F21/3964/2009

TERER DUNCAN KIPKIRUI

FEB 423

2/11/2012

ASSIGMENT 1

QUESTION ONE

i) Define heat transfer giving the three modes and the laws that govern each mode.

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion,
and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems

The various modes of heat transfer; conduction, convection, radiation.

• Conduction; heat transfer in a substance due to random motion of its constituent atoms,
molecules and/or electrons. Governed by Fourier’s law.

• Convection; heat transfer due to combined influence of bulk and random motion for fluid
flow over a surface. Governed by Newton’s law of cooling.

• Radiation; process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through vacuum, or
through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation. Governed by the
inverse-square law.

ii) State the equation(s) that describe each mode and explain the terms used.

Conduction

The general (vector) form of Fourier’s Law: qn=-kδT

where:

qn = heat flux W/m2, k=thermal conductivity W/m.K, δT= temperature gradient K/m

Convection

its given by Newton’s law of cooling: qn= h(T1-T∞)

where:
h= convection heat transfer coefficient

Radiation:

it is given the Steffan- Boltzmann equation as shown below

Energy outflow due to emission

E=ϵ Eb = ϵδT4s where E=Emissive power (W/m2), ϵ = surface emissivity (0<ϵ <1), Eb=Emissive power
of a black body (perfect emitter), δ= Steffan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10^-8 W/m2.K^4)

QUESTION THREE

The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its surroundings,
which are at 25°C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m • K
and a surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady-state conditions an outer surface temperature of 100°C
is measured. Free convection heat transfer in the air adjoining this surface is characterized by a
convection coefficient of h = 20 W/m2 • K. What is the brick inner surface temperature?

T = Tsur = 25C, h = 20 W/m2.K, L = 0.15 m, K = 1.2 W/m.K ,  = 0.8, T2 = 100 C, T1 = ?

Assumption

(1) Steady- state condition

(2) One- dimensional conduction
(3) No uniform heat generation
(4) Constant properties

T2 = 100C
T1
qrad

qconv
K=1.2 W/mK qcond

T = 25C
0.15 m
h = 20W/m2K

Tsur = 25C

Energy balance equation

Ein - Eout = 0
qcond – qconv – qrad = 0

(T1  T2 )
K  h (Ts-T) - (Ts4 – Tsur4) = 0
L

(T1  100)
1. 2  20 (100  25) – 0.8  5.6710-8 [(373)4 – (2984)] = 0
0.15

8 T1 – 800  1500 – 520.31 = 0

 T1 = 352.54 C (or) T1 = 625.54 K