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Value obtained by adding together all the items and by dividing with total no. of items. It is also
called average.
It is most popular and widely used measure for representing entire data by one value.
Types
Simple Arithmetic Mean
Combined Mean
Series
Individual Series
Such a series in which only one thing is given,
1. Direct Method
2. Short- cut Method
Direct Method
∑𝑋
𝑋̅ =
𝑛
Here, X = Sum of all observations
N = Total no. of observations
X may be Weight, Height, Marks etc.
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X(Marks)
10
20
30
40
50
∑ X = 150
150
𝑋̅ = = 30
5
Short-cut Method
Formula
∑𝑑
𝑋̅ = A+
𝑛
A → 20 or 30 or 40 or 50
X d = (X-A)
10 10 – 20 = -10
20 20 – 20 = 0
30 30 – 20 = 10
40 40 – 20 = 20
50 50 – 20 = 30
∑d = 50
50
= 20 +
5
= 30
“A” can be any assumed no. it is not necessary to take central value as it has no effect on answer.
Discrete Series
Direct Method
∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑓
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X f fx
2 4 8
4 4 16
5 4 20
9 4 36
10 4 40
∑f = 20 ∑fx =120
120
𝑋̅ =
20
𝑋̅ = 6
∑𝑓𝑑
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 +
∑𝑓
Assumed no. = 4
X f d = (X – A) Fd
2 3 -2 -6
4 4 0 0
6 2 2 4
8 1 6 6
12 6 8 48
∑f =16 ∑fd = 52
∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 +
∑𝑓
52
= 4 +16
= 4 + 3.25
= 7.25
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Continuous Series
Direct Method
∑ 𝑓𝑚
𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑓
m = mid value
𝑙1+ 𝑙2
= 2
𝑙1 → lower limit
𝑙2 →Higher limit
Class Interval F m Fm
0 – 10 3 5 15
10 – 20 5 15 75
20 – 30 4 25 100
30 – 40 2 35 70
50 – 60 6 45 270
∑ 𝑓 =20 ∑ 𝑓𝑚 =530
∑ 𝑓𝑚
𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑓
530
= 20
= 26.5
Here, d=m–A
Class Interval F m D fd
0–2 3 1 1–7=6 -18
2–4 5 3 3 – 7 =-4 -20
4–6 2 5 5 – 7 = -2 -4
6–8 6 7 7–7=0 0
8 – 10 4 9 9–7=2 8
∑ 𝑓 =20 ∑𝑓𝑑̅ = -34
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∑ 𝑓𝑑̅
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + ∑𝑓
−34
= 7+ 20
= 7+(-1.7)
= 5.3
Combined Mean
𝑛1 𝑚1 + 𝑛2 𝑚2
𝑋̅𝑐 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
For 3:-
𝑛1 𝑚1 + 𝑛2 𝑚2+ 𝑛3 𝑚3
𝑋̅𝑐 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3
Mean marks of 20 boys are 50 while mean marks of 30 girls are 60. Find combined mean.
Given data:-
No. of boys= 𝑛1 = 20
No. of girls= 𝑛2 = 30
𝑛1 𝑚1 = 20 ∗ 50 = 1000
𝑛2 𝑚2 = 30 ∗ 60 = 1800
= 56
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X w
Food 290 7.5
Rent 54 2.0
Clothing 98 1.5
Fuel 75 1.0
Other items 75 0.5
∑ 𝑤 12.5
𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + 𝑥3 𝑤3 + 𝑥4 𝑤4 + 𝑥5 𝑤5
𝑥̅ 𝑤 =
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 + 𝑤5
(290)(7.5)+(54)(2)+(98)(1.5)+(75)(1)+(75)(0.5)
=
7.5+2+1.5+1+0.5
2542.5
=
12.5
=203.4
For a set of data, the sum of the deviations of the observations 𝑥𝑖 ′ 𝑠 from their mean, 𝑥̅ ,
taken with their proper signs is equal to Zero.
The sum of the derivations= ∑𝑖(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥) ̅̅̅ (𝑖 = 1,2 … . . 𝑛)
=∑ 𝑥𝑖 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 0 (𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥⁄𝑛)
The sum of squared deviations of the 𝑥𝑖 ’s from the mean, 𝑥̅ , is minimum. In other words,
∑( 𝑥𝑖− 𝑥̅ )2 ≤ ∑( 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎)2 , where 𝑎 is an arbitrary value other than the mean.
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This property is usually called the mineral property of the mean.
If 𝑘 subgroups of data consisting of 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 , 𝑛3 … … 𝑛𝑘 , (∑ 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛) observations have
respective means 𝑥̅1 , 𝑥̅2,. … , 𝑥̅𝑘 , then 𝑥̅ , the mean for all the data is given by
𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 𝑥2 +. . … + 𝑛𝑘 𝑥𝑘
𝑥̅ =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + ⋯ 𝑛𝑘
∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝑥𝑖
=
𝑛
(𝑖 = 1,2,3 … 𝑘)
i.e. a weighted mean of all the subgroup means.
If 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 (𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛), where 𝑎 & 𝑏 are any two numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0, then 𝑦̅ =
𝑎𝑥̅ + 𝑏.
Now summing over all the values of i, we obtain
∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑛𝑏
Dividing both sides by n, we get
𝑦̅ = 𝑎 𝑥̅ + 𝑏
As the equation y = ax + b represents a linear transformation from x to y, this property is
usually called the invariance of the mean under a linear transformation & it provides the
basis for so-called coding which refers to the operation of subtracting (or adding) a
constant from each observation and then dividing (or multiplying) by another constant for
computational convenience.
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