ASSIGNMENT

AV-463

Submitted to:
Grp Capt Liaquat

Submitted by:
P/O ZAID
18686
 Statement
Explain and compare the following wireless network technologies
 Wi-Fi
 HiperLAN2
 Bluetooth
 Zigbee
 IrDA
Wireless Networks
Wireless networks are those networks which are not connected by wires. Corporations
save a lot of money by avoiding the introduction of cables in workspaces or between
destinations. The basis of wireless systems are radio waves, an implementation that
takes place at the physical level of network structure.

Wi-Fi

It is a wireless networking technology that uses radio

waves to provide high speed data transfer. It is a
trademark phrase that means IEEE 802.11x, and by no
means represents ‘Wireless Fidelity’.
There is no physical connection between the sender
and receiver. It uses radio frequencies to send data and these frequencies are different
from that of walkie talkies, car radios etc. It transmits in Gigahertz range. The computer
should include a wireless adapter that will translate data sent into a radio signal. This
signal will be transmitted, through a decoder known as the router. After the data is
decoded it is sent to the Internet through a wired Ethernet connection. The data
received from the internet is passed through a router to be coded as radio signal and is
then received by the computer’s wireless adapter
It transmits at frequency level of 2.4 or 5GHz
802.11a  Transmit data at 5GHz frequency level. Uses OFDM to transmit a maximum
of 54 megabits of data per second.
802.11b  Transmit data at 2.4GHz frequency level. Transmits a maximum of 11
megabits of data per second.
802.11g  Transmit data at 2.4GHz frequency level. Transmits a maximum of 54
megabits of data per second. Also uses OFDM.
802.11n  Transmit data at 5GHz frequency level. Transmits a maximum of 140
megabits of data per second
The term ‘Hotspot’ is used to define an area where Wi-Fi is accessible.

HiperLAN2
It stands for High Performance Radio LAN. It is a European alternative to 802.11
standard. It transmits at 5Ghz frequency offering a network speed of 54 megabits of
data per second. It uses Time-Division duplexing in which data frames are split into
smaller frames and sent in time intervals, so the voice packets do not get stick behind
large data frames and suffer intolerable latency. The physical layer application is like
Wi-fi but differs in media access control layer. Dynamic TDMA for HiperLAN2, while
CSMA/CA for 802.11. Data, sound and video transmission are basic services in
HipeLAN2. BPSK, QPSK 16QAM and 64QAM modulation are used in physical layer.
The data is secured with DES or Triple DES algorithms. HiperLAN2 protocol stack is
given below

Bluetooth
It is a wireless technology for exchanging of data over short ranges. Bluetooth has a
benefit of being incredibly energy efficient. It sends and receive radio waves in band of
79 different frequencies centered on 2.45GHz. Up to eight Bluetooth devices can
communicate with each other at any time. When a group of two or more Bluetooth
devices are sharing information together, they form a
kind of ad-hoc, mini network called a piconet. Other
devices can join or leave an existing piconet at any time.
One device, the master acts as the overall controller of
the network, while the others obey its instructions. Two
or more separate piconets can also join up and share
information forming what's called a scatternet.
Bluetooth v3.0 can deliver up to 24Mbps of data faster than 802.11b Wi-Fi standard.
Bluetooth v4.0 is optimized for low battery consumption. Due to low power consumption
of Bluetooth it is less likely to suffer from interference from other devices. The range of
Bluetooth is limited to 30 feet. Bluetooth is a secure wireless technology if you use it
with caution. Connections are encrypted and it shifts radio frequency while being
connected. Two common malicious attacks for Bluetooth are
Bluesnarfing  gaining authorized access to information on a device through Bluetooth
Bluebugging  taking control over mobile phone and all its functions through Bluetooth

Zigbee
It uses IEEE 802.15.4 personal-area network standard to
communicate with other Zigbee devices between 10-20 meters. It
creates a mesh and in the mesh each device acts as an outpost, able
to communicate with next device. It can cope up with 65,000 devices
at once. Zigbee 3.0 has 128-bit symmetric encryption. It works on
2.4GHz. It can transfer data at around 250 Kbp which is more than
enough for simple commands. Zigbee system structure consist of
three different types of devices Coordinator router and end device. it
must consist of at least one coordinator Which acts as a root and bridge of the network.
It is responsible for handling and storing of the information. Router acts as an
intermediately device.

Zigbee layers consist of the following layers

 Physical layer
 MAC layer
 Network layer
 Application support sub-layer
 Application Framework
 

IrDA
It is an industry sponsored organization set up to create an international standard for
hardware and software use in infrared communication. A focused ray of light in the
infrared spectrum is modulated with information and sent from transmitter to receiver
over short distance. It can send data over 1-3 meters. IrDA devices are inexpensive,
secure and fast. They have secure data transfer, line-of-sight and very low bit error. The
Open System Interconnection Model of IrDA protocol Stack consists of
Infrared physical layer (IrPHY)
This specification is intended to improve point-to-point communication between
electronic devices.
Infrared link access protocol (IrLAP)
It represents data link layer. It lies on top of IrPHY and below IrMP.
Infrared link management protocol (IrLMP)
It defines link management multiplexer and link management information access
service
Transport protocol (TinyTP)
It lies on top of IrLMP layer
Infrared communication protocol (IrCOMM)
It lets infrared device to either act like a serial or parallel port
Infrared Financial Messaging (IrFM)
It is a wireless standard developed by the infrared data association