Fluid Mechanics

Free and forced vortex, Forces on

pressure conduits, reducers and bends,
stationary and moving blades, torques in
rotating machines.

Dr. Mohsin Siddique

Assistant Professor
NU-FAST Lahore
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Free and Forced Vortex Flow

Vortex flow is defined as flow along curved path.

It is of two types namely; (1). Free vortex flow and (2) forced
vortex flow

If the fluid particles are moving around a curved path with the help
of some external torque the flow is called forced vortex flow. And if
no external force is acquired to rotate the fluid particle, the flow is
called free vortex flow.

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Forced Vortex Flow (Rotational Flow)

It is defined as that type of flow, in which some external torque is
required to rotate the fluid mass.

The fluid mass in this type of flow rotate at constant angular

velocity, ω. The tangential velocity, V, of any fluid particle is given by
V= ω r,

Where, r is radius of fluid particle from the axis of rotation

Examples of forced vortex flow are;

1. A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central axis
with a constant angular velocity ω,

2. Flow of liquid inside impeller of a centrifugal pump

3. Flow of water through runner

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Forced Vortex Flow (Rotational Flow)

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Free Vortex Flow (Irrotational flow)

When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that
type of flow is called free vortex flow.

Thus the liquid in case of free vortex flow is rotating due to the
rotation which is imparted to the fluid previously.

Example of free vortex flow are

1. Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of container

2. Flow of liquid around a circular bend in pipe

3. A whirlpool in river

4. Flow of fluid in a centrifugal pump casing

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Free Vortex Flow (Irrotational flow)

The relation between velocity and radius, in free vortex flow is
obtained by putting the value of external torque equal to zero, or
the time rate of change of angular momentum, i.e., moment of
momentum must be zero. Consider a fluid particle of mass “m” at a
radial distance, r, from the axis of rotation, having a tangential
velocity, V, then

Angular momentum=(mass)x(velocity)=mV

Moment of momentum=(momentum)xr=mVr

Rate of change of angular momentum=d(mVr)/dt

For free vortex flow, there is not torque i.e.,
d(mVr)/dt=0

Integrating, we get
mVr=constant or Vxr=C1/m=C
6 Vxr=C
Equation of motion for vortex flow

Consider a fluid element ABCD
(shown shaded) in figure rotating at
uniform velocity in a horizontal
plane about an axis perpendicular to
the plane of paper and passing
through O.

The forces acting on element are;

(1). Pressure force p∆A on face AB

(II)  p + ∂p ∆r ∆A on face CD
 ∂r 

(iii) centrifugal force, mV2/r, acting in

direction away from the center, O

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Equation of motion for vortex flow

Now,
Mass of element=mass density x Volume
m = ρ∆r∆A
V2
Centrifugal force= ρ∆r∆A
r

Equating the forces in radial directions we

get
 ∂p  V2
 p + ∆r ∆A − p∆A = ρ∆r∆A
 ∂r  r
 ∂p 
2
V
 ∆r ∆A = ρ∆r∆A
 ∂r  r

 ∂p 
2
V
 =ρ
 ∂r  r

Equation gives the pressure variation along the radical direction for a
8 forced or free vortex flow in horizontal plane
Equation of motion for vortex flow

The pressure variation in the vertical plane is given by the
hydrostatic law, i.e.,
 ∂p 
  = − ρg
 ∂z 

In above equation, z is measure vertically in the upward direction.

The pressure ,p, varies with respect to r and z or p is the function of
r and z and hence total derivative of p is
∂p ∂p
dp = dr + dz
∂r ∂z

Substituting values from above equations we get;

V2
dp = ρ dr − ρgdz
r
Equation of Motion for Vortex Flow
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Equation of forced vortex flow

For forced vortex flow, we have;
2πN
V =ω×r ω=
60

Where ω is angular velocity=constt

Substituting the values of V in equation of motion
of vortex flow ω 2r 2
∂p = ρ dr − ρgdz
r

Consider two points 1 and 2 in the fluid having
forced vortex and integrating above equation for
point 1 and point 2, we get
2 2 2

∫ ∫ r dr − ∫ ρgdz
2
d p = ρω
1 1 1

ρω 2
p2 − p1 =
2
[r
2
2
]
− r12 − ρg [z 2 − z1 ]
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Equation of forced vortex flow
ρ
p2 − p1 =
2
[ω r 2 2
2 ]
− ω 2 r12 − ρg [z 2 − z1 ]

QV2 = ωr2 & V1 = ωr1

ρ
p2 − p1 =
2
[
V 2
2
]
− V12 − ρg [z 2 − z1 ]

If the point 1 and 2 lie on the free surface then,

p1=p2=Patm=0 and hence above equation become;

ρ
0=
2
[
V 2
2
− V12 − ρg]
1 2
[z2 − z1 ] = V2 − V12
2g
[ ]
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Equation of forced vortex flow

If the point 1 lie on axis of rotation then, v1= ω r1=
ω x0=0 and hence above equation becomes;

1 2
[z2 − z1 ] =
2g
V2 [ ]
1 2 1 2 2
Z=
2g
[ ]
V2 =
2g
[
ω r2 ] Q Z = [z2 − z1 ] = [z 2 − 0]

Thus, Z varies with square of r. Hence, equation is

an equation of parabola. This means the free surface
is paraboloid

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Equation of Free Vortex Flow

For free vortex flow, we have;
Vr = contt = C
V =C/r

Substituting v for free vortex flow in equation
of motion of vortex flow
V2 C2 C2
dp = ρ dr − ρgdz = ρ 2 dr − ρgdz = ρ 3 dr − ρgdz
r r r r

Consider two points 1 and 2 at radial distance
r1 and r2 from central axis. The height of
points from the bottom of vessel is z1 and z2.

Integrating above equation for the points 1
and 2 we get
2 2 2
C2
∫1 dp = ∫1 ρ r 3 dr − ∫1 ρgdz
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Equation of Free Vortex Flow
2 2 2 2 2
C2
∫1 ∫1 r 3 ∫1 ∫1 dr − ∫1 ρgdz
2 −3
dp = ρ dr − ρgdz = ρc r

ρC 2  1
1
p2 − p1 = −  2 − 2  − ρg [z 2 − z1 ]
2  r2 r1 

ρ C 2
C2 
p2 − p1 = −  2 − 2  − ρg [z 2 − z1 ]
2  r2 r1 
ρ
p2 − p1 = −
2
[
V 2
2
]
− V12 − ρg [z 2 − z1 ]

p2 − p1 ρ  C 2 C 2  ρg
ρg
=−  2
ρg 2  r2
− 2 
−
r1  ρg
[ z 2 − z1 ] = −
2g
V[
2
2
− ]
V1 − [z 2 − z1 ]
2

p2 p1 V22 V12 p1 V12 p2 V22

− =− + − z 2 + z1 z1 + + = z2 + +
ρg ρg
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2g 2g γ 2g γ 2g
15
Numerical: Forced vortex flow

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Numerical: Forced Vortex flow

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Numerical: Free Vortex Flow

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Numerical: Free Vortex Flow

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 PART II

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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces. The lift force on an aircraft
is exerted by the air moving over the wing. A jet of water from a hose
exerts a force on whatever it hits.

In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the same way as in

solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s laws of motion.

i.e., F = ma which is used in the analysis of solid mechanics to relate applied

force to acceleration.

In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid we should use
so we use a different form of the equation.

d (mV )s
∑ F = ma =
dt
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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

Newton’s 2nd Law can be written:

The Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force acting
on the body, and takes place in the direction of the force.

d (mV )s
∑F =
dt
∑F = Sum of all external forces on a body of fluid or system s
mV = Momentum of fluid body in direction s

The symbols F and V represent vectors and so the change in momentum must be
in the same direction as force.

∑ Fdt = d (mV )s
22 It is also termed as impulse momentum principle
Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

Let’s start by assuming that we
have steady flow which is non-uniform
flowing in a stream tube.

In time δt a volume of the fluid

moves from the inlet a distance u δt ,
so the volume entering the
streamtube in the time δt is
A streamtube in three and two-dimensions

volume entering the stream tube = area x distance = A1u1δt

mass entering stream tube = volume x density = ρ1 A1u1δt
momentum of fluid entering stream tube = mass x velocity= (ρ1 A1u1δt )u1
23 momentum of fluid leaving stream tube = (ρ 2 A2u2δt )u 2
Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

Now, according to Newton’s 2nd Law the force exerted by the fluid
is equal to the rate of change of momentum. So

Force=rate of change of momentum
ρ 2 A2u2δtu2 − ρ1 A1u1δtu1 ρ 2 A2u2δtu2 ρ1 A1u1δtu1
∑F = = −
δt δt δt
ρ 2 ( A2u2δt )u2 ρ1 ( A1u1δt )u1
∑F = − = ρ 2 (Q2 )u 2 − ρ1 (Q1 )u1
δt δt

We know from continuity of incompressible flow, ρ=ρ1= ρ2 &
Q=Q1=Q2

F = ρQ[u2 − u1 ] = m[u2 − u1 ]
This analysis assumed that the inlet and outlet velocities were in the
same direction - i.e. a one dimensional system. What happens when
this is not the case?
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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

Consider the two dimensional
system in the figure below:

At the inlet the velocity vector, u1 ,
makes an angle, θ1 , with the x-axis,
while at the outlet u2 make an
angle θ 2.

In this case we consider the forces
by resolving in the directions of the
co-ordinate axes. Two dimensional flow in a streamtube

The force in the x-direction

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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

The force in the y-direction

The resultant force can be determined by combining Fx and Fy

vectorially as

And the angle at which F acts is given by

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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

For a three-dimensional (x, y, z) system we then have an extra force
to calculate and resolve in the z direction.

This is considered in exactly the same way.

In summary we can say: The total force the fluid = rate of change of
momentum through the control volume

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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow

Note that we are working with vectors so F is in the direction of
the velocity. This force is made up of three components:

FR = Force exerted on the fluid by any solid body touching the control
volume

FB = Force exerted on the fluid body (e.g. gravity)

FP = Force exerted on the fluid by fluid pressure outside the control
volume

So we say that the total force, FT, is given by the sum of these forces:
FT= FR+ FB +FP

The force exerted by the fluid on the solid body touching the
control volume is opposite to FR . So the reaction force, R, is given by
R =-FR
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Application of the Momentum Equation

In common application of the momentum principle, we
use it to find forces that flowing fluid exert on structures
open to the atmosphere like gate and overflow spillways

In the following section, we will consider the application

of momentum principle for the following cases.

1. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend.

2. Force on a nozzle at the outlet of a pipe.

3. Impact of a jet on a plane surface.

4. Force due to flow round a curved vane.

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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend of Control volume

constant cross-section

Coordinate system: It is convenient to choose the co-ordinate

axis so that one is pointing in the direction of the inlet velocity.

In the above figure the x-axis points in the direction of the inlet
velocity.

Let’s compute, total force, pressure force, body force and resultant
force
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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend of Control volume

constant cross-section

1.Total Force:
In x-direction In y-direction

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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

2

Control volume
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section

2. Pressure force

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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend of Control volume

constant cross-section

3. Body force:
There are no body forces in the x or y directions. The only
body force is that exerted by gravity (which acts into the
paper in this example - a direction we do not need to
consider).
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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend of Control volume

constant cross-section

Resultant force

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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend of Control volume

constant cross-section

Resultant force and direction

Finally, the force on bent is same

magnitude but in opposite direction
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Force on a Pipe Nozzle

Force on the nozzle at the outlet
of a pipe. Because the fluid is
contracted at the nozzle forces are
induced in the nozzle.

Anything holding the nozzle (e.g. a

fireman) must be strong enough to
withstand these forces.
Control volume of nozzle

Control volume of coordinate

system of nozzle is shown in figure

Resultant force on nozzle = Total force - Pressure force - Body force

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Force on a Pipe Nozzle

Total Force

Control volume of nozzle

Pressure Force = pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2

P1V 21 P2 V 2 2
Z1 + + = Z2 + + P2
γ 2g γ 2g Z1 = Z 2 =0
γ
 V 2 2 V 21  ρQ 2  1 1 
P1 = γ  −  =  2 − 2 
 2g 2g  2  A2 A1 

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Force on a Pipe Nozzle

Body Force: The only body
force is the weight due to
gravity in the y-direction - but
we need not consider this as
the

only forces we are considering
are in the x-direction. Control volume of nozzle

Resultant force on nozzle=total force - pressure force - body force

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Impact of a Jet on a Plane

A perpendicular jet hitting

Control volume and Co-
a plane.
ordinate axis
Resultant force of jet = Total force - Pressure force - Body force
Resultant force of jet = Total force+0+0
Total force

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Impact of a Jet on a Plane

A perpendicular jet hitting

Control volume and Co-
a plane.
ordinate axis
Resultant force of jet = Total force - Pressure force - Body force

Hence, the resultant force

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Force on a curved vane

This case is similar to that of a
pipe, but the analysis is simpler
because the pressures are equal -
atmospheric , and both the cross-
section and velocities (in the
direction of flow) remain constant.

The jet, vane and co-ordinate
direction are arranged as in the
figure . Jet deflected by a curved vane

Solve urself I am tired now !!

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 Thank you

Questions….

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