Professional Documents
Culture Documents
How
Gravity
Replaces
Thermo
Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Introduction Cosmology, to
LATE-STARTING, STRONG STELLAR WINDS,
Push-EXPAND Intergalactic VOIDS,
COMPCT Non-Expanding Galaxies
CAUSING the 2ND LAW of THERMODYNAMICS
2
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
STELLAR-GALACTIC-WINDS-Entering ALL
Obsereved Voids PRESSURE, TRUST and
(a) COMPACT non-expading galaxies into CLUSTERS
(b) Acclelerate inertial expansion of the Universe
(c) Cause the Origin of the Astrophysical New,
Gold-Awarded, School of Thermodynamics
3
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
FIG. 1: The 4 yellow arrows must be inserted into each void. The pressure of
opposing radiation "JETS" [rocket-type-"JETS"]
(10) Fig. 2, next below, was taken from 1981 Vol. I of CPP
(reviewed below).
.
4
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
3. dictated by the afore-stated late (starting about 10 billion years ago when the stellar
radiation has become strong enough to reverse the slowing of the big-bang
expansion into an accelerating one – our claimed 2nd expansion.
5
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
6
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
How Voids have Increased since 700 ml years post the Big Bang?
Fig. 4: (below} This figure does NOT show the verified chain of galaxies being first
compacted by the winds into clusters (FIG. 2) then further compacted into super-clusters
'FILAMENTS' or what had been defined by Volume I an independently expanding SPACE-"1"
by the inflowing winds (FIG 2). Part of the answer is provided by the next verified record.
7
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
8
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Fig. 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early galaxies that radiate winds
into the early cold voids which have been expanding with the big-bang expansion (Fig. 4).
Gradually, as the number and intensities of emitters has increased, the thermodynamic
wind-processes depicted by Figs. 1 to 3, have established an independent, second, uniform,
simultaneous, extra-expansion of the universe outside the galaxies, 2nd expansion that has
gradually reversed the slowing down of the big-bang inertia expansion into the currently
observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the universe. Source: The cosmic background
radiation verified since 1964.
Fig. 6: (below) Zooming next into ''our'' cluster of non-expanding galaxies in ''our''
'filament' and into a dark-cold expanding void (FIGURE 1) may help illustrate important
DISTANCES involved the verified 2nd expansion of the universe. WHAT WE shall SEE
NEXT ARE IMAGES INSIDE OUR own FILAMENT.
9
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Fig. 7: Even at this scale our Solar System, which is located inside the Milky Way galaxy, is
still less than a visible dot. The Andromeda galaxy is marked in yellow. Both galaxies are
the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial
‘diameter’. The "Local Group" includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89 and
M31 (Andromeda).It is 2,200,000 light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy. It is also
characterized by a spiral structure.
10
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at the "promised land".
Andromeda’s system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V,
etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a
satellite. ‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small
INTERIM SUMMARY
STELLAR-GALACTIC-WINDS-Entering ALL
Obsereved Voids PRESSURE, TRUST and
(a) COMPACT non-expading galaxies into CLUSTERS
(b) Acclelerate inertial expansion of the Universe
(c) Cause the Origin of the Astrophysical New,
Gold-Awarded, School of Thermodynamics
"We are all Gal-Orians", Editor, Foundations of Physics
One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay
between symmetry and asymmetry.
The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and
counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to
and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the
gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.
He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time
asymmetries.
temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process
that leads to life.
He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of
entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum
indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of
temporal asymmetries.
Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum
mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a
deterministic interpretation of quantum events.
The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas
which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly
described in a review.
[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the
decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will
be the loss of both the faculty and the students.”
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
"This is a great book, and an exciting book;
readable, worth reading and enlightening."
Sir Karl Popper, one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science
"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he
lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a
longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always
try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics
14
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very
sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. "
Indian Journal of Physics
15
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
HaAretz Daily
“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and
made pages of notes on it.
I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the
great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!
Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times
and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory
and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the
philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the
scheme of things – and by so much more!
I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion
is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your,
I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two
books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with
16
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can
lead to testable consequences.
I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage
that I personally have found most thought-provoking.” Prof. John
Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University
“Lecture one [in Volume I] affirms that the stress placed by Genesis on
‘beginning’ and the initial roles of ‘void’, ‘light’ and a ‘structure-less’ state,
“may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern
science has already supplied us.” Christian Apologetics Journal
17
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
“One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It
was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and
the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical
understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human
psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.” Robin
forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222
18
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
ERNEST MACK
All the rivers run into the sea. Yet the sea is not full.
KING SOLOMON
piecemeal scanning of terrestrial countryside from a watchtower on a dark night, using our own
searchlight. In view of the limited sweep of the search, all it can reveal, at given time and space is
different universal times and spaces, with human memory and verifiable records, that the watcher
can construct reliable understanding, in this study, of the cosmos, of its dynamics and evolution as
affecting the solar system, earth, climate, the dark sky we see and in shedding some cosmic lights
on
19
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
some dark corners of human history of thought. Indeed, this time the watcher is invited to take a
grand look, with inter-stellar and galactic radiation as the sole source of "illumination."
4. Aim and Scope: Indeed it is quite dark outside. Yet the "starlight" ranges from visible light
to X-rays, from ultraviolet to infrared radiation, from gamma rays to gravitational waves.
5. For the well-equipped observer it includes polarized radiation, neutrino radiation, and
spectroscopic "fingerprints" of hydrogen, helium, and heavier elements. And it reveals unfamiliar
Introduction
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy
19, 2012
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures
to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230
4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...………...... 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236
4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240
4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242
4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243
4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246
4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247
4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247
4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249
4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250
VOLUME II
Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420
A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437
The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455
Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467
Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483
Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495
Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530
24
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
“It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It was the
"A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the
profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most
25
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude;in this
“I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type of which
we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond my
comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.”
“Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of reality,
together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that
“I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends, or even my
immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have never lost an obstinate sense of
“One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual understanding
and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no doubt loses something in the way of geniality
and light-heartedness; on the other hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments
of his fellows.”
In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected to protect his
privacy inside his room, in his house, working in maximized-freedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping
naked in his room while his privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also
screened his incoming mail, deleted nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors.
26
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level
Sitting, from left: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P.
Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson
2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac,
A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr;
Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E.
Schrödinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L.
Brillouin.
1927, Inst. Int'l de Physique Solvay
27
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
This high level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian
Gravity Physics (General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world
expansion (or contraction), (ii) That unwanted theory was first confirmed in1918 in
correctly predicting the bending of light by gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-
expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first Chapter.
_______________
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens
can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.
------ Margaret Mead
After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other
scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional
way.”
reaction:
“Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died."
29
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Einstein's "Anti-Pomposity";
Anti-"Politically Correct"
As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German
women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting. Einstein stopped
playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized:
“I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work.”On another occasion,
as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to change
his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to arrive
soon to visit him. His response:
let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house.
If they come to see my formal dress, please show them my closet.
___________
30
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
TWO, not one, 1998-verified, accelerated expansions of the
Entering each SPACE ''1'' void from all 3D directions [FIG. 1] subject to momentum
conservation, (which also controls opposing rockets or jet engines), the super-fast winds thrust-
push all voids away from each other, thereby, collectively, providing extra expansion against all
other similarly expanding voids. This process is herein defined 2nd expansion of the universe.
31
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Gradually, they cause REVERSAL of the earlier, decelerated expansion of the universe, into the
observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the universe.
RECAP
WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe, all heavy
elements in the universe, including the elements essential to generate life, like oxygen,
carbon, nitrogen, are impossible.
Also impossible without the 2nd expansion are supernovae, that allow planets to
formed and life to emerge by gravitation – a complicated process that is described
next.
Localized black holes at the center of galaxies and elsewhere should be accounted for,
but their effects do not change these predictions, assertions and facts as detailed here
and by Volume I.
Existence of super-fast, stellar-galactic winds that are becoming strongest during the
last 6 or so billion years, has been well-verified by all astronomic observations.
Such winds are flowing into each equally distributed intergalactic voids.
The voids themselves were present from earlier time, as proven by the 1964 confirmed
black-body radiation. Fig. 5.
The winds emerge inside the filaments that surround each void.
The winds enter each void from all directions thus causing each and all to expand
faster than the remnants of big-bang expansion. FIG. 1.
This process is herein defined the second, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of the
universe, which not only compacts galaxies into superclusters and filaments, but
reverses earlier gravity-induced decelerated expansion of the universe.
These newly defined dynamics generate energy-densities gradients (Fig. 2) that keep
maintaining all stellar evolution by removing disposed energy from emitters to 2nd-
expansion-generated largest energy sink in the universe, without which, no heavy
elements, supernovae, planets and life, are possible.
There is no transfer of energy from one expanding void to another due to the uniform
distribution of the intergalactic voids.
The ORIGIN of almost all dissipating stellar and galactic winds are essentially limited to
the nearby LOCAL stars and galaxies that surround each void.
Only a minor fraction of the winds proceeds across the universe to reach our
telescopes, allowing NASA recording of Fig. 1.
Various claims and dictums are also refuted by this newly defined world:
Dark energy claims -- and associated attempts to change general relativity) -- should
be replaced by the two proven simultaneous accelerated expansions of the universe.
NOTES
(1) Deterministic physics may begin with TIME-symmetric partial differential equations.
NEXT, TO CONFORM WITH observations, TIME-asymmetry is FUNDAMENTALLY wrongly
enforced on the USED EQUATIONS but also in published 'proofs', that proceed only
(2) from imposed INITIAL CONDITIONS (for future time evolution), while rejecting FINAL
CONDITIONS (for symmetric past time evolution).
(3) SUCH enforced ''mathematical results'' are often claimed the origin of irreversibility of
nature called Retarded solutions in electromagnetism.
(4) FOOLING THEMSELVES AND OTHER SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD NEXT HIDE ADVANCED
SOLUTIONS (which do not conform with observations.).
34
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
(5) IS THIS FOOLING tantamounts to SMUGGLING into "proofs" what one tries to prove by not DECLARING
THE CONTRABAND?
"(During October-November 1915) Einstein was in the throes of one of the most concentrated
frenzies of scientific creativity in history. He was working, he said, 'horrendously intensity'" (to
complete and publish first his general relativity). "In the midst of this ordeal, he was also still dealing
with the personal crisis within his family." "(Hilbert) was racing him to find the equations of general
relativity."
"Every week, the fifty or so members of the Prussian Academy gathered in the grand hall of the
Prussian State Library in the heart of Berlin to address each other."
Since November 4 Einstein delivered there four lectures, the last one states: "I had discovered the
only law of gravitation."
Days later Hilbert responded (page 219): "Cordial congratulations" But on November 20 he
submitted for publication to the Gotingen science journal his manuscript "proclaiming his own
version of the equations for general relativity." titled "The Foundations of Physics".
Einstein completed and published his Gravity Physics, known as General Relativity, in November
1915, post checking if it correctly predicts published, irregular, motions of planet Mercury.
He found total agreement with said astronomical observations, agreement that no other theory had
accomplished before.
That was the first obsevational veification of his gravity physics.
About three years later, in 1918-1919, Einstein's gravity field equations were independently
confirmed valid the second time for correctly and excactly predicting gravity-induced, bending of
light passing near a large mass, in this first, British organized sun-eclipse-based test in Australia, later
affirmed by various observations around the globe.
Instant world celebrations followed. But somehing else was at store under the curse of numbers,
which always retards science
35
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
misleads some scientists and much of humanity.
1921: A talented Russian mathematician-cosmologists, professor Alexander Friedmann, proved that
Einstein's Field Equations, when applied to the universe, Cannot make it stay stable, it must expand or
contract.
Organized religions around the world strongly protested that Einstein is profundly wrong.
Expanding universe violates the "established and known fact" that earth is the center of the universe.
According to experts, any observer, stationed on any galaxy, would report that all other galaxies are
receding away from him, thus refuting the established truth that earth is the sole center of the entire
universe.
36
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
This assertion applies first to the highly respected "Standard Quantum Model", and to "symmetry
breaking" dictums employed there. See TABLE OF CONTENTSOF VOLUME I.
Assertion C: Errorless definitions-axioms begin with 'the whole universe',
because there is neither any outside fense around its curved-spacetime-contents, nor to verified
observations of its time asymmetries REDISCUSSED BELOW.
Contention 1: WHEREFORE, precise definitions or axioms only encage, arrest or block ideas by error-
generating ‘fences’ that should a priori be identified, deleted, ignored or comitted to the flames of
history, even if have already been awarded a Nobel Prize.
Contention 2: Until around the mid-Thirties of the previous century, Core Cultural-Curriculum Courses
(in Europe!) were made as ‘scientific’ as possible, and science propped up its foundations by turning to
philosophy. This attitude was in part motivated by the desire to appropriate the sciences with the
great ‘prestige’ of philosophers, and for the philosopher the fast-growing ‘status’ of science.
Hence, European professors vied with one another in presenting science based on
high philosophical grounds, and philosophy as a ‘science among sciences’, or even as
the ‘sum of the other sciences’.
A ‘PhD’ was then a bona fide Philosophy Doctor, a person of advanced core
knowledge and eloquence outside his specialism. Western academia has since
withdrawn from the game.
Empty specialism has since gained the highest prestige; no longer do professors need
borrow it from philosophy, nor to teach a bona fide CCCC. Indeed, contemporary
professors today vie with one another in presenting fragmented lectures devoid of
interconnected content, for they can no longer hope to achieve popularity by
injecting updated core knowledge into what has gradually become an ever narrower,
disciplinary professionalism.
Assertion 1
This turn of events has resulted in
With hope of finding the grand
overvaluation of technical professionalism,
outlook of a spacecraft, students
empty academicism, absolutation of ever-
enter our universities. Entering
narrower disciplines, and the common
the temples of knowledge they
inclination to reject bona fide core knowledge
settle for that of an eagle, but
from the class. A pity. For these trends only
what they find is that of a
push the young into cynicism, nihilism and
specialist gopher.
38
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
The current crisis in education is not subsiding. More than ever before it demands answers, re-
assessments, a revised philosophy and acts: How to administer mutual interactions instead of linear
causality; structured complexity instead of summation of events; structured historical buildup of
facts, instead of summation of isolated events and narrow academic Departments.
Assertion 2
Although most academic teaching and research must be distributed amongst various
Schools and Departments of a university, there is an objective need to regenerate an
old tradition that cannot be associated with any specialism, because the ideas with
which it deals are common to all studies, or not involved in any.
Assertion 3
Without a guiding-structuring-unifying methodology aimed at gaining an all-
embracing, interconnected knowledge that crosses frozen disciplines, any Core
Curriculum Cultural Course [CCCC] is nothing but a pity encyclopedia displayed
by a specialist nominated by “Organizers” as the “CCCC-Coordinator” who
remains helpless in teaching the alluring beauty of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, history, the life sciences, and comparative religions, but fails to
perceive their profound educational implications as a whole.
The Western crisis, today more than ever before, may be repaired by
resorting to Einsteinian vision, in high-schools and constantly upgraded
and updated for underSuch a
Literary intellectuals at one pole –
at the other scientists,
and as the most representative,
the physical scientists.
. Between the two a gulf of mutual incomprehension –
sometimes (particularly among the young) hostility and dislike,
but most of all lack of understanding.
C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures
Cambridge University Press
Assertion 5
Students are often discouraged by their professors and mentors from
asking fundamental, interdisciplinary questions in class, as a result of
which inconsistent, or outright incorrect premises, are given a better
chance of perpetuating themselves.
Literary intellectuals, the people of
the arts, and most educators, are
currently ignorant of modern
advances in the ‘exact sciences’, of
their mathematical formulations,
experimental, observational and
verification methods. They are likely
40
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
The resulting gap can hardly be bridged despite the fact that our globe is currently an
interconnected village, internationally linked by what might be expected to bridge old gaps between
traditional cultures, languages, religions, political systems and a unified educational philosophy of
humanity. Yet, the facts are that deep divisions keep deepening and deserts of narrow specialism
keep spreading more than ever before.
What was a two-semester half-life of a textbook is today one day or less. Sources of studies are
millions of online blogs with uneven quality and little or no reliable references. A-million-a-day posts
confuse the young; generating one-line thinkers; a tsunami of Tower-of-Babel Kalthure; a kalthure
where scholars secure same weight as one-line thinkers; Eulogies are heard over the smoking ruins of
the classical temples of knowledge – new layers of ruins on top of the destroyed Academy-Library of
Alexandria.
Limitations of Theories
There may be something provisional about all current verified scientific theories
They must be re-confirmed by fresh verified information from any sub-field of science,
hence, are subject to constant revision and even replacement; -- in this, each
succeeding generation takes a measurable step beyond the position of its
predecessors.
Closely related to the unrestricted content of modern science is its unrestricted
questioning of all earlier convictions in light of verifiable evidence that refutes extant
axioms, definitions, assertions, outlooks and theories.
41
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
According to Smullyan [42], Tarski's Indefinability Theorem is somewhat superior to the famous
Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, which are more related to mathematics and less to philosophical,
scientific, and linguistic issues. Tarski's theorem is not directly about mathematics but about the
inherent
Moreover, if the system can prove that it is consistent, it is not. As might have been expected,
this idea has been much debated by mathematical philosophers:
v How can a theory be both correct and unprovable?
v Is mathematics a loop of our mind?
v Is the mind a self referential loop?
Gödel's first incompleteness theorem shows that any system that allows one to define the natural
numbers is necessarily incomplete: it contains statements that are neither provable correct, nor
provably false. Some scholars therefore argue that this refutes the logicism of Gottlob Frege and
Bertrand Russell, who had aimed to reduce/define the natural numbers in terms of logic.
Not all axiom systems satisfy these hypotheses, even when these systems have models that include
natural numbers as a subset. For example, there are axiomatizations of ‘flat’ space that do not meet
the hypotheses of Gödel's theorems.
Another limitation applies only to systems that are used as their own proof systems. Gödel's theorem
has another interpretation in the language of computer science. Theorems are computably
enumerable: one can write a computer program that will eventually generate any valid proof. One can
then ask if it has the stronger property of being recursive:
Can one write a computer program to definitively determine if a statement is true or false?
Gödel's theorem says that you cannot. His theorems, however, are confined to sufficiently strong
axiomatic systems, i.e., that a theory contains enough arithmetic to carry out the proof of the
incompleteness theorem.
Some scholars claim that Gödel's incompleteness theorems have provided a deadly blow to David
Hilbert’s program towards a universal mathematical formalism. Nevertheless, the essence of these
issues is much more complicated, as indicated below.
Undecidable Statements: A statement is neither provable nor refutable. Hence, some scholars resort
to the concept "independent". However, that concept is also ambiguous.
Meta-Language: A sufficiently developed language cannot represent its own semantics. Any meta-
language includes primitive notions, axioms, and rules absent from an object language. Theorems
provable in a meta-language are not provable in the object language.
43
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
“Truth”: Some of the aforementioned theorems may presuppose that mathematical "truth" and
"falsehood" are well-defined in an absolute sense, rather than relative. If an axiomatic system can be
proven to be consistent and complete from within itself, then it is inconsistent.
Minds and Machines: Gödel's incompleteness theorems may also reflect on human intelligence. While
Gödel's theorems cannot be applied to humans, since they make mistakes and are, therefore,
inconsistent, it may be applied to the domain of science.
Sets of expressions are considered as coded as sets of numbers. For various syntactic properties (such
as a formula, a sentence, etc.), these sets are computable. And any computable set of numbers can be
defined by some arithmetic formula.
There are various additional theorems and sub-theorems 34-49. I do not intend to expand on them in
these pages, for these pages are mainly written for the general reader, without resorting to any
mathematics.
We therefore move next to elaborate on some more practical domains in the mined fields of verifiable
scientific theories and proofs.
“Pure Mathematics” is human attempt to stay aloof and beyond emotions, traditions and ambitions. It
may protect one from making mistakes, prior to and aft writing down any mathematical equation.
How mathematics -- combined with verifiable observations -- help protect the human mind
from falling into unverifiable traditional dictums of ‘intuitively’ generating mistakes? This may be best
demonstrated by the most dramatic event in the history of science; when Einstein lost trust in the
most verified gravity field equations of general relativity3.3, the most accepted theory of the universe,
which harbors no mistake. To correct sociallly accused ‘mistake’, he had to force on this reality,
‘correction number’, wrongly termed a "cosmological constant".
For good reasons stated above Einstein's tensorial gravity field equations were flawless, despite the
fact that a cult has evolved to demand adding this factor to fit its ulterior wishes to operate under
some set of philosophical prejudices.
Most important, the failure to acknowledge this is not only self-delusion, but a failure to attend to the
philosophical base of physics, a failure that leads to empty scientism.
44
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Space-Time vs. Symmetry-Asymmetry
The essence and fundamental meaning of curved space-time, symmetry-asymmetry, statistics and
probabilities are understood only by a portion of scientists. A much smaller portion, or, in fact, a
splendid minority, maintains that probabilities, statistics and quantum postulates provide them with
no ‘free will’. [Volume I].
While symbols and analytical concepts may be symmetric, words and sentences (in order, syntax,
phoneme, form, sound modulation or other modes), or ‘useful’ physico-mathematical equations, are
basically asymmetric. Mathematics, gravitation, symmetry-asymmetry, aggregation, time and
meaningful sentences are coupled. While some minor reservations are justifiable, there is an
overwhelming "word of evidence", derived
from physics, the languages and the studies of linguistics, cybernetics, information and mathematics
that fortifies this contention.
A theory may be a “set of statements”, some of which are taken as valid without proof
(axioms), and others, the theorems, are taken as valid because they are implied by the axioms.
A complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible. "Provable by a theory"
means "derivable from the axioms and primitive notions of the theory, using logic.”
45
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Applied mathematics is often used as unverifiable covers to advance
subjectivistic claims, ‘proofs’ and ‘theories’. Lectures 3 and 4, and this
one, illustrate how -- by a priori selecting only the time-asymmetric
mathematics, or time-asymmetric mathematical solution that fits with
their desired ‘proof’ – scientists easily fool themselves, and others.
Applied mathematics is the key tool of the ‘exact sciences’. It constitutes a special kind of 'intelligent
thinking’ that is integrated with its ‘universal grammar' -- a sort of critical thinking which has been
partially developed to safeguard our minds from prejudices and inconsistencies. Yet, consistency, by
itself, is a two-sided issue.
‘Pure mathematics’ is often developed for its own sake, without a priori harboring intentional
applications, although they may be ‘un-covered’
According to Einstein, when we predict the behavior of a specific or confined set of natural
phenomena, we usually mean that we have found a ‘constructive theory’ covering this set.
When we find that other sets of phenomena are incompatible with that theory, we tend to either
generalize or modify it, or failing that, seek an alternative one.
To this ‘constructive’ category Einstein opposes the so-called “theories of principles” (exemplified,
according to Einstein, by thermodynamics and the general theory of relativity), whose point of
departure and foundation are not hypothetical constituent, but empirically observed general
properties from which mathematical formulae are deduced so as to apply to
every case of observation which presents itself.
Thus, according to Einstein, the merit of “constructive theories” lies in their comprehensiveness,
adaptability, and clarity for a given set of phenomena, while that of the “theories of principles” -- in
their logical ‘perfection’ and universality and in the vast observational spectrum of their formulation at
any scale and time.
Yet, Einstein did not trust some semi-hidden aspects of his own general theory of relativity2.5. Two such
events are described next:
46
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
The failure of statistical mechanics (both classical and quantum) to deduce and explain the origin of
irreversibility, time-asymmetries, cosmic and local structuring, generation of order and what is called
“entropy growth” -- as well as its philosophical and applicative limitations and lack of large-scale
universality -- has been explained in footnotes 2.5, 3.4 and 3.5 as well as in Volume I. (See Table of
Contents,).
Einstein had not suspected that his general theory of relativity already incorporates another ‘theory of
principle’: Thermodynamics, especially the so-called Second Law of Thermodynamic. Namely, the
foundations of thermodynamics should NOT be a separate, stand-alone, theory of science; it should
NOT be fragmented from the rest of physics. It constitutes an integral part of gravity-induced,
interconnected, unified physico-philosophical knowledge.
Einstein's general relativity and Hilbert spaces may have been lost to humanity by today's red tape
that defiles our temple of theoretical physics?
The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.
John Locke
We next extend it to gravity- induced sociology and the philosophy of natural selection: The fight for
47
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social
“standing”, or "lebensraums", involving "well-defined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural
Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural
food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to
disputes over territories.
One species, or one sex, or one race, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce water
ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources.
Gravity-induced hills and mountains control castle and village structures and especially tall structures
may become worship temples of the super- natural.
RECAP: Domain-Property and Envy drive competition, company ads, venture capital, TV and academic
rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key human traits, sometimes stronger than death.
As history testifies, gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, imperialism and
territorial conquest wars.
Many aspects of animals’ social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-
induced environmental variables. Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be
distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource
monopolization develops in all levels of socio-biological systems.
RECAP from previous Lectures: The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already
contained gas, supernovae debris, dust, rocks. It was gravity that stratified these compounds in
‘horizontal’ layers according to their “specific gravity”, a term to used below in modified “natural
selection”.
The atmosphere and geological strata are ordered-selected by specific gravity of their chemical
components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata
for life to begin.
Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of
gravitationally pressed-heated stars [Fusion in Lecture 1, CPP], geological strata, earth morphology
the entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy,
recorded symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books.
48
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
induced forces. Even “innate patterns" are wrongly dissociated from simple movements in the field of
gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" balancing
of the biological body vis-à-vis the gravity pointers in each biological cell.
Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via time and the arrow of time
[Lecture 1].
Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-shared "up- down" surroundings, and about "weight"
and acceleration.
Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow even on a mountain
slope.
Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes, balancing machines, heading indicators
and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing
suspension of organic spheres in water.
49
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start growing in total darkness as
seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep mountain slope.
As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity vector.
If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes
later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the
gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before
the growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.)
Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but
they are affected by it. Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically
exhibit innate patterns that depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability
to changes in the environment.
Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and footnotes. And it takes time
to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time
that we term Linguistic Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents
and books in a library introduces order into our life.
50
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Biological Clocks
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical
influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities thus emerge as prime sources of order and
information in all non-living and living systems.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to
changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational
origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.
The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular ‘canals’, which are used to indicate our
rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.
Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-à-vis space and the gravity-
induced horizon.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye
movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear
vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.
The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector – its size increases in larger local
gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they
cannot. Without the gravity force- field they float around and perish. When animals evolve on land,
outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis-à- vis the
reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier life forms in the oceans were smaller and had a
jellyfish-like configuration. Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve.
51
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
RECAP: Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to
springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them.
Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given written language.
Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent
us, say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They
range from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-induced structures as
reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth, ocean, etc.
Gravity-Induced
Village and City
Structures
Gravity generates structures, controls all
geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, tectonic
folds, geological uplifts, valleys, village &
city structures, transportation systems,
oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells,
swamps, glaciers, rivers, and related
ecological-systems.
Gravity plays a key factor in hygiene and in heart failure associated with swollen legs, in flooded lungs,
52
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Linguistics Foolings
EXAMPLE: "the particles were "un-correlated" BEFORE AND "correlated" AFT, therefore …., or other
linguistic manipulations that had been well-reviewed and published as articles of top science proofs.
This includes the semi-sacrosact "Boltzman Theorem", and endless statistical and
quantum theories thar are claimed "proofs".
Some 'SYMMETRY BREAKING' crown string and similar attempts to unify the standard
quantum model with Einsten's deerministic gravity physics.. THIS prevent unification.
thankful and grateful response included a respectful proposal to transfer this great memorial and
historical task to the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, as done.
Main Publication list by and on Albert Einstein:
Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen (Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of
Capillarity), Ann. Phys. 4: 513 (1901); A. Einstein, On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production
and Transformation of Light, ibid, 17: 132 (1905); A. Einstein, new determination of molecular
dimensions, PhD thesis (April 30, 1905); A. Einstein, On the Motion Required by the Molecular Kinetic
Theory of Heat of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, (Brownian Motion), ibid., 17: 549–
560 (1905); A. Einstein, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, (on Special Relativity) Ibid, 17: 891
(1905); A. Einstein, Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?, (on Mass-Energy
equivalence), Ibid, 19: 639 (1905); A. Einstein, On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light,
ibid, 35: 898 (1911); A. Einstein, ibid. 10, 195 (1909); ibid. 10, 323 (1909); W. Ritz, (Wrongly Attacking
Einstein’s Origin of Electromagnetic Irreversibility), Phys. Z. 9, 903 (1908); A. Einstein, Die
Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation), Koniglich Preussische Akademie
der Wissenschaften: 844 (1915); A. Einstein, Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen
Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity), Koniglich
Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1917); A. Einstein, Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On
the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation)", Physikalische Zeitschrift 19: 121 (1917); A. Einstein, Nobel
Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Amsterdam: Elsevier (1923); A. Einstein, Quantentheorie des
einatomigen idealen Gases (Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases) Sitzungsberichte der
Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Physikalisch—Mathematische Klasse: 261 (1924); A.
Einstein, Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes
(On meanders in the courses of rivers) Die Naturwissenschaften 14: 223 (1926); A. Einstein, B.
Podolsky and N. Rosen, Nathan, Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be
Considered Complete?", (The EPR Paradox) Physical Review, 47 (10): 777 (1935); A. Einstein, Lens-Like
Action of a Star by the Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field, Science 84, 506 (1936)
(Gravitational Lens, Einstein Rings); A. Einstein, On Science and Religion, Nature 146: 605 (1940); A.
Einstein, et al. To the editors, New York Times (4 December 1948); On the Generalized Theory of
Gravitation, Scientific American (4): 13 (1950); E. Hubble, A Relation between Distance and Radial
Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae, Proc., Nat. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.), Vol. 15, Iss. 3, (1929); A.
Einstein and L. Infeld,, The World As I See It (1934); A. Einstein, The
Evolution of Physics, (1938); Out
of My Later Years (1950); A. Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity,
Princeton University Press (1956); A. Friedman, A: Über die
Krümmung des Raumes, Z. Phys. 10 377 (1922), (English translation:
Gen. Rel. Grav. 31, 1991 (1999); A. Alain, D., Jean and R., Gérard,
Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using time-varying analyzers,
Phys. Rev. Letters, 49 (25) (1982): Nobel Foundation, Albert
Einstein — Biography; D. Howard and J. Stachel, Einstein: The
55
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Formative Years, 1979-1909, Springer (2000); P. A. Schilpp (Ed.), Albert Einstein — Autobiographical
Notes, Open Court Publishing (1979); P. A. Schilpp, (Ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Harper
Torchbook (1951); R. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, Harper-Collins (1984); F. Golden, Person of
the Century: Albert Einstein, Time (Jan 3, 2000); About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor
Albert Einstein (1930); Why War? (1933, with Sigmund Freud); P. Galison, Einstein's Clocks: The
Question of Time; A. Pais, Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford
University Press (1982); J. Crelinsten, Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University
Press (2006); H. Kant, Albert Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin; J. Renn,
(Ed), Albert Einstein — Chief Engineer of the Universe: One Hundred Authors for Einstein, Wiley-VCH.
(2005); J. Schmidhuber, Albert Einstein (1979–1955) and the 'Greatest Scientific Discovery Ever' (2006);
Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz, NL; G., Goettling, Einstein's refrigerator, Georgia Tech Alumni
Magazine (1998); U.S. Patent 1,781,541 , Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd (refrigerator), November 11,
1930; Brian, Dennis Einstein: A Life, New York: John Wiley & Sons (1996); Helen Dukas and Banesh
Hoffman (eds) Albert Einstein, The Human Side, Princeton University Press (1981); A. Einstein, The
World as I See It. New York: Philosophical Library Albert (1949); Zionism and Israel Information Center,
Albert Einstein and Zionism; American Museum of Natural History (2002), Einstein's Revolution; Rowe,
David E.; Schulmann, Robert, Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on
Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb, Princeton University Press (2007); Einstein Archives,
History of the Estate of Albert Einstein, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2007); Princeton Online
Einstein in Princeton: Scientist, Humanitarian, Cultural Icon, Historical Society of Princeton;J. Stachel,
et al, (Eds.) The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vols. 1–10, Princeton University Press; The Atomic
Heritage Foundation, Einstein’s Famous Letter to the U.S. President about the need to survive by
developing the atomic bomb before the Germans would do it;
Person of the Century: Why We Chose Einstein, Time, (3 January 2000).
__________
1. Gal-Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the Einsteinian New
Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305
(1972) Awarded the Gold Medal, while allegedly a rival article by S. Hawking did not make it.
2. Gal-Or Benjamin, on cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971);
3. Gal-Or Benjamin, On The Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972);
4. Gal-Or Benjamin, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977);
5. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New
York, 1981, 1983, 1987, Volumes I and 2 in 522-page, Hard-Cover worldwide acclaimed book, based
on Refers. 5 to 10; "Gravitism", "Havayism", '"The New Astrophysical School" , still in high demand
nowdays.
6. Gamov's book on the expanding universe. As undergraduate student I read there about Einstein's
background, his field equations and apparently Gomov's predictions about 270 degrees below zero C
cosmic voids between all galaxies receding away from each other – expanding voids that rule
intergalactic dark cold spaces between all galaxies and the OLBERSE PARADOX RE WHY THE NIGHT SKY
56
All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
IS SO DRK AND COLD? And the affrmation of the expanding voids by Hubble – extensive reading tht
had caused a serch for physical links between the voids-expansion aand non-expanding stars and
gaalaxies, Gravity Physics and the asymmetric 2nd law of thermodynamics. References 5 to 10.
Associted facts: With that conviction I refuted Mr. S. Zeidman's final "Thermo Exam", claiming the
2nd law of Thermodynamics is based on dissipating radiated energy from stars & galaxies into
expanding, cold dark space, a claim that he considered a bad joke, and failed me, only to cause a
scandal at the Technion, claiming a Dr. Degree should not be granted due to said FAILURE TO PASS HIS
"THERO EXAM" in 1957. At that time, in 1963/4, the cosmic background radiation was discovered,
proving not only the prediction, but overthrowing the steady-state theory of Fred Hoyle, Herman
Bondi and Tommy Gold. My contested thermo was thus presented before a committee headed by
Professors William "Bill" Resnick and Reuel Shinaar. Dr. Degree was next granted with "Flying Colors".
11. Gal-Or Benjamin, "Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft, Springer Verlag,
1989, 1990, still in high demand.
58