allotted to the precision, the uncertainty is esti-
upstream plenum chamber Tup and in the downstream one Tdow: mated at 5% for the mean values.

Tup þ Tdow
Tref ¼
2
The reference temperature takes air flow heating into account
and has already been used by many authors [22,28,29].
Taking into account errors due to rotor and injection tempera-
ture, to electrical, radiative and conductive fluxes, and to emissiv-
ities, random uncertainty for rotor Nusselt number values is no
higher than 5%. Overall uncertainty for Nusselt number values is no
higher than 14%.
(11) 2.4. Dimensionless parameters
In description and analysis of the results, appropriate dimen-
sionless parameters need to be defined. For the channel flow, the
characteristic length for both Reynolds is the hydraulic diameter Dh.
The characteristic length has been chosen by many authors for the
purposes of studying annular channel with rotating cylinders and
axial flow [21,24,26]. However, since the air gap length is relatively
small, another possible characteristic length is channel length (Y).

Fig. 4. Heat fluxes.

350 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358

For the purposes of comparison with previous studies and in

order to clarify the description of our results, we have chosen the
“classical” hydraulic diameter Dh as characteristic length, but the
dimensionless channel length Y/Dh will be used as a parameter in
correlations below.
So, the axial Reynolds number is:

Va Dh
Re ¼ (12)
yair
For the sake of simplicity and the purposes of comparison, we
have chosen uRrotor as reference radial velocity. So, the rotational
Reynolds number is:

uRrotor Dh
Re ¼ (13)
yair
Air kinematic viscosity yair is calculated for the reference
temperature Tref (Eq. (10)).
Moreover, as shown by Gazley [26] for smooth rotor and stator,
a suitable description of heat transfer is obtained by using an
effective Reynolds number with a combination of radial and axial
velocities as the reference velocity:
 1=2
Va2 þ aðuRrotor Þ2 Dh Fig. 5. Example of rotor result: Nusselt number cartography(Rea ¼ 4280, Rer ¼ 8760).
Reeff ¼ (14)
yair
3. Results and discussion
With a a coefficient taking into account the influence of rotor
velocity compared to the influence of axial flow velocity.
3.1. Rotor results
In accordance with the Reynolds numbers, we have chosen the
hydraulic diameter Dh as characteristic length for heat transfer
An example of heat transfer rotor results is presented in Fig. 5.
results and the local heat transfer coefficient h is dimensionless:
This figure presents a Nusselt number cartography of the rotor. Only
hDh one part of the rotor has been presented because the results for the
Nu ¼ (15) three other parts are similar. The cartography is in fact composed of
lair
54 smaller cartographies, each one corresponding to an IR
Air thermal conductivity lair is calculated for the reference temperature measurement. For a better understanding of Fig. 5,
temperature Tref. configuration and rotor axis are presented for the second time in
For correlation purposes, average Nusselt numbers have been Fig. 6. The air flows upward along the Y/Dh axis. The three hori-
defined: zontal zones (respectively: 4 < Y/Dh < 10.5, 14 < Y/Dh < 20.5,
24 < Y/Dh < 30) correspond to the three IR windows that allow for
Z
18:5
temperature measurement of the rotor. The three vertical black
1
Nupole ðY=Dh Þ ¼ NuðY=Dh ; s=Dh Þdðs=Dh Þ lines are the rotor slot “edges”:
ð18:5  8:5Þ
s=Dh ¼ 8:5
 For s/Dh ¼ 1.75, the line corresponds to the edge between the
(16)
first pole and the trailing side
 for s/Dh ¼ 5, the line corresponds to the edge between the
Z8:5 trailing side and the leading side (the slot’s “bottom”)
1
Nuslot ðY=Dh Þ ¼ NuðY=Dh ; s=Dh Þdðs=Dh Þ  for s/Dh ¼ 8.5, the line corresponds to the edge between the
ð8:5  1:75Þ
s=Dh ¼ 1:75 leading side and the second pole.
(17)
Even if this 2D map is not easy to comment on, we wish to put
And the average Nusselt number over the entire rotor has also forward several remarks. First of all, we observe a decrease of the
been defined

Z30 Z
18:5      
1 1 Y s Y s
Nurotor ¼ Nu ; d d (18)
ð30  4Þ ð18:5  1:75Þ Dh Dh Dh Dh
Y=Dh ¼ 4 s=Dh ¼ 1:75

The average Nusselt numbers over the stator has been similarly Nusselt number with increasing Y/Dh on all sides of the rotor.
defined. This decrease is relatively similar to the heat transfer decrease in
 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358
Fig. 6. Axis and rotor configuration.
the entrance region of a stationary tube. Moreover, for high Y/Dh
(Y/Dh > 25 in Fig. 5), Nusselt number appears to become constant
for a given s/Dh. The downstream region may correspond to the
developed region of a stationary tube. So, on the whole, rotor
heat transfer presents the same regions (entrance and fully
developed) as a stationary pipe. Nevertheless, the entrance
lengths of the three regions do not appear to be the same. In
accordance with heat transfer, the pole flow seems to develop
more quickly than the slot flow. Moreover, if we compare the
three “sides” (leading one, trailing one and pole), we observed
that heat transfer seems greater on the leading side than on the
trailing side and that pole heat transfer is lower than heat
transfer on the slot sides.
Fig. 7. Rotor average Nusselt number Nurotor as a function of rotational Reynolds number Rer compared with previous studies for an axial Reynolds number of (a) Rea ¼ 2140, (b)
Rea ¼ 4280 and (c) Rea ¼ 6425.
351
As far as we know, our configuration (with large slots on the
rotor) has not been studied before. But many authors have shown
that, if the hydraulic diameter is taken as reference length, different
geometric configurations are globally similar: Gazley [26] observed
no difference with and without slots, Bouafia et al. [21] noted only
small differences and Poncet et al. [30] compared different
geometric configurations with their results. So, before looking more
precisely at the influence of axial and rotational Reynolds numbers
on the local heat transfer, we will compare our results with those of
the literature and see if our heat transfer variation results are similar.
As previously indicated, reported results mainly involve average
heat transfer over the entire rotor. So, Nurotor value of the present
study will be compared with other authors’ Nusselt number
correlations. Considering our axial and rotational Reynolds number
range, four authors have comparable data (Bouafia et al. [21],
Hanagida and Kawasaki [27], Jakoby et al. [7], and Grosgeorge [22]).
These comparisons are presented in Fig. 7, for Rea ¼ 2140,
Rea ¼ 4280, and Rea ¼ 6425.
We observe some dispersion among the different authors with
regard to the average Nusselt number. This is particularly the case
for a high rotational Reynolds number: Nurotor value can vary from
1 to 3 times depending on the authors. The results of the present
study are located in the lower part of the graph and are relatively
close to those reported by Grosgeorge [22] and Hanagida and
Kawasaki [27] results.
The difference between gap geometries is a possible explanation
for Nusselt number dispersion: Jakoby et al. [7] and Grosgeorge [22]
used smooth rotor and stator. Bouafia et al. [21] and Hanagida and
Kawasaki [27] used smooth rotor and slotted stator. The present
352 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358

study is the only one with slotted rotor. Another explanation is the
importance of the axial ratio Lrotor/e over Nurotor.
Table 2 presents Lrotor/e for the different configurations. We
may observe that concerning the configurations of Jakoby et al. [7]
and Bouafia et al. [21], the axial ratio is low and the average
Nusselt number is particularly high. On the contrary, for Gros-
george [22], Hanagida and Kawasaki [27] and the present study,
axial ratios are higher and the average Nusselt number is lower.
Considering that local Nusselt number decreases along the
rotor as shown in Fig. 5, the different axial ratios explain the
Nusselt number difference: the lower the axial ratio, the higher
the Nusselt number, since heat transfer does not have a length
long enough to decrease. We may consequently note the impor-
tance of the axial ratio Lrotor/e for electric motors of relatively
short length.
Fig. 7 also highlights one particularity of our study results. For
a high rotational Reynolds number, the Nusselt number becomes Fig. 8. Rotor average Nusselt number Nurotor as a function of effective Reynolds
number Reeff with a ¼ 1.
constant, which is not visibly the case in the other studies under
consideration. This specificity is probably linked to interaction  1
between gap and slot flows; our geometry is the only one to present Va2 þ ðuRrotor Þ2
2
Dh
a slotted rotor. Reeff ¼
Globally, local Nusselt number increases with increasing axial as n
well as rotational Reynolds numbers. The axial and rotational Now, we will look more precisely at local Nusselt numbers for
Reynolds numbers seem to have a similar influence over the Nus- the different sides of the rotor.
selt number. Fig. 8 shows Nurotor as a function of effective Reynolds
number Reeff with a ¼ 1 for various axial Reynolds number Rea. The 3.1.1. Pole
different points are relatively grouped. Consequently, for the Fig. 9 shows Nusselt number variation along one of the rotor
effective Reynolds number, we have chosen to take a ¼ 1 and so: poles for different axial and rotational Reynolds numbers. This

Table 2
Axial ratio of several configurations.

Lrotor/e Nurotor correlation

Present study 312
Bouafia et al. [20] 57 0;8
Rotor : Nu ¼ 0:025 Reeff
Reeff ¼ ðRe2a þ 0:5Re2r Þ1=2
Grosgeorge [21] 200 Nu ¼ 0:023jðRea ÞPr 1=3 Re0;8
eff
with jðRea Þ ¼ 0:16Re0;175
a
2 2 1=2
and Reeff ¼ ðRea þ 0:8Rer Þ

a0 $etðL=ebÞ þ au $etðL=eþbÞ
! with C ¼
ðVa2 þ ðuR1 Þ2 Þ1=2 L etðL=ebÞ þ etðL=eþbÞ
Nu ¼ C
y a0 $etðL=ebÞ þ au $etðL=eþbÞ
and N ¼
etðL=ebÞ þ etðL=eþbÞ

Jakoby et al. [7] 14

Hanagida and 283 St ¼ 0:218X 1=2 Pr2=3 quand X  5000

Kawasaki [27] St ¼ 0:0072X 0:1 Pr2=3 quand X  5000

With X ¼ Re2a =Rer

 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358
Fig. 9. Pole Nusselt number for: (a) Rer ¼ 1750, (b) Rer ¼ 8760, (c) Rer ¼ 26,270, and (d) Rer ¼ 35,035.
figure confirms that Nusselt number decreases along the rotor for
all axial and rotational Reynolds numbers. In their study, Jakoby
et al. [7] have noted a local maximum Nusselt number and they
have concluded that it corresponds to the end of the laminar/
turbulent transition. No such maximum is visible in the present
study. And yet, the transition may occur on the rotor before the
measurement zone (for Y/Dh < 4). For a low rotational Reynolds
number (Fig. 9a and b), the Nusselt number becomes constant on
the last part of the rotor. Such a constant value of the Nusselt is
characteristic of the fully developed region. Moreover, as in
a stationary pipe, the entrance region is longer for a higher axial
Reynolds number. For a higher rotational Reynolds number (Fig. 9c
and d) such a region is not visible, and the Nusselt number
decreases as far as the end of the rotor. It would consequently
appear that entrance region length depends not on axial Reynolds
number alone, but also on rotational Reynolds number.
We can also note that Nusselt number values for Rea ¼ 4280 and
6424 are very close, particularly near the entrance. In that zone, Nu
values for Rea ¼ 4280 are sometimes higher than those of
Rea ¼ 6424.First of all, even if Rea values are quite different, Reeff
values are very close (as Rer values are globally higher than Rea
values). Moreover, we could not measure mass flow rate distribu-
tion between the pole gap and the slots. So, it is possible that the
pole mass flow rate remains constant even if the main flow
increases.
353
We can also note on Fig. 9 that for low rotational Reynolds
number (Rer ¼ 1750), Nusselt number for Rea ¼ 2140 and 4280 are
close, particularly at the end of the air gap (Y/Dh > 18).Whereas
Nusselt number for Rea ¼ 6425 seems to tend toward a higher
value. For high rotational Reynolds number (Rer > 26,270), Nu
for Rea ¼ 4280 and 6425 are nearly equal all along. For intermediate
Rer values, Nu for Rea ¼ 4280 and 6425 are equal until Y/Dh ¼ 15
and then Nusselt number tends to become equal to Nu for
Rea ¼ 2140.
For the pole, the Nusselt number varies with effective Reynolds
number Reeff and with dimensionless rotor length Y/Dh. This
dependence can be approximated in terms of power law depen-
dence: Nu ¼ A  Reneff  Y/Dmh . By means of non-linear least square
analysis, we have determined that values of A ¼ 0.22  0.08,
n ¼ 0.62  0.03 and m ¼ 0.44  0.03 (with expanded uncertainty
for 95% confidence level) fit the data. For a smooth rotor with close
axial and rotational Reynolds numbers, Jakoby et al. [7] and Bouafia
et al. [21], have measured n ¼ 0.8. So, heat transfer on slotted rotor
seems to increase less rapidly with Reeff than for smooth rotor. A
possible explanation is that air flow is not splitting equally between
the slots and the gap between poles and stator. An important part
might be passing through the slots. The velocities used to calculate
the effective Reynolds number are probably higher than the actual
velocity in the gap, and the phenomenon is most likely accentuated
with increasing velocity.
354 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358
Considering “m”, our results are close to those of Molki et al. [24]
ones. In their study of a smooth cylinder entrance with a lower axial
and rotational Reynolds number, they have found m ¼ 0.451.
Finally, the correlation for heat transfer corresponding to the
rotor pole is:
Z
18:5
1
Nupole ¼ Nudðs=Dh Þ
ð18:5  8:5Þ
s=Dh ¼ 8:5
 0:44
Y
¼ 0:22  Re0:62
eff 
Dh
for 2770 < Reeff < 35,600.
The maximum discrepancy between results and the correlation
is 29% but most of the discrepancies are lower than 12%. The higher
discrepancies are encountered in the last part of the rotor (Y/
Dh > 27and are due to the increase of Nusselt number just at the
end of the rotor (see for example Nusselt number variation in
Fig. 9d) for Rea ¼ 4280 and Rea ¼ 6425).
3.1.2. Slot: leading side and trailing side
Figs. 10 and 11 present examples of average Nusselt number
variations along the whole slot for various axial and rotational
Reynolds numbers.
As previously presented, Nusselt number globally decreases
with increasing Y/Dh on both sides. This decrease shows the pres-
ence of an entrance region and, eventually, a fully developed region.
As for the pole region, the length is linked to both rotational and
axial Reynolds number.
According to Nusselt number variations in Fig. 10, the slot
entrance region seems to be longer than the rotor length, particu-
larly for high Rer. The entrance length is consequently longer in the
slot than on the pole. Classically, in a stationary pipe, entrance
length corresponds to the link of the boundary layers at the center
of the pipe. Since the walls are closer in the pole than in the slots, it
is coherent that entrance length should be longer in the slot.
Nusselt number variations are more complex on the slot sides
than on the pole as seen in Fig. 11. In particular for Rea ¼ 4280,
Nusselt number is constant until Y/Dh ¼ 8 and then decreases. Two
explanations can be proposed: the first one is that the local
“maximum” is an entrance effect. But in that case, we could expect
another local maximum for other Rea in the same region (Y/Dh z 8).
Fig. 10. Slot Nusselt number Nuslot for various Rer and Rea ¼ 2140.
(19)
Fig. 11. Slot Nusselt number Nuslot for various Rea and Rer ¼ 8760.
Rea ¼ 6425 results present an inflection but it is smaller than the
one for Rea ¼ 4280, and Rea ¼ 2140 results present no maximum.
This hypothesis is consequently unlikely. Another possibility is that
the local “maximum” is due to the transition from laminar to
turbulent as presented by Jakoby et al. [7] who observed Nusselt
number variation along the rotor comparable to variation
encountered on a flat plate. In their study, at first, Nusselt number
decreases in a region with a boundary layer considered as laminar,
then increases due to transition of the boundary layer and finally
decreases again in the turbulent region. In the present study, the
laminar region is probably located just in front of the measurement
zone (Y/Dh < 4) and the transition for Rea ¼ 6425 should occur
before Y/Dh ¼ 4. In that case, we could expect a local maximum for
Rea ¼ 2140 later in the air gap. Such a maximum is not visible but
the axial Reynolds number (2140) is very close to the pipe critical
Reynolds number. So it is possible that the boundary layer stay
laminar all along. Moreover, it is possible that the transition
appears for 10 < Y/Dh < 15 for which we do not have any
measurements (for Y/Dh ¼ 10, there is a small inflection).
At the end of the air gap, for Y/Dh z 30, the Nusselt number
appears to increase slightly. It is particularly visible in Fig. 10 for
high rotational Reynolds number. Such an effect has already been
detected by Poncet et al. [30] in their numerical study in a smooth
pipe. The increase is a local effect probably due to the sudden
expansion of the channel from the slot to the downstream plenum
chamber.
As for the pole, the Nusselt number varies with Reeff and Y/Dh.
Concerning Reeff influence, the Nusselt number can be approxi-
mated by classical power law dependence NuwReneff with n ¼ 0.77.
This finding is close to the results reported by Jakoby et al. [7] and
Bouafia et al. [21] (n ¼ 0.8). In the slot, Nusselt number increases at
the same rate as on a smooth rotor.
The relation between Nu and Y/Dh is more complex since it
appears to depend on the rotational Reynolds number. In fact, the
higher the rotational Reynolds number, the more quickly the
Nusselt number decreases along the Y/Dh. Indeed, in the down-
stream portion of the slot, the Nusselt number appears to evolve
with Rer whereas, in the upstream region, Nusselt number varies
strongly with Rer. To conclude, the rotational Reynolds number has
a strong effect on the flow entrance and resultant heat transfer.
Bouafia et al. [21] have noted flow movement that can be linked
to the present phenomenon. Their configuration consists of
 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358 355

180 160

160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
Nu

Nu
80
60
60
40
40

20 20

0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Rer Rer
Baudoin present study Baudoin present study

a) b)
160

140

120

100

80
Nu

60

40

20

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Rer

Baudoin present study

c)
Fig. 12. Slot Nusselt number Nuslot as a function of rotational Reynolds number Rer compared with Baudoin study for an axial Reynolds number (a) Rea ¼ 2140; (b) Rea ¼ 4280 and
(c) Rea ¼ 6425.

a smooth rotor and a slotted stator. They observed that rotation Nusselt number values and to the Nusselt number increase just
causes the air gap flow to enter the slots. With increasing rotation before the end of the rotor (see Rer ¼ 26,270 and Rer ¼ 35,035 in
speed, this effect emerged more rapidly. In the present study, Fig. 10).
increased heat transfer in the first portion of the slot with high Another configuration that can be compared to the present
rotation speed may be due to heightened mass flow rate from the study rotor slot is that of a pipe rotating around a parallel axis. Heat
air gap to the slots.
For purposes of coherence with respect to previous correlations,
we have chosen to approximate it by power law dependence:
5
NuwY/Dm h but with m ¼ (Rer  b  10 þ c). Such a variation had
never previously been recorded in any study. We have determined
that values of A ¼ 0.098  0.04, n ¼ 0.77  0.05, b ¼ 1  0.2 and
c ¼ 0.4  0.04 (with expanded uncertainty for 95% confidence level)
fit the data.
Finally, correlation for heat transfer corresponding to the rotor
slot can be expressed as:

Z8:5  
1 s
Nuslot ¼ Nud
ð8:5  1:75Þ Dh
1:75
 ðRer 105 þ0:4Þ
Y
¼ 0:098  Re0:77
eff  (20)
Dh

for 2770 < Reeff < 35,600.

The maximum discrepancy between results and the correlation
is 32% but most of the discrepancies are lower than 14%.
The higher discrepancies are encountered in the last part of the Fig. 13. Pole, leading side and trailing side Nusselt number for Rea ¼ 4280 and
rotor (Y/Dh > 27). As for those of the pole, they are due to small Rer ¼ 8760.
356 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358

Fig. 14. Vectors and contours of mean velocity in a plan perpendicular to rotor axis for Y/Dh ¼ 15 in a slot for Rea ¼ 6425 and Rer ¼ 1750 (a) or Rer ¼ 26270 (b).

transfer in such a configuration has been studied several times [31e low rotational Reynolds number (Rer < 26,270), Nusselt number in
33], but the only comparable heat transfer correlation is the one the rotor slot and Baudoin correlation in a pipe are relatively close.
reported by Baudoin [31]. A comparison between the result of the For higher Rer results diverge. Heat transfer in a rotating pipe
present study and the Baudoin correlation is recorded in Fig. 12. For continues to increase whereas heat transfer in the slot seems to

Fig. 15. Stator Nusselt number for: (a) Rer ¼ 1750, (b) Rer ¼ 8760, (c) Rer ¼ 26,270, and (d) Rer ¼ 35,035.
 M. Fénot et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 54 (2013) 345e358
increase less rapidly (for Rea ¼ 2140) or to become constant (for
Rea ¼ 4280, 6425).
In the previous paragraphs, we have considered average heat
transfer over both sides of the slot. But each slot can be divided into
two parts, the leading side and the trailing side. And heat transfer on
the leading side differs from heat transfer on the trailing side. Fig. 13
presents an example of Nusselt number variation along the leading
side, the trailing side and the pole. We observe that heat transfer for
the leading side exceeds heat transfer for the trailing side. The two
curves are relatively close for Y/Dh ¼ 5. The discrepancy increases
rapidly and becomes constant for Y/Dh > 7.5. This discrepancy is
stable with increasing axial Reynolds number whereas it increases
with increasing rotational Reynolds number. In order to better
understand this discrepancy, velocity measurements have been
conducted in a plan perpendicular to the rotor axis in a slot for Y/
Dh ¼ 15. Due to the high radial velocity, results were hard to inter-
!
pret. As a result, for each point the mean radial velocity Ru uq was
calculated and deduced. Some examples of the results are presented
in Fig. 14 for axial Reynolds number Rea ¼ 6425 and for two different
rotational Reynolds numbers Rer ¼ 1750 (a) and Rer ¼ 26270 (b).
Fig. 14 shows that the flow inside the slot has a helicoidal movement
around the “centerline” of the slot which can be connected with the
vortices observed in the stator slots by Bouafia et al. [21]. It would
appear that part of the air gap flow enters the slot impinging on the
leading edge and causes the helicoidal movement. Moreover, we
have observed that relative velocity is higher near the leading side
than near the trailing side and the difference may explain the
discrepancy of heat transfer on both sides.
3.2. Stator results
Fig. 15 shows Nusselt number variation along the stator. As ex-
pected, Nusselt number decreases along the stator.
For low rotational and axial Reynolds numbers, the Nusselt
number seems to become constant at the end of the measurement
zone of the stator. Due to the experimental configuration, it was not
possible to measure until the end of the gap. For higher Reynolds
number, the constant Nusselt number zone is no longer visible. As
for the slot, the stator entrance region appears to be longer than gap
length, particularly for high Rea and Rer.
As for the rotor, the Nusselt number for leading and trailing
sides varies with Reeff and Y/Dh. Concerning Reeff influence, Nusselt
number can be approximated by classical power law dependence
NuwReneff with n ¼ 0.84.
The relation between Nu and Y/Dh is comparable to the one in
the slot: the higher the rotational Reynolds number, the more
quickly the Nusselt number decreases along the Y/Dh.
Using a power law dependence, the stator Nusselt number is
5
linked to Y/Dh: NuwY/Dm h with m ¼ (Rer  b  10 þ c). We have
determined that values of A ¼ 0.09  0.05, n ¼ 0.84  0.09,
b ¼ 1  0.3 and c ¼ 0.95  0.08 (with expanded uncertainty for 95%
confidence level) fit the data.
Finally, the correlation for heat transfer corresponding to the
stator is:
 ðRer 105 þ0:95Þ
Y References
Nustator ¼ 0:09  Re0:84
eff  (21)
Dh
for 2770 < Reeff < 35,600.
Even if this correlation is close to the slot Nusselt number one,
the Nusselt number is lower on the stator than on the slot or even
on the pole.
The maximum discrepancy between the correlation and results
is 50% (Most discrepancies are lower than 25%). Those high
357
discrepancies are partially due to the small values of Nusselt
number encountered for Y/Dh > 22. This is particularly true for
small rotational and axial Reynolds numbers. But high discrep-
ancies are also due to the complex variation of Nusselt number
along Y. For example, we can note that for small rotational Reynolds
number (Fig. 9a and b) Nusselt number variation between Y/
Dh ¼ 10 and 27 is greater for high axial Reynolds number, whereas
for high rotational Reynolds number (Fig. 9c and d) Nusselt number
variation is greater for high axial Reynolds number.
4. Conclusion
Heat transfer has been measured on both sides of a channel
constituted by a smooth static outer cylinder and a rotating inner
cylinder with four slots. Channel geometry and flow conditions are
representative of the geometry and the air gap flow of an electric
motor with 15.8 mm channel hydraulic diameter. Experiments
were performed for axial Reynolds numbers: 2140, 4280 and 6425
and for rotational Reynolds numbers: 1750, 8760, 26,270 and
35,035. Heat transfer has been measured on both side of the
channel by infrared thermography.
Average heat transfer on the rotor increases and is in relatively
good agreement with other studies up until Reeff ¼ 26,270. At that
point, the average heat transfer becomes constant or decreases
slightly.
Heat transfer decreases from the entrance for both rotor and
stator. This confirms the importance of axial ratio and entrance
velocity profile on heat transfer. The decrease is comparable to the
one encountered in the entrance region of a stationary channel but
both variation and heat transfer levels depend not only on axial
speed but also on rotational speed.
Rotor local heat transfer results also show three different zones:
the pole, the slot leading edge and the slot trailing edge. Heat
transfer is higher on the leading edge then on the trailing edge and
on the pole. Moreover, the decrease in heat transfer is more rapid
on the slot than on the pole. Those differences can probably be
explained by air velocity near the three regions. This is clearly
shown by PIV measurements that have been conducted in the rotor
slots.
Finally, three heat transfer correlations have been determined:
one for rotor pole, one for rotor slots and one for the stator.
Considering the heat transfer decrease from the entrance and
the particular effects detected in the first part of the rotor (Y/
Dh < 10), future studies should focus on the measurement from the
start of the rotor. Nevertheless, heat transfer conduction in that
region is clearly three-dimensional, and heat transfer measurement
will become more complex. Another point of interest is the slight
decrease of heat transfer for Reeff > 26,270. Other tests should be
conducted further to our understanding.
Acknowledgements
This study has been carried out as part of a research program
financed by Leroy-Somer. Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
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