Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. INTRODUCTION
It is the prime requirement for the existence of life
HYDROLOGY and thus it has been man’s endeavour from time
immemorial to utilize the available water resources.
It means the science of water.
It is the science that deals with the occurrence,
circulation and distribution of water of the earth and
earth’s atmosphere. INDUS VALLEY CIVILZATION
It is concerned with the water in streams, lakes,
rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and They developed the groundwater development
water occurring below the earth’s surface in the pores through wells.
of soil and rocks.
It is a very broad subject of an inter-disciplinary
nature drawing support from allied sciences, such as PERIODS OF HYDROLOGY
meterology. geology, statistics, chemistry, physics
and fluid mechanics. 1. PERIOD OF SPECULATION – prior to AD 1400
It deals with (I) Estimation of water resources (II) 2. PERIOD OF OBSERVATION – 1400-1600
The study of processes such as precipitation, runoff, 3. PERIOD OF MEASUREMENT – 1600-1700
evapotranspiration and their interaction and (III) The 4. PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTATION – 1700-1800
study of problems such as floods and droughts, and 5. PERIOD OF MODERNIZATION – 1800-1900
strategies to combat them. 6. PERIOD OF EMPRICISM – 1900-1930
7. PERIOD OF RATIONALIZATION – 1930-1950
8. PERIOD OF THEORIZATION – 1950-to-date
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROLOGY
1. SCIENTIFIC HYDROLOGY
It is the study which is concerned chiefly APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGY IN ENGINEERING
with academic aspects.
1. Irrigation
2. ENGINEERING OR APPLIED HYDROLOGY
2. Water Supply
It is a study concerned with engineering
3. Flood Control
applications.
4. Water Power
5. Navigation
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
In this type of precipitation, a packet of air which is A form of precipitation differs from rainfall in that it
warmer that the surrounding air due to localized may accumulate over a surface for sometime before it
heating rises because of its lesser density. melts and causes runoff.
Evaporation from the surface of accumulated snow
surface is a factor to be considered in analysis dealing
with snow.
OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
Water equivalent of snowfall is included in the total
The moist air masses may get lifted up to higher precipitation amounts of a situation to prepare
altitudes due to the presence of mountain barriers and seasonal and annual precipitation records.
consequently undergo cooling, condensation and
precipitation.
HYETOGRAPH
CATEGORIES OF RAINGAUGE
ISOHYET
Non Recording Raingauges
Simons’ Gauge It is a line joining points of equal rainfall magnitude.
-It essentially consists of a circular collecting
area of 12.7cm(5inches) diameter connected to a
funnel
ISOHYET METHOD
Recording Raingauges
Produce a continuous plot of rainfall against time In this method, the catchment area is drawn to scale
and provide valuable data of intensity and and the raingauge stations are marked.
duration of rainfall for hydrological analysis of
storms
-Tipping-Bucket Type
-Weighing-Bucket Type SNOW GAUGES
-Natural-Syphon Type (Float-Type Gauge)
Are receptacles to catch precipitation as it fails in a
specified sampling area.
INFILTRATION
III. EVAPORATION It is the flow of water into the ground through the
soil surface.
EVAPORATION PROCESS
The process in which a liquid changes to the gaseous ZONES IN INFILTRATION
state at the free surface, below the boiling point
through the transfer of heat energy. 1. ZONE 1
It is a cooling process in that the latent heat of At the top, a thin layer of ”Saturated Zone” is
vaporization must be provided by the water body. created.
2. ZONE 2
VAPOUR PRESSURE Beneath zone 1, there is a “Transition Zone”.
3. ZONE 3
The rate of evaporation is proportional to the The next lower zone is the “Transmission Zone”
difference between the saturation vapour pressure at where downward motion of the moisture takes
the water temperature and the actual vapour pressure place.
in the air. 4. ZONE 4
The last zone is the “Wetting Zone”. The soil
TEMPERATURE
moisture in this zone will be at or near field
Evaporation rate increases with an increase in water capacity and the moisture content decreases with
temperature the depth.
WIND
1. Class A Evaporation Pan Are experimental devices used to obtain data relating
2. ISI Standard Pan to variation of infiltration capacity with time.
3. Colorado Sunken Pan
4. US Geological Survey Floating Pan SIMPLE INFLOMETER
INTERFLOW OR SUBSURFACE STORM FLOW It is the amount of water able to enter the soil in a
specified time period. It is expressed as depth per
It is the definition of runoff also includes water which time; for example, 10 millimetres per hour.
makes its way relatively quickly to the stream
channel just below the surface. INFILTRATION CAPACITY
PEAK DISCHARGE
BARNES (1940)
SURFACE-FLOW HYDROGRAPH
1. RATIONAL METHOD
It is a simple technique for estimating a design
VI. FLOODS discharge from a small watershed.
It was developed by Kuichling (1889) for small
FLOOD drainage basins in urban areas.
It is an overflow of water that submerges land which
is usually dry. This can happen in a multitude of 2. EMPIRICAL METHOD
ways. Most common is when rivers or streams
overflow their banks. Excessive rain, a ruptured dam
or levee, rapid ice melting in the mountains, or even