Adverb functions :

TO MODIFY VERBS: The topic often causes controversy.

TO MODIFY ADJECTIVES: The topic is extremely controversial.

TO MODIFY OTHER ADVERBS :He treated the topic very fairly.

TO MODIFY ENTIRE SENTENCES: Unfortunately, the topic is controversial.

 Adverb Types:
MANNER: Some think he presents issues dishonestly.

TIME: Military service for women has become controversial recently.

PLACE :The director found a new position there.

FREQUENCY: The program's subjects are often unpopular.

Adverbs of:
-Manner indicate how: He speaks clearly.
-Time indicate when: We arrived yesterday.
-Place indicate where: They are staying here.
-Frequency indicate how often: She usually works late.

*Focus adverbs: (focus attention on a preceded word or phrase) :

1)Only teenagers can attend. (focuses on teenagers) (they are the only ones allowed to attend.)
2) Teenagers can only attend. (focuses on attend) (they're not allowed to participate.)
 Adverb Placement:
Rule 1 : When the verb is intransitive (verbs that do not have objects), place the adverb immediately after it.
He walked slowly. She smiled beautifully.

Rule 2 : When the verb is transitive (with an object following), place the adverb immediately after the object.
She endured the pain bravely. He offered his help willingly.

Rule 3 : Adverbs of Frequency normally come before the verb. Examples are: always, before, often, never, seldom etc.
They always visit us. She never admitted her fault.

Rule 4 : when the verb consists of an auxiliary, the adverb goes after it.
They have never invited us to their parties. He was greatly praised for his novel idea.

Rule 5 : An adverb which modifies an adjective or another adverb comes before it.
She is very beautiful. (Here the adverb very modifies the adjective beautiful.) The girl sang so sweetly. (Here the adverb so modifies the adverb sweetly.)

Rule 6 (focus adverbs): The adverbs only, merely, even, not and never are usually placed before the words they modify.
I merely wanted to know his name. She was not clever enough to see through his scheme. He never keeps his word.
 Connectors:
are words or phrases that we use to link ideas. Connectors also introduce
a clause and serves as a transition between a previous sentence and it .

Types : Functions :

1) COORDINATING 1) ADDITION.
CONJUNCTION.
2) CONDITION.
2) SUBORDINATING 3) CONTRAST.
CONJUNCTION.
4) CAUSE / REASON
3) TRANSITION.
5) EFFECT / RESULT.

6) TIME.
*Coordinating conjunctions join two independent clauses. Coordinating conjunctions come
between clauses and are preceded by a comma.

*Subordinating conjunctions connect ideas within sentences. They come at the beginning of a
subordinate clause. If the subordinate clause comes first in a sentence, it is followed by a comma.
If the subordinate clause follows the independent clause, it is not usually preceded by a comma.

*transitions connect ideas between sentences or larger sections of text. Transitions that connect
sentences can come at the beginning of a sentence,
within it, or at the end. Common transitions include besides, consequently, however, in addition,
nevertheless, otherwise, and therefore.

At the beginning of a sentence, a transition is preceded by a period or semicolon and followed by

a comma; in the middle of a sentence, it is preceded and followed by a comma; and at the end of a
sentence, it is preceded by a comma.
types of transitions that
connect sentences:

a. Some transitions show addition. These include: additionally, besides, furthermore, in addition, likewise, nwreover, and plus.
* I remember her telephone number. In addition, I remember what street she lives on.
* I live too far away to visit you. Besides, I can never remember your address.

b. One transition of condition, otherwise, indicates that a result opposite to what is expected will happen if a certain action isn't taken
* I need to write down your e-mail address. Otherwise, I'll never remember it.

c. Some transitions show contrast. These include: however, in contrast, in spite ofthis, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, and
though.
*Her speech was good; nevertheless, I can't support her ideas.
*Jim thinks I'm against his ideas. On the contrary, I'm one of his biggest supporters.

d. Some transitions show effect I result. These Include: accordingly, as a result, because ofthis, consequently, on account of this,
otherwise, therefore, and thus.
*I was not paying attention when she was introduced. Consequently, her name escapes me.
* This new memory technique is helpful. On account of this, I recommend it to you.

e. Some transitions show relationships of actions, events, and ideas in time. These include: after that, afterwards, in the meantime,
meanwhile, next, and then.
*Barry spent three years in the military. Meanwhile, his brother was earning a college degree.
* I went to a memory workshop. Afterwards, I couldn't remember a single thing.
A clause is a group of words that contains at least PLACEMENT AND PUNTUANTION:
one subject and a verb (a sentence) showing past, present, or
future time. Clauses are either independent or We watched TV a lot when the Olympics were on.
dependent.
When the Olympics were on, we watched TV a lot.
Independent clauses (also called main clauses) can
stand alone as complete sentences.

Dependent clauses (also called subordinate clauses) Tickets cost more because athletes earn so much.
cannot stand alone. They do need another clause to
be fully understood. Because athletes earn so much, tickets cost more.

Sentences containing both an independent clause

and a dependent clause are called complex Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that indicate
sentences. In a complex sentence, the main idea is how, when, where, why, or under what conditions
in the independent clause. things happen; or they introduce a contrast.

NOTE: In a complex sentence, the clauses can come

in either order. If the dependent clause comes first,
we place a comma after it.
Adverb clauses of time indicate when something Adverb clauses of condition indicate under what
happens. They are introduced by: after, as, as soon as, conditions something happens. They are introduced
before, by the time, once, since, until/till, when, by even if. if. only if, unless, etc.
whenever, while, etc.

Adverb clauses of contrast make a contrast with the

Adverb clauses of place indicate where something idea expressed in the independent clause. They are
happens. They are introduced by: anywhere, introduced by although, even though, though,
everywhere, where, wherever, etc. whereas, while, etc.

Adverb clauses of reason indicate why something

happens. They are introduced by: as, because, now NOTE: Since is used both in adverb clauses of reason
that (= because now), since, etc. and of time.

NOTE: As is used both in adverb clauses of reason and

of time.
*Adverb clauses of time and reason can be shortened to
adverb phrases in ways similar to the ways adjective clauses
can be : by reducing the clauses or by changing them.
*Adverb clauses of time and reason can be changed to adverbial
phrases. The subordinating conjunctions: while, after, because,
since, or as at the beginning of the clause are omitted in the phrase.