TUGAS

SI6212 – METODE EKSPERIMENTAL DALAM REKAYASA

TEKNIK SIPIL
Dosen: Prof. Ir. Iswandi Imran, MAS.c., Ph.D.

Oleh :
Tiara Allifani Hermawan
25016306

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2017
 Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Seismic performance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete columns

under low cyclic loads
Hui Ma a,⇑, Jianyang Xue b, Xicheng Zhang b, Daming Luo b
a
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
b
School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

h i g h l i g h t s

 The seismic performance of composite columns was investigated under low cyclic loads.
 The composite columns behave similarly in the aspects of the failure mode.
 The influence of parameters on the seismic performance of columns is analyzed.
 It is feasible to apply the composite columns in the practice of civil engineering.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper describes an experimental study of the seismic performance of steel-reinforced recycled con-
Received 30 August 2012 crete (SRRC) columns. Based on low cyclic loading tests of seven 1:2.5-scaled column specimens, the fail-
Received in revised form 3 June 2013 ure modes, hysteresis loops, skeleton curves, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness
Accepted 10 June 2013
degradation of SRRC columns were analyzed. The influence of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replace-
Available online 31 July 2013
ment percentages, axial compression ratios, and stirrup ratios on the seismic performance of SRRC col-
umns was investigated in detail. The test results show that the seismic performance of SRRC columns
Keywords:
decreases slightly as the RCA replacement percentage increases. The results also indicate that appropriate
Steel-reinforced concrete
Recycled coarse aggregate
design of the axial compression ratio and stirrup ratio can improve the seismic performance of SRRC col-
Column umns. The average values of the ductility factor and the equivalent viscous damping coefficient with
Cyclic loading respect to the loop of ultimate load of the columns were 3.47 and 0.217, respectively, which reflect
Seismic performance the SRRC columns’ good performance in terms of earthquake resistance.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Rapid urbanization has brought about many negative problems,
such as exploitation of nonrenewable natural resources and the
production of large amounts of construction waste. Deciding what
to do with huge quantities of construction waste is a problem for
governments all around the world. To minimize the exploitation
of natural resources, we must try to reuse construction waste.
Some countries have adopted the use of waste concrete, i.e., recy-
cled concrete, as a replacement for concrete aggregate. A consider-
able amount of experimental work on the material properties and
structural behavior of recycled concrete aggregate has been carried
out worldwide. Most previous investigations have focused on the
mix design and the physical and mechanical properties, including
the durability, of recycled concrete. The research on recycled con-
crete has been extensively reviewed and summarized by Nixon [1],
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 15029923059.
E-mail address: mahuiwell@163.com (H. Ma).
Hansen [2], Dhir [3], the ACI Committee 555 [4], Khatib [5], Casuc-
cio [6], and Tabsh [7]. Although the research results show that
some mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)
may be inferior to those of normal concrete (NC), they are still suit-
able for use in civil engineering applications through reasonable
design.
The structural behavior of recycled concrete has also been stud-
ied. Some investigations involving the behavior of reinforced con-
crete beams [8–10], columns [11–13], beam–column joints [14,15],
and frames [16] made from recycled aggregate concrete have been
reported. The major findings of most investigators have been posi-
tive. The cracking patterns and failure modes of reinforced recycled
concrete (RRC) are similar to those of ordinary reinforced concrete
(RC), but the bearing capacity of RRC is somewhat reduced, to an
allowable extent, compared to that of RC.
Some research has examined the performance of composite
structures using recycled aggregate concrete, such as tubular steel
columns filled with recycled aggregate concrete [17,18]. The re-
sults showed that tubular steel columns filled with recycled

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.019
230 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237

Nomenclature

r RCA replacement percentage Pcr, Dcr crack load and corresponding displacement, respec-
n axial compression ratio tively
qsv stirrup ratio Py, Dy yield load and corresponding displacement, respectively
k shear span ratio Pm, Dm maximum load and corresponding displacement,
fcu cube compressive strength respectively
fy yield strength of I-steel and rebar Pu, Du ultimate load and corresponding displacement, respec-
fu ultimate strength of I-steel and rebar tively
Es modulus of elasticity of I-steel or rebar l ductility factor
Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete he equivalent viscous damping coefficient
V vertical load
P, D lateral load and corresponding displacement, respec-
tively

ratio of the RCA mass to the mass of all the coarse aggregates in the concrete),
Table 1 which were 0, 70%, and 100%. The measured mechanical properties of recycled con-
Properties of I-steel and rebar. crete are listed in Table 3.
I-steel and rebar fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Es (MPa)
No. 14 I-steel Flange 311.5 446.5 1.99  105 2.3. Design and fabrication of specimens
Web 325.6 474.9 1.98  105
Longitudinal reinforcement 358.0 560.9 2.03  105 Seven 1:2.5-scaled rectangular SRRC columns were fabricated for this experi-
/14
ment with 240 mm  180 mm cross-sections and heights of 780 mm (from the bot-
Stirrup /8 479.9 607.0 2.02  105
tom to the loading point of each column). The design parameters include the RCA
replacement percentage, the axial compression ratio and the stirrup ratio, the val-
ues of which are given in Table 4. All the rectangular columns were reinforced with
I-steel and four longitudinal reinforcement bars and were also reinforced trans-
aggregate concrete have good mechanical properties and that RCA versely by stirrups. The percentages of I-steel and longitudinal reinforcement for
can be used in composite structures. In view of the advantages of all the columns were 4.98% and 1.42%, respectively. The thicknesses of concrete
steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) structures in terms of their bearing cover of the stirrups and steel flanges were 20 mm and 50 mm, respectively. Typical
capacity, stiffness and seismic performance, steel-reinforced con- reinforcement details for the specimens are shown in Fig. 1.

crete columns (SSRCs) containing recycled aggregate concrete

were investigated by Cui [19]. The test results showed that SRRC
columns exhibit better behavior than normal reinforced concrete
and reinforced recycled concrete under static loads. However,
there has been no research on the seismic performance of steel-
reinforced concrete structures or structural members with recy-
cled aggregate concrete either at home or abroad.
In this study, seven SRRC columns with shear span ratios of
k = 3.25 were made, and low cyclic loading tests were conducted.
The failure modes, hysteresis loops, skeleton curves, ductility, en-
ergy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation of the SRRC
columns were analyzed. The influence of design parameters (i.e.,
RCA replacement percentages, axial compression ratios, and stir-
rup ratios) on the seismic performance of the SRRC columns were
analyzed in detail.
2. Experimental program
2.4. Test devices and methods
The tests were carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Architecture, Science
and Technology in West China at Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology,
PR China. The test set-up is shown in Fig. 2. All specimens were tested under low
cyclic lateral loads with vertical force. The force diagram of the specimens is shown
in Fig. 3. The vertical loads were applied by a hydraulic jack before testing. After the
vertical loads reached a stable value, lateral force was applied using an electro-
hydraulic servo test machine. The lateral loading procedure included two main
steps, namely, a load-controlled step and a displacement-controlled step, which
are illustrated in Fig. 4.
To monitor the lateral displacement of the top of column, one linear variable
differential transducer (LVDT) was installed along the centerline of the loading
cross-section of the column. The lateral movement of the column basement was
also measured. The strains in the steel flanges, steel webs, longitudinal reinforce-
ment bars, and transverse stirrups were measured using strain foil and strain ro-
settes attached to the steel flanges, steel webs, longitudinal bars, and transverse
stirrups and embedded in concrete in advance. The measurement points of the
specimens are shown in Fig. 5.

2.1. Materials 3. Results and discussion

Typical ordinary Portland cement (C) with a 28 day nominal compressive
strength of 42.5 MPa was used in this research. Crushed aggregate and river sand 3.1. Cracking and failure modes
(S) were chosen as the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) and fine aggregate, respec-
tively. Commercially available recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) produced from After the vertical loads were applied to the tops of the columns,
demolished concrete structures was also used in this investigation. The physical
lateral cyclic loads were applied according to the loading proce-
properties of the recycled coarse aggregate meet the requirements of Chinese code
GB/T25177-2010[20]. The No. 14 I-steel of Q235 was adopted in the specimens, and
dure shown in Fig. 4. In the early stage of loading, no cracks were
HRB 335 rebar (crescent-ribbed bars with diameters of 8 mm and 14 mm) were found on the specimens’ surfaces because the deformation of the
used for stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement.
The mechanical properties of the I-steel and rebar used in this research are
listed in Table 1. Table 2
The mix ratios of concrete with RCA.
2.2. Concrete mixture proportions Concrete strength r (%) Unit mass (kg/m3)

Because of the water absorption capacity of RCA, the RCA was presoaked in W/C C S NCA RCA W
water before mixing. The design 28 day strength for all the concrete mixtures used C40 0 0.44 466 571 1158 0 205
was 40 MPa. The mix ratios of the concrete are given in Table 2. The main param- C40 70 0.43 478 549 347.4 810.6 205
eters of these three groups are the ratio of water to cement (W/C), the cement con- C40 100 0.42 488 527 0 1158 205
tent, the sand content, and the RCA replacement percentages considered (i.e., the
 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237 231

Table 3
Properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete.

Concrete strength r (%) fcu (MPa) Ec (GPa)

C40 0 47.70 34.26
C40 70 51.82 29.56
C40 100 48.89 27.32

Table 4
Design parameters of specimens.

Specimen no. r (%) k n qsv (%) Stirrup spacing (mm)

SRRC11 0 3.25 0.6 1.36 90
SRRC12 70 3.25 0.6 1.36 90
SRRC13 100 3.25 0.6 1.36 90
SRRC14 100 3.25 0.3 1.36 90 Fig. 2. Test set-up.
SRRC15 100 3.25 0.9 1.36 90
SRRC16 100 3.25 0.6 1.02 120
SRRC17 100 3.25 0.6 2.04 60

V
columns was in the elastic range. When the lateral loads reached
P P
30–40% of the maximum lateral load, tiny transverse cracks were
observed at the bottom of the columns. As the magnitudes of the

L
lateral loads increased, the numbers of transverse cracks in the col-
umns increased, and some transverse cracks gradually extended.
PL
As some transverse cracks extended to the surfaces of the steel
Specimen Bending moment Shear force
flanges, the transverse cracks began to develop relatively slowly
into diagonal cracks because of the constraints of the steel flanges. V
At the same time, some tiny vertical cracks appeared at the bottom
PL
of the columns. As the loads continued to increase, the original
diagonal cracks developed slowly, but the transverse cracks devel- Fig. 3. Force diagram of specimens.
oped rapidly and linked together gradually at the bottom of col-
umns. When the lateral loads reached 75–85% of the maximum
lateral load, most of the specimens were already in the yield stage. of the core concrete of the columns, which maintains its strength
Displacement-controlled cyclic loading was then applied. Because because it is constrained by the surrounding steel, the bearing

Fig. 1. Geometry and reinforcing bars of specimens.

232 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237
Loads or displacements
Loading cycles
Fig. 4. Loading procedure for tests.
capacities of the specimens increased to some extent. As the dis-
placement magnitude increased, no new cracks appeared, but the
previously formed cracks became longer and wider. Some trans-
verse cracks at the bottom of the column specimens penetrated
through completely. At the same time, the concrete cover in the
vicinity of column bottom began to crush and fall off. After the
specimens reached the maximum lateral load, the resisting force
of the columns began to drop. With more and more concrete cover
at the bottom of the columns falling off, the longitudinal reinforce-
ment yielded absolutely due to the pressure, and local buckling oc-
curred in the steel. At that time, the lateral loads on the specimens
dropped rapidly, indicating the specimens’ failure. The failure
modes of the specimens are shown in Fig. 6. All can be summarized
as flexural failures. All the investigated SRRC columns behaved
similarly in terms of the failure pattern under low lateral loading,
regardless of differences in the values of their design parameters.
3.2. Characteristic loads
Table 5 lists the measured crack loads, yield loads, maximum
loads, and ultimate loads of the columns. Fig. 7 shows the influ-
ences of the design parameters on the specimens’ maximum lateral
loads. Table 5 and Fig. 7 together show the following:
(1) The crack loads were almost the same for SRRC11, SRRC12,
and SRRC13. Compared to SRRC11, which contained natural
coarse aggregate, the yield load of SRRC12 was 1.17% lower,
while that of SRRC13 was 6.28% higher. The maximum load
150
LVDT
780
1430
500
Specimen
LVDT
450 240 450
Longitudinal reinforcement
1140
(a) external measure points
Fig. 5. Measurement points of specimens.
and ultimate load of SRRC12 increased by 5.24%, while those
of SRRC13 decreased by 0.41%. The maximum load is almost
the same for SRRC11, with natural coarse aggregate, and
SRRC13, with recycled coarse aggregate (i.e., the RCA
replacement percentage is 100%). This indicates that the
recycled coarse aggregate did not influence the characteris-
tic loads of the columns. It should also be noted that the
mechanical properties of RCA were also not influenced by
the replacement of natural aggregate with recycled aggre-
gate, as shown in Table 3. This may be due to the contribu-
tions of the steel or steel bars and the geometry of the
columns. The reason why the characteristic loads were not
influenced by the quantity of recycled aggregate still needs
to be investigated. Fortunately, compared to the steel-rein-
forced concrete column, the characteristic loads of the SRRC
column were only slightly different. The test results indicate
that these SRRC column designs and materials can satisfy the
bearing capacity requirements for the SRRC columns.
(2) The crack loads, yield loads, maximum loads, and ultimate
loads of the specimens increased as the magnitude of the
axial compression ratio increased, which suggests that
increasing the axial compression ratio improves the bearing
capacity of SRRC columns.
(3) The maximum loads and ultimate loads of the specimens
increased as the magnitude of the stirrup ratio increased,
which suggests that increasing the stirrup ratio improves
the bearing capacity of SRRC columns.
3.3. Characteristic displacement and ductility factor
Table 6 summarizes the deformation features of the columns,
including the crack displacements, the yield displacements, the
peak displacements and the ultimate displacements corresponding
to the crack loads, yield loads, maximum loads, and ultimate loads,
respectively. In addition, each specimen’s ductility factor l, which
is defined as the ratio of the ultimate displacement to the yield dis-
placement (i.e., l = Du/Dy), is also presented in Table 6.
Fig. 8 illustrates the influences of design parameters on the
specimens’ ductility factors. As Fig. 8 shows, a specimen’s ductility
factor decreases as the RCA replacement percentage and axial com-
pression ratio increase, while a specimen’s ductility factor in-
creases as the stirrup ratio increases. The average ductility factor
Steel flange Steel web
150
Steel flange
930
730
Strain rosette
Strain foil
50
Stirrup
(b) internal measure points
 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237 233

Fig. 6. Failure patterns of specimens.

(1) The spindle-shaped loops indicate the good energy dissipa-

Table 5
Characteristic loads of columns.
tion capacity of all the columns. In the early stage of loading
(before cracking), the loads and displacements have linear
Specimen no. Pcr (kN) Py (kN) Pm (kN) Pu (kN) relationships, which indicate that the specimens are in an
SRRC11 60.8 119.3 146.9 124.9 elastic state. In the elasto-plastic state, as cracks appeared
SRRC12 60.4 117.9 154.6 131.4 at the bottom of the specimens, the slopes of the hysteresis
SRRC13 60.1 126.8 147.5 125.4
SRRC14 40.7 105.6 135.7 115.3
loops began to decrease, and a larger residual deformation
SRRC15 60.4 144.6 168.9 143.5 was observed when the lateral load was removed. In the dis-
SRRC16 41.0 110.1 142.4 121.1 placement-controlled stage, the hysteresis curves of the col-
SRRC17 50.8 122.4 166.5 134.5 umns became larger and wider as the displacements became
larger. With respect to the loading process at each displace-
ment level, both the strengths and stiffnesses of the speci-
mens decreased as the number of displacement cycles
value was 3.47, which indicates the good seismic performance of increased. This deterioration mainly reflects the damage
the SRRC columns. accumulation in the specimens.
(2) The different design parameters have different influences on
3.4. Hysteresis loops the shapes of the hysteresis loops. First, as the RCA replace-
ment percentage increases, the areas of the hysteresis loops
Fig. 9 shows the hysteresis loops observed in the tests, which seem to decrease somewhat. Second, the larger the axial
illustrate the relationship between the lateral loads and displace- compression ratio is, the narrower the hysteresis loops
ments at the tops of the columns under cyclic loading. Based on become. Third, as the stirrup ratio increases, the hysteresis
Fig. 9, the following observations can be made: loops of the specimens become wider.
234 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237

(a) The influence of RCA replacement percentages (a) The influence of RCA replacement percentage
on the maximum load on the ductility factor

(b) The influence of axial compression ratio (b) The influence of axial compression ratio
on the maximum load on the ductility factor

(c) The influence of stirrup ratios

on the maximum load
(b) The influence of stirrups ratio
Fig. 7. The influences of design parameters on the maximum load. on the ductility factor

Fig. 8. The influences of design parameters on the ductility factor.

Table 6
Characteristic displacement and ductility factor.

Specimen no. Dcr (mm) Dy (mm) Dm (mm) Du (mm) l (2) The influence of the RCA replacement percentage on the
SRRC11 1.43 4.67 8.90 16.14 3.47 skeleton curves of the specimens is shown in Fig. 10a. The
SRRC12 1.49 4.28 9.68 14.32 3.35 skeleton curves of all three specimens overlap before the
SRRC13 1.37 5.24 8.99 17.25 3.30
yield load point of the column, which indicates that the ini-
SRRC14 1.32 5.97 15.18 31.08 5.22
SRRC15 1.61 5.18 8.47 11.99 2.19
tial stiffnesses of the columns were similar, regardless of the
SRRC16 0.97 4.82 10.92 15.05 3.13 RCA replacement percentages. After the yield load point of
SRRC17 1.70 5.90 12.92 20.88 3.64 the column, the three skeleton curves exhibit some differ-
ences in the elasto-plastic and failure phases. These plots
3.5. Skeleton curves show that the RCA replacement percentage had some influ-
ence on the bearing capacity and ductility of the specimens,
A skeleton curve reflects the relationship between the peak loads but the influence is not very obvious.
and corresponding displacements from the hysteresis loops of the (3) As Fig. 10b shows, the initial stiffnesses of the columns
specimens. The skeleton curves of all seven specimens are plotted increased as the axial compression ratios increased. After
in Fig. 10. The follow observations can be made based on Fig. 10: the yield load points of the columns, the three skeleton curves
show obvious differences in the elasto-plastic and failure
(1) The crack loading points, the yield loading points, the max- phases. The strength attenuation of the specimens with high
imum loading points, and the ultimate loading points can be axial compression ratios decreased rapidly, which suggests
easily recognized, and the loading process can thereby be that selection of reasonable axial compression ratios is very
divided into the elastic, elasto-plastic, and failure stages. significant in the seismic design of SRRC columns.
The initial stiffness is relatively large because of the exis- (4) Fig. 10c shows that the skeleton curves of the three speci-
tence of steel in the columns. Most of the skeleton curves mens exhibited obvious difference in the initial stiffnesses
show the resistance of the specimens to loading decreasing of the columns with increasing stirrup ratio. After the yield
slowly, which indicates that the SRRC columns have good load points of the columns, the three skeleton curves exhibit
ductility. obvious differences in the elasto-plastic and failure phases.
 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237
Fig. 9. Hysteresis loops of specimens.
The bearing capacity of the specimen with a high stirrup ratio
decreased slowly, which suggests that using a high stirrup ratio
can improve the seismic performance of SRRC columns.
3.6. Stiffness degradation
Fig. 11 shows the degradation of the secant stiffnesses of the se-
ven columns versus the lateral displacements at the tops of the col-
umns under cyclic loading. All the columns had a larger initial
stiffness because of the existence of steel in the specimens.
Fig. 11 shows that the stiffnesses of most of the columns decreased
slowly during the initial stage of loading. When cracks appeared in
the specimens, the stiffnesses decreased dramatically, and when
the columns were in the yield stage, their stiffnesses decreased sig-
nificantly. Beyond that point, the stiffness degeneration tended to
be slow and show no obvious abrupt changes.
Fig. 11a illustrates the influence of the RCA replacement per-
centage on the stiffness degradation of the specimens. The initial
stiffnesses were almost the same for all three investigated
235
columns. After cracks appeared in the specimens, no obvious dif-
ferences were observed in the investigated columns.
Fig. 11b shows that the initial stiffnesses of the columns with
high axial compression ratios were greater than those of the col-
umns with low axial compression ratio. Unfortunately, the rate
of stiffness degradation after cracking in the columns with high ax-
ial compression ratios was greater than that in columns with low
axial compression ratios.
Fig. 11c shows that the initial stiffnesses of columns with high
stirrup ratios were greater than those with low stirrup ratios. After
cracks appeared in the specimens appeared, the rate of stiffness
degradation in the columns with high stirrup ratios was slower
than in the columns with low stirrup ratios.
3.7. Energy dissipation capacity
The energy dissipation capacity of a structure or structural com-
ponent reflects its seismic energy absorption ability. The equiva-
lent viscous damping coefficient he is used to quantify the
236 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237

(a) The influence of RCA replacement percentages

(a) The influence of RCA replacement percentage on the stiffness degradation
on the skeleton curves

(b) The influence of axial compression ratio (b) The influence of axial compression ratio
on the skeleton curves on the stiffness degradation

(c) The influence of stirrup ratio (c) The influence of stirrup ratio
on the skeleton curves on the stiffness degradation

Fig. 11. Stiffness degradation of specimens.

Fig. 10. Skeleton curves of specimens.

seismic energy absorption ability of structures and structural

components.
Table 7 lists the equivalent viscous damping coefficients versus tion capacity. Fig. 12 illustrates the influence of some of the design
the different characteristic loading points of the specimens. The parameters on the equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the
equivalent viscous damping coefficients hey, hem and heu correspond columns. Table 7 and Fig. 12 together show the following:
to the yield loading, the maximum loading and the ultimate load-
ing of the columns, respectively. Fig. 12 shows the influence of the (1) Compared to SRRC11, with natural coarse aggregate, the
design parameters on the energy dissipation capacities of the equivalent viscous damping coefficients heu of SRRC12 and
specimens. SRRC13 were 3.56% and 5.78% lower, respectively. In addi-
Table 7 shows that the energy dissipation capacity of an SRRC tion, the equivalent viscous damping coefficients hey and
column increases with increasing loading steps (especially in the hem decreased slightly as the RCA replacement percentage
displacement-controlled loading stage). The average values of the increased. These results suggest that the RCA replacement
equivalent viscous damping coefficients hey, hem and heu of the percentage had no obvious influence on the energy dissipa-
tested specimens were 0.081, 0.155 and 0.217, respectively, which tion capacity of the columns.
indicate that the SRRC columns had relatively good energy dissipa- (2) Compared to SRRC14, with a low axial compression ratio, the
equivalent viscous damping coefficients heu of SRRC13 and
Table 7 SRRC15 were 18.46% and 31.92% lower, respectively. In addi-
The equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the specimens. tion, the equivalent viscous damping coefficients hey and hem
Specimen no. hey hem heu
decrease considerably as the axial compression ratio
increases. These results suggest that the axial compression
SRRC11 0.090 0.161 0.225
SRRC12 0.080 0.159 0.217
ratio had an obvious influence on the energy dissipation
SRRC13 0.079 0.158 0.212 capacity of the columns. Therefore, the axial compression
SRRC14 0.096 0.183 0.260 ratio must be controlled strictly in seismic design.
SRRC15 0.068 0.124 0.177 (3) Compared to SRRC17, with a high stirrup ratio, the equiva-
SRRC16 0.069 0.144 0.193
lent viscous damping coefficients heu of SRRC13 and SRRC16
SRRC17 0.085 0.159 0.232
were 8.62% and 23.71% lower, respectively. Moreover, the
 H. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 229–237
(a)The influence of RCA replacement percentages on the
equivalent viscous damping coefficient
(b) The influence of axial compression ratio on the
equivalent viscous damping coefficient
(c) The influence of stirrups ratio on the
equivalent viscous damping coefficient
Fig. 12. The influence of design parameters on the equivalent viscous damping
coefficient.
equivalent viscous damping coefficients hey and hem increase
as the stirrup ratio increases. These results suggest that
increasing the stirrup ratio improves the energy dissipation
capacity of SRRC columns.
4. Conclusions
This paper discusses an experimental study on the seismic per-
formance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) columns un-
der low cyclic lateral loads. The results show that the following:
(1) All the investigated SRRC columns behaved similarly in
terms of their failure pattern under low lateral loading,
regardless of differences in the values of their design param-
eters. The failure patterns of the columns can be classified as
flexural failure.
(2) The RCA replacement percentage had no obvious influence
on the bearing capacity of the columns, but both the ductil-
ity and the energy dissipation capacity decreased as the
replacement percentage increased. The bearing capacity of
the columns increased as the axial compression ratio
increased, while the ductility decreased considerably. In
addition, the bearing capacity and the ductility of the col-
umns increased as the stirrup ratio increased.
237
(3) The hysteresis loops, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation,
and energy dissipation capacities of the columns indicate
that the seismic performance of SRRC columns is compara-
ble to that of conventional concrete. Appropriate design of
the axial compression ratio and stirrup ratio can improve
the seismic performance of SRRC columns.
(4) The average values of the ductility factor and equivalent vis-
cous damping coefficient of the SRRC columns were 3.47 and
0.217, respectively. These values indicate that SRRC columns
are capable of resisting an earthquake and that it is feasible
to employ SRRC columns in the practice of civil engineering.
Acknowledgements
The work presented herein was carried out at the Xi’an Univ. of
Architecture and Technology in PR China and was funded by the
Chinese National Natural Science Foundation, under Grant No.
51178384. The project was also funded by Shaanxi Province as a
scientific research project under Grant No. 12JK0902. The financial
support provided by these agencies is gratefully acknowledged.
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HIGHLIGHT

• Kinerja seismik pada kolom komposit diteliti dibawah beban siklik rendah.
• Kolom komposit berperilaku sama dalam aspek mode kegagalan.
• Pengaruh parameter kinerja seismik pada kolom dianalisis.
• Hal ini layak untuk menerapkan kolom komposit dalam praktek pada teknik sipil.

CRITICALLY REVIEW PAPER

Paper penelitian yang akan di review berjudul “Seismic performance of steel-reinforced

recycled concrete columns under low cyclic loads” yaitu penelitian karya dari Hui Ma, Jianyang
Xue, Xicheng Zhang dan Daming Luo dari School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of
Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah dimulai dari
adanya urbanisasi yang sangat cepat dan membawa banyak masalah negatif, seperti
eksploitasi sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan memproduksi sisa konstruksi
dalam jumlah banyak. Untuk meminimalisir sumber eksploitasi daya alam, studi ini mencoba
menggunakan kembali daur ulang dari sisa konstruksi. Beberapa negara sudah menerapkan
penggunaan sisa konstruksi, seperti beton daur ulang sebagai pengganti agregat pada beton.
Sudah cukup banyak eksperimental mengenai sifat material dan perilaku struktural agregat
beton daur ulang yang dilakukan seluruh dunia. Pada penyelidikan sebelumnya difokuskan
pada desain campuran dan sifat fisik, mekanik, dan durability beton daur ulang.
Pola keretakan dan mode kegagalan dari beton bertulang dengan agregat daur ulang
memiliki kesamaan dengan beton bertulang biasa, tetapi kapasitas bearing dari Reinforced
Recycled Concrete (RRC) agak berkurang, terhadap yang diizinkan, dibandingkan dengan
Reinforced Concrete (RC).
Beberapa penelitian telah meneliti perilaku struktur komposit menggunakan beton daur
ulang, seperti kolom baja berbentuk tabung diisi dengan beton dengan agregat daur ulang.
Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kolom tubular diisi dengan beton agregat daur ulang memiliki bahan
mekanis yang baik dan Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) dapat digunakan pada struktur
komposit. Keuntungan dari struktur SRC (steel-reinforced concrete) adalah dalam hal daya
dukung, kekakuan, dan performa seismiknya.
Material pada studi eksperimental yang tdilakukan penulis yaitu pada Semen Portland biasa
(C) berumur 28 hari dengan kuat tekan nominal 42.5 MPa. Agregat dan pasir sungai (S) dipilih
sebagai agregat kasar alami (NCA) dan agregat halus, masing-masing.
Benda uji yang dibuat oleh penulis yaitu tujuh buah kolom persegi panjang SRRC berskala
1:2.5 dibuat dengan 240 mm x 180 mm dan ketinggian 780 mm (dari bawah ke titik loading
setiap kolom). Semua kolom persegi panjang yang diperkuat dengan baja-I dan empat bar
tulangan longitudinal dan juga diberi perkuatan transversal oleh sengkang. Persentase baja I
dan tulangan longitudinal untuk seluruh kolom yaitu 4.98% dan 1.42%. Ketebalan cover beton
untuk sengkang dan flens baja yaitu 20 mm dan 50 mm, masing-masing.
Pengujian yang dilakukan penulis di the State Key Laboratory of Architecture, Science and
Technology di Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, China Barat. Semua spesimen
diuji beban lateral siklik rendah dengan gaya vertikal. Beban vertikal diterima oleh hidraulik
sebelum pengujian. Setelah beban vertikal mencapai nilai stabil, gaya lateral diaplikasikan
menggunakan hydraulic servo test machine. Prosedur pembebanan lateral termasuk dua
langkah utama, yaitu langkah kontrol beban dan langkah kontrol perpindahan.
Metoda pengujian yang dilakukan untuk memantau perpindahan lateral pada bagian atas
kolom, satu Linear Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT) dipasang di sepanjang garis tengah
pada pembebanan kolom. Gerakan lateral pada kolom basement juga diukur. Regangan di
flens baja, web baja, tulangan longitudinal, dan sengkang melintang juga diukur menggunakan
strain foil dan strain rossetes dilekatkan pada flens baja, web baja, tulangan longitudinal,
tulangan sengkang dab tertanam di muka beton.
Setelah beban vertikal diaplikasikan pada puncak kolom, beban siklik lateral yang
diaplikasikan sesuai dengan prosedur pembebanan. Pada tahap awal pembebanan, tidak ada
retak yang ditemukan pada permukaan spesimen karena deformasi kolom berada di kisaran
elastis. Ketika beban lateral mencapai 30-40% dari beban lateral maksimum, retak melintang
kecil diamati di bawah kolom. Ketika magnitude dari beban lateral meningkat, jumlah retakan
melintang pada kolom pun meningkat, dan beberapa retakan melintang pun secara bertahap
bertambah panjang. Pad saat beban terus meningkat, retak diagonal berkembang dengan
lambat, tetapi retak melintang berkembang cepat dan dihubungkan bersama secara bertahap
pada bawah kolom. Ketika beban lateral mencapai 75-85% dari beban lateral maksimum,
sebagian besar dari spesimen sudah pada tahap leleh.
Makalah ini menjelaskan studi eksperimental kolom SRCC yang menghasilkan kesimpulan:
1. Semua kolom yang diselidiki berperilaku sama dalam hal pola kegagalan akibat beban
lateral yang rendah, terlepas dari perbedaan dalam nilai dari parameter desain mereka.
Pola kegagalan pada kolom dapat di klasifikasikan sebagai kegagalan flexural.
2. Persentase penggantian RCA tidak memiliki pengaruh yang jelas pada daya dukung
kolom, namun kedua daktilitas dan kapasitas disipasi energi menurun sebagai
persentase penganti meningkat. Kapasitas kolom meningkat saat rasio tekan aksial
meningkat, ketika daktilitas menurun.
3. Kinerja kolom SRCC sebanding dengan beton konvensional. Desain yang sesuai pada
rasio tekan aksial dan rasio sengkang dapat meningkatkan kinerja pada kolom SRCC.
4. Nilai rata – rata dari faktor daktilitas dan koefisien damping pada kolom SRCC adalah
3.47 dan 0.217, masing – masing. Nilai pada kolom SRCC ini dapat menolak gempa
bumi dan layak untuk menggunakan kolom SRRC untuk praktek pada teknik sipil.
KRITIK DAN SARAN

Penulis pada paper berjudul “Seismic performance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete

columns under low cyclic loads” yaitu penelitian karya dari Hui Ma, Jianyang Xue, Xicheng
Zhang dan Daming Luo dari School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an,
Shaanxi, China. Dengan melihat isi paper ini penulis menguasai bidang yang sedang diteliti.
Sistematika penulisan telah tersusun baik dan jelas dimulai dari Introduction, Experimental
Program, Result and Discussion, dan Conclusions. Pada bagian abstract , menurut saya sudah
baik karena dari abstract penulis mampu menggambarkan secara jelas mengenai masalah
penelitian, metode, dan hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini. Tetapi, dalam paper ini tidak
menunjukkan rekomendasi penelitian apa selanjutnya yang sebaiknya dilakukan untuk
melengkapi kekurangan dari penelitian ini supaya lebih sempurna.
Mennurut saya metoda pengujian pada paper ini paparannya kurang detail, sehingga tidak
terbayang untuk pembaca yang masih awam jadi seharusnya lebih dibahas detail langkah
langkahnya.
Namun, secara keseluruhan paper ini bagus, pada bagian penutup pun sudah mencakup
semua kesimpulan sesuai tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan.