Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

Manual of Fluid Mechanics

Laboratory

Prepared by

Dr. Majdi Al-Mahasneh

February 16, 2015

1
 Table of Content

 Laboratory Report Writing 3

 Title Page 5
 Experiment 1: measurement of density and viscosity 4
 Experiment 2: Surface tension and Bourdon-tube pressure gauge 10
 Experiment 3: Centre Of Pressure On A Plane Surface 14
 Experiment 4: Impact of a Water Jet 18
 Experiment 5: Cavitation Demonstration 25
 Experiment 6: Osborne Reynolds Apparatus 34
 Experiment 7: Fluid Friction 37
 Experiment 8: Pump Testing 44

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Laboratory report writing

GUIDELINES FOR Fluid MEHCNICS LABORATORY REPORT WRITING

All experiments in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory require a laboratory report. The report should
be written in such a way that anyone can understand and convinced with what the experimenter
will do in the experiments. The following formats are proposed as a guide.

Title page

Abstract
Summarize objective and what has been done in the experiment and the important results. The
abstract must be self-contained: do not refer to figures and tables located in other sections of the
report. Do not include tables, figures, and equations, unless absolutely necessary. Do not assume
that the reader will unambiguously identify undefined symbols.
Be precise and succinct. Do not exceed one page. The Abstract should be written with great care
because it is a most important part of the report and will have a very large impact on the grade
assigned to the work.

Introduction
Indicate what the overall plan of the experiment is: what will be done and how (the procedures),
which variables will be manipulated and measured. Clearly indicate what the reader should expect
to find in each of the subsequent sections.

Objectives
At the end of introduction, the objectives are listed with clear concise statements explaining the
purpose of the experiment. This is one of the most important parts of the laboratory report
because everything included in the report must somehow relate to the stated object. The
objectives can be as short as one sentence and it is usually written in the past tense.
Procedure
1. The procedure section should contain a schematic drawing of the experimental setup
including all equipment used in a parts list with manufacturer serial numbers, if any.
2. Show the function of each part when necessary for clarity.
3. Outline exactly step-by-step how the experiment was performed as there is someone
desires to duplicate it. If it cannot be duplicated, the experiment shows nothing.

Results
Include all findings, tables and graphs that document your final results. Include all relevant
information so that you can later refer to these figures in the Discussion section to support your
conclusions. Do not include sample calculations in the results.
1. If possible, present the results in the same order that you listed the objectives.
2. Do not discuss the significance of the results.
3. Include only final results that satisfy the objectives of the experiment.
4. Introduce the reader to each figure and table with a brief paragraph indicating what
variables are plotted or tabulated.
5. Each figure and table must have a unique number and a title or caption.

Discussion and Conclusion

3
 1. This section should give an interpretation of the results explaining how the objectives of
the experiment were accomplished.
2. Note down and discuss briefly any observations and trend that you could possibly deduce
from your results.
3. Any graphs or other relevant results should be discussed in terms of trend, importance and
other significant information that could be deduced.
4. If any analytical expression is to be verified, calculate % error and account for the sources.
(% error – An analysis expressing how favorably the empirical data approximate
theoretical information. There are many ways to find % error, but one method is
introduced here for consistency. Take the difference between the empirical and theoretical
results and divide by the theoretical result. Multiplying by 100% gives the % error. You
may compose your own error analysis as long as your method is clearly defined.)
5. Discuss this experiment with respect to its faults as well as its strong points.
6. Suggest extensions of the experiment and improvements.
7. Also recommend any changes necessary to better accomplish the objectives. Use the
available theory to explain why the relevant variables behaved in the observed fashion.
8. The conclusion should be listed at the end of discussion and should summarize the
findings in one or two short paragraphs

References
List all the literature sources that are cited in the report. You may refer this lab manual References
for format reference.

Appendix:
1. Original data sheet. This original data sheet should be approved by instructor(s) during
experiment day.
2. Sample Calculation. Give one example of each calculation that leads to a result reported in
the document. Include one calculation for each figure or table reported in the Appendix.
3. Calibration curves of instruments which were used in the performance of the experiment.
Include manufacturer of the instrument, model and serial numbers. Calibration curves will
usually be supplied by the instructor.

4
Experiment 1

MEASUREMENT OF DENSITIES, SPECIFIC GRAVITIES and VISCOSITY

Part 1: densities and specific gravities of some fluids
OBJECTIVE
To determine densities and specific gravities of several fluids.
APPARATUS
Universal Hydrometer
4 off Hydrometer Jars

THE HYDROMETER

ANALYSIS
The specific gravity is read directly from scale. See figure 2 for the principle on which the
instrument works.
METHOD
(a) Fill one hydrometer jar with sufficient water to float the hydrometer and check that the
scale marking corresponding to depth of immersion reads 1.00.
(b) Fill three hydrometer jars with the liquids to be tested with sufficient of the liquids to
float the hydrometer and note for each liquid the scale reading.
NOTE: liquids: engine oil, glycerol, water and castor oil.

5
RESULTS
Barometric pressure..............................................mm of Hg,
temperature.............................................oC
The weight of hydrometer : ............................................. g

Scale Reading =
Liquid
Specific Gravity, s
Water
Engine Oil
Glycerol
Castor Oil
density  of  liquid 
since s   1 (Eqn. 1.2)
density  of _ water  w
sW
gm 10 3 10 3 kg
and  W   6  10 3 
ml 10 m3

Density 
Liquid g/ml kg/m3
Water
Engine Oil
Glycerol
Castor Oil
REPORT
1. Determine density and specific gravity of fluids.
2. Depending upon Archimedes’ principle; explain why we can read the specific gravity
directly from scale of the hydrometer?
3. For each case, determine the volume of the hydrometer which was immersed in liquids.

6
Part B: viscosity of various liquids
To determine the viscosity of various liquids at atmosphere pressure and temperature.
APPARATUS
The Falling Sphere (Ball) Viscometer
The stop clock
Hydrometer

ANALYSIS
From Fig. 4 when the ball is moving with a uniform velocity u, then forces acting on the sphere
are:
(a) the gravitational force on the ball mg.
(b) the buoyant force or up thrust FB
(c) the viscous force resisting motion FV
Since the velocity of fall is uniform, then algebraic sum of these forces must be zero.
mg – FB – FV = 0
g4 3
The gravitational force on the ball mg   S r
3
where S = density of ball
r = radius of sphere

7
 g4 3
The buoyant force FB   1 r
3
where 1 = density of liquid
The viscous force FV = 6ru from Stokes Law
where  = coefficient of viscosity and u = mean velocity of ball
4 4
 S g r 3   1 g r 3  6ru
3 3
4r 3 g 2 (   1 )
 (  S  1 )  r 2 g S
3x6ru 9 u
METHODS
(a) Fill the three tubes with the liquids under test to a level of just below the exit from the
capillary tube as shown in Fig. 4.
The liquids under test being:
(i) An Engine Oil (e.g. Castrol XXL)
(ii) Glycerol
(iii) Castor Oil
NOTE: Since glycerol absorbs moisture easily from the atmosphere, a small amount of cotton
wool should be placed in the top of the capillary tube if the tube is left full for any
length of time.
(b) Use two balls of different diameters with each liquid; measure diameters of the balls.
Suggested nominal size of balls: 1/16 inch, 3/32 inch.
(c) Using the universal hydrometer, obtain the specific gravity of each liquid.
RESULTS
Barometric pressure……………………………………………………….mmHg,
temperature…………………………………………………….oC.
Measured diameter of balls 1/16 inch = …..………………,
3/32 inch = ……………………,
Specific gravity of steel: 7.8
Specific gravity of liquid:
Engine oil 0.89 (figure quoted for Castrol XXL)
Glycerol 1.25
Castor Oil 0.95
Dis tan ce _ through _ which _ ball _ falls
Mean velocity of ball u 
average _ time
15
 cm/s where t = average time
t
0.15
 m/ s
t
8
 2 r 2 g (  S  1 )
Then  
9 u
Note r in metres, g in m/s2
 in kg/m3, u in m/s
and kinematic viscosity 



Glycerol Time (s) u (m/s) Average u (m/s)

Coefficient of Kinematic
Viscosity Average Viscosity
Fluid
kg  m2
 
m.s s
Engine Oil
Glycerol
Castor Oil

Check from standard tables the accuracy of the results obtained for Glycerol and Castor Oil.
Note that with the Engine Oil, since it is considerably less viscous than either Castor Oil or
Glycerol only, the 1.5mm ball can be used. With a larger size ball the time to fall 75mm is too
short and with a smaller size ball it cannot be seen falling through the oil. Further, because the
time is so short, the accuracy must be suspect.
REPORT
1. Determine the viscosity of liquids.
2. In the same temperature, compare the viscosity of liquids with the viscosity of water.

9
 Experiment 2
Surface tension and bourdon tube gage pressure
Part One: Surface Tension (Measurement of Capillary Elevation)
Introduction:
According to the theory of molecular attraction, molecules of the liquid considerably below the
surface act on each other by forces that are equal in all directions. However, molecules near to the
surface have a greater attraction for each other than they do for molecules below the surface. This
produces the surface tension on the liquid that acts like stretched membrane. Bcause of this
membrane effect, each portion of the liquid surface exerts "tension" on adjacent portions of the
surface or on objects that are in contact with the liquid surface. This tension acts on the plane of
the surface, and its magnitude per unit length is define as surface tension, σ. The effect of the
surface tension is illustrate for the capillary action in a small tube (see Figure below). Here the
end of small-diameter tube is put in a reservoir of water, and the characteristic curved of water
surface occurs within the tube. The relatively great attraction of the water molecules for the glass
causes the water surface to curve upward in the region of the glass wall. Then the surface-tension
force acts around circumference of the tube in the direction indicated. it may be assumed that Ө is
equal to 0° for water against the glass. This produces a net upward force on the water that causes
the water in the tube to rise above the water surface in the reservoir.

Capillary action is the result of adhesion and surface tension. Adhesion of water to the walls of a
vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges and result in a meniscus which turns
upward. The surface tension acts to hold the surface intact, so instead of just the edges moving

10
upward, the whole liquid surface is dragged upward.

Objectives:
To measure the capillary elevation produced by various sizes of capillary tube.
Apparatus:

Method:
Make sure the capillary tubes must be thoroughly clean.
Fill the water through to the level of the bottom support plate and insert the capillary
tubes.
Place a card behind the capillary tubes or used colored water.
Mark the card with the height of the capillary elevation in each tube.
With a pair of dividers, take off the capillary rise "h" for each tube measure each height.

Analysis:
The capillary rise, h, can calculated from
h=4δ/ρgd
Where:
d : The capillary tube diameter.
ρ : The water density.
Results:

11
 Calculate the capillary tube rise using equation 1. Note that the surface tension of water at
room temperature equal to 0.073 N/m.
List your results as follows:

ID of Tube, d (mm) Measured capillary Calculated capillary

rise, h (mm) rise, h (mm)

Comment on the difference between the measured and calculated capillary rise.

Surface tension and bourdon tube gage pressure

Part Two: Calibration of Bourdon-Tube pressure Gauge.
Introduction:
This type of gauge pressure consists of a tube have an elliptical cross section and bent into
circular arc. When atmospheric pressure (zero gauge pressure ) provides in the gauge, the tube is
undeflected, and for this condition the gauge pointer is calibrated to read zero pressure. When
pressure is applied to the gauge, the curved tube tends to straighten (much likely the party favors
that straighten out when one bellows into them), thereby actuating the pointer to read
correspondingly higher pressure. The Bourdon-Tube gauge is very common type that is reliable if
not subjected to excessive pressure pulsation or under extra shock. However, because both these
conditions sometimes prevail in engineering applications, the gauges should be periodically
calibrated to check that accuracy.

Objective:
To calibrate Bourdon-Tube pressure gauge using the dead-weight pressure gauge calibrator.
Apparatus:
Dead-weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator.

Method:
With piston only in tester, the gauge reading. Keeps piston rotating to avoid sticking.
Load up piston in increments of 1/2 kilogram, and note the gauge pressure reading for each
applied mass. Make sure piston is rotated.
Repeat with decreasing masses.

Analysis:
Normal area of piston=0.0625 m².
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 Pressure = Force/Area = mg/A
Results:
List your result as follow:

Output from Deadweight Gauge reading Load Gauge reading Load

Calibrator Increasing Decreasing
Applied bar m of bar m of bar m of
mass, kg water water water

Plot actual pressure versus gauge pressure.

Correlate actual pressure (Pactual) versus gauge pressure (Pgauge).
Comment on your results.

13
 Experiment 3

CENTRE OF PRESSURE ON A PLANE SURFACE

I. OBJECTIVE
To determine the position of the centre of pressure on the rectangular face of the torroid.

II. APPARATUS
Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus

III. ANALYSIS
Hydrostatic force acting on the rectangular face:
P  ghC A (1)
I
and its center y D  y C  (2)
yC A
 Partial immersion

m
Water
surface 14 yD yC d
y
 y
hC  y C  ; A = by (3)
2
1
Hence P gby 2 (4)
2
by 3
y
y D  y C  2 12  (5)
by 6
2
Moment M of P about knife-edge axis is given by:
1  y y
M  gby 2  a  d    (6)
2  2 6
1  y
and then M  gby 2  a  d   (7)
2  3
Also M = gmL
Where m = mass added to balance pan
L = distance from knife-edge axis to balance pan suspension rod axis
Thereby,
1  y
mL  by 2  a  d   (8)
2  3

 Complete immersion

a
Water
surface yC
m
yD
y d

d b
hC  y C  y  ; A = bd (9)
2

 d
Hence P  g  y  bd (10)
 2

15
 bd 3
12 d2
y D  yC   (11)
bd  y  d / 2 12 y  d / 2
Moment M of P about knife-edge axis is given by:
 d  d d2 
M  gbd  y   a    (12)
 2  2 12 y  d / 2 
and thereby,
 d  d2 
mL  bd  y   a  d   (13)
 2  12 y  d / 2 
IV. PROCEDURE
(a) Locate the torroid on the dowel pins and fasten to the balance arm by the central screw.
(b) Measure the dimensions a, b, and d, and the distance L from the knife – edge axis to the
balance pan axis.
(c) Position the perspex tank on work surface and locate the balance arm on the knife edges.
(d) Attach a length of hose to the drain cock and direct the other end of hose to the sink. Attach a
length of hose to tap V3 and place the free end in the triangular aperture on the top of the perspex
tank.
Level the tank, using the adjustable feet in conjunction with the spirit level.
(e) Adjust the counter - balance weigh until the balance arm is horizontal. This is indicated on a
gate adjacent to the balance arm.
(f)Fill water to the perspex tank until the water is level with the bottom edge of the torroid.
(g) Place a mass on the balance pan and fill water to the tank until the balance arm is horizontal.
Note the water level on the scale.
Fine adjustment of the water level may be achieved by over – filling and slowly draining, using
the drain cock.
(h) Repeat the procedure under section (g) for different masses : 5 masses for water levels y > d
(complete immersion) and 5 masses for y < d (partial immersion)
(i) Repeat readings for reducing masses on the balance pan.
All record data can be arranged as shown in table 1 and 2

Table 1.

a(cm) b( cm) d(cm) L (cm)

Table. 2
Case m (g) y (cm)
Complete immersion
y>d

16
 Patital immersion
y<d

V. REPORT
 For y< d (partial immersion)

Tabulate m and plot m against y

y2 y2
m b  y
From (8)  a  d  
y 2 2L  3
It is found that the slope of this graph should be b

6L

And the intercept should be b(a  d)

2L
Comparison between the experimental results and theory

 For y> d (complete immersion)

 d m 1
Tabulate y   y   , and
 2 y y

m 1
Plot against
y y

From (13), it is found that the slope of this graph should be bd3/(12L)

And the intercept should be

Comparison between the bd  d  experimental results and theory

a  
L  2
V. CONCLUSIONS
Give reasons for the discrepancies, if any, between the measured and predicted values of
the above expressions for the graph parameters.

17
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 Experiment 5
Cavitation Demonstration

Objectives:

1- To demonstrate the appearance and sound of Cavitation in a hydraulic system.

2- To demonstrate the conditions for Cavitation to occur (liquid at its vapor pressure)
3- To observe the difference between air release from the water and true Cavitation.
4- To shoe how Cavitation can be prevented by raising the static pressure of a liquid above
its vapor pressure.

Introduction:

Fluid mechanics has developed as an analytical discipline from the application of the classical
laws of static’s, dynamics and thermodynamics, to situations in which fluids can be treated as
continuous media. The particular laws involved are those of the conservation of mass, energy and
momentum. These laws may be simplified in an attempt to describe quantitatively the behavior of
the fluid.

Cavitation is the name given to the phenomenon that occurs at the solid boundaries of liquid
streams when the pressure of the liquid at the prevailing temperature. The static pressure in the
liquid cannot fall below the vapor pressure and any attempt to reduce the static pressure below the
vapor pressure merely causes the liquid to Cavitate (vaporize) more vigorously.

Once the static pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure an audible crackling noise will be noticed
that is created by the generation of vapor bubbles. If the sides of the pipe or container are
transparent then the milky appearance of the liquid, caused by the generation of vapor bubbles,
can be viewed as is the case in the venture shaped test section of the F1-28 Cavitation
Demonstration Apparatus (figure 2).

Dissolved air in the water will create air bubbles that look similar to Cavitation but the air bubbles
will be released at higher static pressures (above the vapor pressure of the liquid). The releases of
the air bubbles is by no means as violent as Cavitation and a softer atmospheric pressure firstly air
bubbles will be visible followed by true Cavitation as the vapor pressure of the liquid is reached.

The bubble f vapor formed in the region of low static pressure move downstream to a region of
higher static pressure where they collapse. It is this repeated formation and collapse f vapor
bubbles that can have such a devastating effect upon the pipe walls, turbine blades, pump impeller
etc. by causing pitting of the surface. The actual time between formation and collapse may be no
more than 1/100 of a second, but the dynamic pressure caused by this phenomenon may be very
sever. It is only a matter of having enough bubbles formed over a sufficient period of time for the
25
destruction of the surface to begin. Hydraulic turbines and pumps, particularly dynamic pressure
pumps, are very rone to Cavitation unless suitable precautions are taken. In the design of a
hydraulic system care should be taken to ensure that, if possible, the pressure of the liquid should
be to where fall to the vapor pressure. If this proves impracticable, then the parts likely to be
effected by Cavitation should be constructed of erosion resistant material such as stainless steel.

Theory :

The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure in fluid pressure that results when a fluid
flows through a constricted section of pipe figure (3). The fluid velocity must increase through the
constriction to satisfy the equation of continuity, while its pressure must decrease due to
conservation of energy: the gain in kinetic energy is balanced by a drop in pressure or a pressure
gradient force. An equation for the drop in pressure due t the Venturi effect may be derived from
a combination of Bernoulli's principle and the equation of continuity.

For steady state, adiabatic flow of an incompressible fluid along stream tube Bernoulli's equation
can be written in the form:

Then

The discharge in venturi meter:

26
As there is some friction loss between (1) and (2), the true velocity V2 is slightly less than the ideal value.
Therefore we introduce a discharge coefficient Cv , so that the flow is given by this expression:

Ԛac = CvԚth
The degree of Cavitation can be estimated with the aid of a non-dimensional parameter typically
referred as cavitaion number , σ .

The numerator in the equation above corresponds to the static pressure, which resists cavitation,
and denominator corresponds to the dynamic pressure, which promotes cavitation. When
cavitation starts to occur the cavitation number is called incipient or critical cavitation number.

Where

σ : Cavitation number

Pr : Reference pressure (pressure at the throat)(Pa)

Pv : vapor pressure of the fluid (Pa)

ρ: density of the fluid (kg/m3)

v : velocity of fluid (m/s)

Initially, cavitation begins with very small bubbles isolated in a small section of the flow meter, as
the cavitation number decreases, formation becomes more rapid, with bubbles size usually
increasing, cavitation becomes increasingly destructive to broth piping and flowmeters.

In general the incipient Cavitation numbers ranges from 1.0 to 2.5 for abrupt obstructions and
orifice, vortex and flow nozzles, where downstream pressure recovery is abrupt. For contoured
inlet and exit devices, such as the venture and venture nozzle, the incipient cavitation number
range from 0.2 to 0.5.

Figure (3), at location 2 the cavitation number is minimized and cavitation will begin if the
incipient cavitation number is reached.

EQUIPMENT

The hydraulics bench service module, F1-10 (figure 1), provides the necessary facilities to
support a comprehensive range of hydraulic models each of which is designed to demonstrate a
particular aspect hydraulic theory.

27
The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the Cavitation
Demonstration Apparatus, F1 – 28 (figure 2) that demonstrates visually, audibly and numerically
the phenomenon of Cavitation and its association with the vapor pressure of a liquid.

The apparatus (figure 2) consists of a circular Venturi-shaped test section (7) manufactured from
clear acrylic t allow full visualization of flow condition inside the section. Water enters the test
section at relatively low velocity then, as the cross section contracts towards the throat, the
velocity of the water increases and the static pressure falls in accordance with the Bernoulli
equation. As the flow of water is increased the sub-atmospheric pressure at the throat causes free
and dissolved gasses to be released as bubbles in the liquid. As the flow is increased further the
pressure continues to fall at the throat until a limit is reached that corresponds to the vapor
pressure of the liquid (the actual pressure depending on the temperature of the liquid). At this
condition small bubbles of vapor are formed in the liquid at the throat. These bubbles collapse
violently as the pressure rises again in the downstream expansion of the test section. This process
is called Cavitation and can be regarded as one of the most destructive forces created in a liquid
system the large amounts of energy released resulting in erosion of even the hardest metal surface
in real application such as valve seats, propeller blades etc. Any further increase in the flow of
liquid causes an increase in the Cavitation.

A multi-turn diaphragm valve (9) upstream f the test section allows the flow through the test
section to be regulated without raising the static pressure in the test section, allowing Cavitation to
be clearly demonstrated as the flow is increased. When operating the equipment the valve should
be adjusted slowly to prevent damage to the Bourdon gauges.

Bourdon gauges f appropriate range indicate the pressure upstream (1), at the throat (2) and
downstream (3). The upstream and downstream gauges are filled with glycerin and the vacuum
gauge incorporates a restrictor to protect the movement against sudden changes in pressure.

Note that the vacuum gauge will be slow to respond when operating near or at the vapor pressure
of the liquid. This is because the liquid in the gauge turns to water vapor when operating at the
vapor pressure and the process will not be instantaneous. The effect is more noticeable if the
pressure is raised to stop Cavitation-there will be a delay before the reading changes on the
vacuum gauge after Cavitation ceases visibly and audibly in the test section.

A quarter-turn ball valve (6) downstream of the test section allows the static pressure in the test
section to be elevated a technique used to prevent Cavitation from occurring.

Note that the ball in the valve is perforated to prevent damage to the instrumentation that would
be caused by high pressure if the valve was totally closed. However, when operating the
equipment the valve should be adjusted slowly to prevent damage to the Bourdon gauge.

Test section dimensions

The clear acrylic test section on F1-28 (figure 2) is manufactured with an internal Venturi-shaped
profile having the following dimensions:

28
Upstream diameter ……………………………. 16 mm
Contraction included angle ………………… 20o
Contraction length …………………………….. 33 mm
Throat diameter …………………………………. 4.5 mm
Throat length …………………………………….. 20 mm
Expansion included angle …………………… 12o
Expansion length …………………………………55 mm
Downstream diameter ……………………….. 16 mm

Figure (1): hydraulic bench service module, F1-10

Figure (2): front view of F1-28 Cavitation Demonstration Apparatus.

29
Upstream Bourdon gauge pressure.

Throat Bourdon gauge pressure.

Downstream Bourdon gauge pressure.

Support plate.

Quarter-turn ball valve.

Downstream test section.

Venture-shaped test section.

Upstream test section.

Multi-turn diaphragm valve.

Figure (3): venturi meter

Experimental procedure:
1- Open the ball valve (right hand end) fully then close the inlet diaphragm valve (left hand end) fully.
2- Close the flow control valve on F1-10. Switch on the F1-10 then slowly open the flow control valve on
F1-10 until it is fully open.
3- Slowly open the inlet diaphragm valve at the left hand end of F1-28 and allow water to flow through
the F1-28 until the clear acrylic test section and flexible connecting tubes are full f water with no air
entrained.
4- Continue to open the inlet diaphragm valve slowly until fully open to obtain maximum flow through
the system. Note the milky formation at the throat indicating the presence of Cavitation. Also note
the loud audible crackling sound accompanying the Cavitation.
5- Using thermometer to measure and record the temperature of the water.
6- Close the inlet diaphragm valve until water flows slowly through the equipment with no Cavitation in
the test section (typically 0.1 bar on the upstream gauge p1) ensuring that the test section remains
full of water.
7- Record the following parameter:
Upstream water pressure P1 bar, pressure at the throat p2, and downstream water pressure p3
bar.
8- Determined the flow rate by timing the collection of a known volume of water.

Part A: ball valve is fully opened

30
9- Gradually open the inlet diaphragm valve to increase the upstream pressure in small steps. At each
setting repeat steps (7) and (8) and note the presence of any tiny bubbles in the water. At each
setting wait for the vacuum gauge to settle before recording the pressure at the throat (there will be
a long delay before the reading changes on the gauge when near to or at convitation because water
inside the gauge is converting to vapor). All readings should be tabulated as in table 1.
10- Continue opening the inlet diaphragm valve in steps and recording/observing the characteristics of
the water until the maximum flow of water is achieved with the valve fully open.
11- Gradually close the inlet diaphragm valve and observe that the Cavitation ceases as the pressure rises
above pressure of the water (again there will be a long delay before the reading on the pressure
starts to fall because vapor inside the gauge is converting back t water).
12- Close the inlet diaphragm valve until water flows slowly through the equipment with no Cavitation in
the test section (typically 0.1 bar on the upstream gauge P1) ensuring that the test section remains
full of water.

Part B: ball valve is partially closed (50% open)

13- Close the outlet ball valve partially.

14- Repeat steps 6-10 with the outlet restricted. All readings should be tabulated as in Table 2.
Part C: ball valve is fully closed

15- Close the outlet ball valve completely.

16- Repeat steps 6-10 with the outlet restricted. All readings should be tabulated as in Table 3.
17- Close the flow control valve on the F1-10 then switch off the pump.

Results:
Part A Table 1: ball valve is fully opened

Volume Time Flow P1 P2 P3 T P % opening

water t rate Upstream Vacuum Downstream Temperature Vapor of
o
(meter) (sec) Q Bar Bar Bar C pressure Diaphramg
(m3/s) Bar valve

Part B Table 2: ball valve is partially closed (50% open)

Volume Time Flow P1 P2 P3 T P % opening

water t rate Upstream Vacuum Downstream Temperature Vapor of
o
(meter) (sec) Q Bar Bar Bar C pressure Diaphramg
(m3/s) Bar valve

31
 Part C Table 3: ball valve is fully closed

Volume Time Flow P1 P2 P3 T P % opening

water t rate Upstream Vacuum Downstream Temperature Vapor of
o
(meter) (sec) Q Bar Bar Bar C pressure Diaphramg
(m3/s) Bar valve

Calculations:
1- Calculate the head loss in venturi section using Bernoulli's equation?
2- Determine the discharge using equation (4)?
3- Determine the discharge coefficient Cv using equation (5) and compare the result with published
data?
4- Compute the % error of discharge :

5- What will happen as static pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure and compare this with your
observations?
6- Plot throat gauge pressure against a velocity of water and a critical velocity and incipient
Cavitation in each part, which Cavitation starts at this point?
7- Plot a Cavitation number against a flow rate of water?
8- What is the effect of the fully closed ball valve on the Cavitation phenomena?
9- Derive equation (4)?

32
Table 4: vapor pressure of water at different temperatures.

33
 Experiment # 6
Osborne Reynolds Apparatus
Introduction:

Turbulant flow is characterized by mixing action throughout the flow field, and this mixing is caused by
eddies of varying size within the flow. Simple observations will reveal this type of flow in rivers and in
the atmosphere. Turbulent flow phenomena when smoke from a large stack discharges into the
surrounding air.

Laminar flow, on the other hand, is devoid of the intense mixing phenomena and eddies common to
turbulent flow. Thus this flow has a very smooth appearance. A typical example is the flow of honey or
thick syrup from a pitcher.

Although other scientists before him had sensed the marked physical difference between laminar and
turbulent flow, it was Osborne Reynolds who first developed the basic laws of turbulent flow. With his
analytical and experimental work he showed that the Reynolds number was a basic parameter relating to
laminar as well as turbulent. The experiments of Reynolds indicated that pipe flow will be laminar for
Reynolds numbers ( Re = DVρ/μ ) less than 2000 and turbulent of Reynolds numbers greater than 3000.
When Re is between 2000 and 3000, the type of flow is very unpredictable and often changes back and
forth between laminar and turbulent states.

Objectives:
To reproduce the classical experiment conducted by Osborne Reynolds concerning fluid flow
condition.

Figure1: Osborne Reynolds Apparatus

34
Method:
1. Fill the reservoir with dye.
2. Position the apparatus on the bench and connect the inlet pipe to the bench feed.
3. Lower the dye injector until it is just below the bell mouth inlet.
4. Close the flow control valve.
5. Open bench inlet valve and slowly fill the head tank to the overflow level, then close the inlet
valve.
6. Open and close flow control valve to admit water to the flow visualization pipe.
7. Allow the apparatus to stand at least ten minutes before proceeding.
8. Measure the temperature of the water.
9. Open the inlet valve slightly until water trickles from the outlet pipe. Fractionally open the
control valve and adjust dye control valve until show flow with dye indication is achieved.
10. Measure and note the flow rate.
11. Repeat for increasing flow rate by progressively opening the flow control valve.
12. Take a specific measurement of flow rate at the critical condition.
13. Repeat the procedure for decreasing flow rates, taking a specific measurement of flow at the
critical condition.

35
Analysis and Results:

 List your results in the table below.

 Calculate volume flow rate and Re for each setting.
 Compare flow conditions indicated by dye stream with value of Re.
 Comment on your results.

Visual DyeVolume of water Time (s) Q (L/s) Re

condition (L)

36
 Experiment # 7

Fluid Friction
Introduction:
Fluid flow in the direction of decreasing pressure and the decrease in pressure is caused by the
frictional losses in a pipe network system. It is essential to know the total head loss in a pipe
network so that a pump with a suitable power can be employed upstream to overcome the friction
and to have the flow of the fluid. The resistance due to the friction on the internal surface of the
pipe, sudden contraction or expansion, fittings used in plumbing, elbows, valves, junctions, all
cause head losses. In this experiment, the head loss through a smooth bore pipe will be
determined experimentally and will be compared with the predictions made using the MOODY
diagram. The effect of roughness on head loss and on the friction factor will be investigated. It
will be shown that the head loss in a pipe fitting is also proportional to the velocity head of the
fluid and the fitting factor is constant for a fitting. Furthermore, the use of differential head
devices such as venturi meter, orifice meter and pitot tube for determination of the fluid flow rate
and velocity will be demonstrated.

Object:
1. To confirm the head loss predicted by a pipe friction equation associated with flow of
water through a smooth bore pipe.
2. To determine the relationship between fluid friction coefficient and Reynolds number
for flow of water through a pipe having a roughened bore.
3. To determine the head loss for a fitting.
4. To demonstrate the application of differential head devices in the measurement of flow
rate and velocity of water in a pipe.

Apparatus:

37
Part One: Head Losses through a Smooth Pipe.
For a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction (measured in m H2O) may be
calculated from the formula:

(1
)

where:
L = length of pipe between tappings (m) = 1 m for all pipes in this experiment.
d = internal diameter of the pipe (m).
u = mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s).
g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2.
f = pipe friction factor.

Having established the value of Reynold's number, Re, for flow in the pipe, the value off may be
determined from a MOODY diagram.

(2
where: )
µ = viscosity = for water 1.15×10-3 Ns/m2 at 15 °C .
ρ = density = for water 999 kg/m .

Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flow may exist in a pipe:
1. Laminar flow at low velocities where the head loss is proportional to the velocity to the
1.0 power, h u.
2. Turbulent flow at higher velocities where h un .
These two types of flow are separated by a transition phase where no definite relationship between
h and u exists.

Method:
1. The object is to obtain a series of readings of head loss at different flow rates through
the smooth bore test pipe.
2. Prime the pipe network with water. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain
flow of water through the required pipe.
3. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow control valve V6.
4. For small flow rates, use the measuring cylinder in conjunction with flow control valve
V5 (V6 closed).
5. Measure head loss between the tapping using the mercury manometer or pressurized
water manometer as appropriate.
6. Measure the inside diameter of the test pipe.

38
Analysis:
All readings should be tabulated as follows:

Volume Time Flow rate Pipe Velocity Calculated Measured

V t Q diam. U Re f Head loss head loss
(liter) (sec) (m3/s) d(m) (m/s) (m H2O) mm mm
Hg H20
From
MOODY
diagram

Pipe Length L = m.

Results:
• Plot a graph of h versus u. Identify the laminar, transition and turbulent zones on the graph.
• Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of laminar flow.
• Plot a graph of log h versus log u. Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of
turbulent flow. Determine the slope of the straight line to find n ( h un ) .
• Estimate the value of Re at the start and finish of the transition phase. These two values of
Re are corresponded to the upper and lower critical velocities.
• Compare the values of head loss determined by calculation with those measured using the
manometer.
• Confirm that the head loss can be predicted using the pipe friction equation provided the
velocity of the fluid and the pipe dimensions are known.

39
Part Two: Head Losses through a Roughened Pipe.
This part aims to determine the relationship between fluid friction coefficient and Reynolds number
for flow of water through a pipe having a roughened bore. The head loss due to friction in a
roughened pipe may be calculated from Eq. 1. To determine ƒ from the MOODY diagram, the
values of Re and the relative roughness (ε /d) are needed. Where ε is the roughness of the pipe.

Method:
1. The object is to obtain a series of readings of head loss at different flow rates through the
roughened pipe.
2. Prime the pipe network with water. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of
water through the roughened pipe.
3. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow control valve V6.
4. For small flow rates, use the measuring cylinder in conjunction with flow control valve V5
(V6 closed).
5. Measure head loss between the tapping using the mercury manometer or pressurized water
manometer as appropriate.
7. Measure the inside diameter of the test pipe.
8. Estimate the relative roughness, (ε /d)

Analysis:
All readings should be tabulated as follows:
Volume Time Flow rate Pipe Velocity Calculated Measured
V t Q diam. U Re f Head loss head loss
(liter) (sec) (m3/s) d(m) (m/s) (m H2O) mm mm
Hg H20
From
MOODY
diagram

Pipe Length L = m.
Roughness Height = m.

Results:
• Plot a graph of h versus u. Identify the laminar, transition and turbulent zones on the
graph.
• Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of laminar flow.
• Plot a graph of log h versus log u. Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of turbulent
flow. Determine the slope of the straight line to find n (h un).
• Plot a graph of pipe friction coefficient versus Reynolds number (on log scale).
• Note the difference from the smooth pipe curve on the MOODY diagram when the flow is turbulent.
• Compare the values of head loss determined by calculation with those measured using the
manometer.

40
Part Three: Flow Measurement using Differential Head.
The objective of this part is to demonstrate the application of differential head devices in the measurement
of flow rate and velocity of water in a pipe. For an orifice plate or venturi, the flow rate and differential
head are related by the Bernoulli equation with a correction coefficient for energy degradation (friction
losses partially).

(3
)
where:
Q = the flow rate (m21's ) .
Cd = the discharge coefficient.
= 0.98 for a venturi.
= 0.62 for an orifice plate.
A0 = the area of the throat or orifice ( m ).
d0 = 14 mm for the venturi and 20 mm for the orifice plate.
Al = the area of the pipe upstream (m2). di = 24 mm.
h1- h2 = the differential head (m H2O).
G = the acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2.

Method:
1. Prime the pipe network with water. Open; and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of water
through the flow meters.
2. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow control valve V6.
3. Measure head loss between the tappings on each flow meter using the mercury manometer or
pressurized water manometer as appropriate.
4. Obtain readings on the venturi and the orifice plate..

41
Analysis:
All readings should be tabulated as follows:
Volume Time Flow rate Pipe Velocity Calculated Measured
V t Q diam. U Head loss head loss
(liter) (sec) (m3/s) d(m) (m/s) (m H2O) mm mm
Hg H20

Results:
• For each flow meter, calculate the theoretical differential head at each flow rate.
• Compare this result with the differential head measured.

Part Four: Head Losses due to Pipe Fittings.

This part aims to determine the head loss associated with flow of water through standard fittings
used in plumbing installations. Head loss in a pipe fitting is proportional to the velocity head of the
fluid flowing through the fitting.

(4)

where:

K = the fitting factor.

U = the average velocity of water through the pipe (m/s).
G = the acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2.

Note: A flow control valve is a pipe fitting which has an adjustable K factor. The minimum value
of K and the relationship between stem movement and K factor are important in selecting a valve
for an application.

Method:
1. Prime the network with water. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of
water through the required fitting.
2. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow control valve V6.
3. Measure head loss between tappings on each fitting using the pressurized water
manometer.
4. Measure differential head between tappings on test valves using pressurized water
manometer and mercury manometer as appropriate for different valve settings (open to
close).
42
Analysis:
All readings should be tabulated as follows:

Volume Time Flow rate Pipe Velocity Calculated Measured Valve

t Q diam. U Head loss head loss K position
V (sec) (m3/s) d(m) (m/s) (m H2O) mm mm (values
(liter) Hg H20 only)

= h / hv

Results:
• Confirm that K is a constant for each fitting over the range of the test flow rate.
• Plot a graph of K factor against valve opening for each test valve. Note the differences in
characteristics.

43
 Experiment # 8
Pump Testing

Introduction:
The conversion of mechanical energy, into fluid energy by machines is of major concern to most
engineers and technicians. The types of hydraulic machines available for this conversion vary
considerably in principle and design. Pumps are used to transfer fluids from one location to
another. The pump accomplishes this transfer by increasing the pressure of the fluid and, thereby,
supplying the driving force necessary for flow. Power must be delivered to the pump from some
outside source. Thus, electrical or steam energy may be transferred into mechanical energy which
is used to derive the pump. Part of this mechanical energy is added to the fluid as work energy,
and the rest is lost as friction due to inefficiency of the pump and its drive.
The selection of the correct pump for a particular application is essential for efficient, satisfactory
operation. The main parameters affecting the selection of a particular type of pump are maximum
operating pressure, maximum delivers (flow rate), pump drive speed, type of fluid, pump
contamination tolerance, pump noise, size and weight of the pump, pump efficiency, cost and
maintenance and spares. For any given flow arte, a certain head must be supplied to maintain that
flow. Thus we can construct a head versus flow rate curve. Such a curve is called the system
curve. Any pump has a head versus flow rate curve that is characteristic of that pump at a given
pump speed. As the flow rate increases in a pipe, the head required for flow also increases.
However, the head that is produced by the pump decreases as the flow rate increases.
Consequently, the two curves intersect, and the operating point is at the point of intersection -that
point where the head produced by the pump is just the amount needed to overcome the head loss
in the pipe. The following pumps will be tested in this experiment:

Centrifugal Pump:
The centrifugal pump is the type most widely used in the chemical industry for transferring liquids
of all types as well as for general services of water supply. This type of pump has two main
components: an impeller attached to a rotating shaft, and a stationary casing, housing, or volute
enclosing the impeller. The impeller consists of a number of blades (usually curved), also
sometimes called vanes, arranged in a regular pattern around the shaft. The primary advantages of
centrifugal pump are simplicity, low cost, uniform flow, small floor space, low maintenance
expense and quiet operation.

Axial-Flow Pump:
The centrifugal pumps operate most efficiently for applications requiring high heads at relatively
low flow rates. For many applications, such as those associated with drainage and irrigation, high
flow rates at low head are required and centrifugal pumps are not suitable. In this case, axial-flow
pumps are commonly used. This type of pump consists essentially of a propeller confined within a
cylindrical casing. For this type of pump the flow is primarily in the axial

44
direction (parallel to the axis of rotation of the shaft), as opposed to the radial flow found in the
centrifugal pump. Whereas the head developed by a centrifugal pump includes a contribution due
to centrifugal action, the head developed by an axial-flow pump is due primarily to the tangential
force exerted by the rotor blades on the fluid.

Turbine Pump:
The term "turbine pump" is applied to units with mixed flow (part axial and part centrifugal)
impellers. This type of pump is for applications requiring specific speeds intermediate to those for
centrifugal and axial-flow pumps.

Gear Pump:
It is one of the pump type known as a positive-displacement (PD) pump. This type of pumps work
by allowing a fluid to flow into some cavity from a low pressure source, trapping the fluid, and then
forcing it out into a high pressure receiver by decreasing the volume of the cavity. These are
extremely common; examples are the fuel and oil pumps on most automobiles, the pumps on most
hydraulic systems, and the hearts of most animals. The PD pumps are practically constant
volumetric flow rate devices (at a fixed motor speed) and that they can generate large pressures. In
addition, PD pumps work well on high viscosity fluids.

Objectives:
To compare between centrifugal, axial flow, gear and turbine pumps according to their
performance curves, most efficient conditions for each pump speed, applications of each pump.

Apparatus:

Armfield Multi-Pump Test Rig Method:

Measurement of Flow: measurement of flow is determined by using one of two methods:

a. The volumetric tank method: this technique is usually used when testing the gear
pump, centrifugal pump and turbine pump.
b. The hook and point gauge method: it is used when testing the axial flow pump, at
the volumetric tank is then in use to provide a head for the pump.
The Volumetric Tank Method:
• The volume of water in the tank is measured directly on the sight glass scale. It will be noted
that there are two scales. The lower scale which is calibrated from 0 to 6 liters is used when
measuring low rates of flow, and the upper scale is calibrated from 0 to 40 liters is used when the
rates of flow are high.
• Prepare the stop watch set to zero.

45
 • Twist and lower the dump valve knob.
• The water will now start to fill the volumetric tank. When it reaches the zero mark on
the appropriate sight glass scale, start the stop watch.
• Observe the sight glass scale and when a measured volume of water has entered the
volumetric tank, stop the stopwatch and note the elapsed time.

Volume in liters
Flow rate in liters per second = -------------------------- (1)
Time in seconds

• If required, the dump valve may now be opened and the measurement repeated. Averaging
of a number of readings will improve the accuracy of determination of rate of flow.

The Hook and Point Gauge Method:

This is a Vernier measuring instrument which is mounted over the water channel. It is used to
measure the change of level of the water as it flows Through the channel and over the weir
leading to the volumetric tank. The difference in water levels is related to the rate of flow of the
water. If the flow of the axial flow pump is being measured, the U notched weir should be used.
Ensure that the appropriate weir is firmly in position at the end of the water channel. Operate the
pump in accordance with the instructions of the next section. When the water has filled the water
channel and is overflowing over the weir, switch off the pump and allow the water to find its own
level in the channel. This will be level with the bottom of the notch in the weir.
• Adjust the point of the hook and point gauge to just break the surface. That is when the
hook and its image just touch.
• The adjustment is made by slackening the screw and lowering the hook until it is near
the free surface.
• Then use the fine adjustment nut to get the point of the hook point and its image to just
touch.
• Release the scale screw. Set the zero of the Vernier in line with a convenient point on
the scale, say 0, tighten the screw and note the reading.
• Reset the point of the gauge clear of the surface of the water and switch on the pump.
• At the required pressure head, or speed setting; measure the increased height of the
flowing water in the manner described above. Note the new reading on the scale.

Increase in depth (H) = final scale reading - initial scale reading.

Calculation of flow rate:

For rectangular shaped notch:

(2)

where
Q = flow rate in liters/sec.
C = coefficient of discharge = 0.6
B = width of notch.
G = 9.81 m/s2
H Increase in depth of water, mm.

46
For VEE shaped notch:

(3)

where
:
Q = flow rate in liters/sec.
Cd = coefficient of discharge = 0.6
θ = included angle of VEE notch
g = 9.81 m/sec2
H Increase in depth of water, mm. ,....-

The pump to be tested is selected by opening the appropriate isolating and selection valve is
opened. Each pump has its related pressure gauge,"calibrated in meters of water. A single vacuum
gauge is used to measure pump inlet manifold vacuum. Each pump is connected to the vacuum
gauge via selector valve. The vacuum gauge is calibrated in meters of water.

Pump Speed Ratios:

The tachometer on the instrument panel indicates the speed in revs/min of the dynamometer
motor. In order to calculate the actual pump speed, please refer to the Pump Motor Teeth Ratios
in the table below:
_ . . Teeth on motor pulley
rump Speed = Motor Speed x ------------------------------ (4)
Teeth on pump pulley
For example: When testing the centrifugal pump the tachometer reads 960 revs/min

Pump/Motor Teeth Max. Pump Speed at Bourden Pressure

Ratio 1450 revs/min Gauge (m water)
Motor: Pump
Centrifugal Pump 23:17 1960 0 to 10
Axial Flow Pump 27:14 2800 0 to 2
Gear Pump 23:32 1040 0 to 75
Turbine Pump 27:14 2800 0 to 40

Gear Pump:
• Connect the toothed drive belt between the dynamometer motor pulley and the
gear pump.
• Open dump valve in the volumetric tank.
• Ensure that the rubber plug to axial flow pump inlet at bottom of volumetric tank
is in position.
• Open £car pump isolating selection valve No. 3.
• Open flow control valve.
• Set motor speed control to zero.

47
 • Switch on motor and rotate the speed controller.
• Pressure readings for the gear pump are taken from pressure gauge No. 3.
• Vacuum readings for the gear pump are obtained by opening vacuum selector No.
3.
• Shutting down procedure for the gear pump is carried out simply by reversing the
above sequence of operations.

Centrifugal Pump:
a. Connect the toothed drive belt between the dynamometer motor pulley and the
centrifugal pump.
b. Open dump valve in the volumetric tank.
c. Ensure that the rubber plug to axial flow pump inlet at bottom of volumetric tank
is in position.
d. Close flow control valve.
e. Open suction regulating valve.
f. Set motor speed control to zero.
g. Switch on motor and rotate the motor speed controller clockwise to give required
revs/min.
h. Open centrifugal pump isolating selection valve No. 1.
i. Open flow control valve and set it, and the suction regulating valve to give the
required rate of flow.
j. Pressure readings for the centrifugal pump are taken from pressure gauge No. 1.
k. Vacuum readings for the centrifugal pump are obtained by opening vacuum
selector No. 1.
l. Shutting down procedure for the centrifugal pump is carried out simply by
reversing the above sequence of operations.

Turbine Pump:

• Connect the toothed drive belt between the dynamometer motor pulley and the
turbine pump.
• Open dump valve in the volumetric, tank.
• Ensure that the rubber plug to axial rflpw pump inlet at bottom of volumetric tank is
in position.
• Close flow control valve.
• Set motor speed control to zero.
• Switch on motor and rotate the motor speed controller clockwise to give required
revs/min.
• Open turbine pump isolating selection valve No. 4.
• Open flow control valve and set it to give the required rate of flow.
• Vacuum readings for the turbine pump are obtained by opening vacuum selector
No. 4. .
• Shutting down procedure for the turbine pump is carried out simply by reversing
the above sequence of operations.

48
Axial Flow Pump:
The axial flow pump requires a higher static head of water than the other three pumps. It therefore
has to be supplied from the volumetric tank. Proceed as follows:
• Remove the screwed cap plug covering the inlet to pump in the volumetric tank.
• Close the dump valve.
• Operate either the gear pump, centrifugal pump or turbine pump to fill the
volumetric tank to the point where it is overflowing into the sump tank.
• Switch off the pump used and ensure that the flow control valve is closed.
• Connect the toothed drive belt between the dynamometer motor pulley and the axial
flow pump.
• Open the axial flow pump control/regulating valve.
• Set motor speed control to zero.
• Switch on motor and rotate the motor speed controller clockwise to give required
revs/min.
• Pressure readings for the axial flow pump are taken from pressure gauge No. 2.
• Vacuum readings for the axial flow pump are obtained by opening vacuum selector
No. 2.
• Shutting down procedure for the turbine pump is carried out simply by reversing the
above sequence of operations.

On the completion of experiments raise the dump valve and lock open sump tank. Close all valves.
Set speed controller to zero, and switch off supply. Disconnect electrical supply via 13 Amp plug
and socket.

Analysis:
When the pump to be tested has been selected and the equipment prepared, switch on the test rig
and raise the motor speed to maximum. Note the pressure variations on the appropriate pressure
gauge between a point when the control valve is fully closed to a point when the control valve is
fully open. Select six equi-spaced points throughout the pressure reading range, at which flow-
readings will be taken. The actual pressure head of the pump is the difference between the pressure
gauge reading in m water and the vacuum gauge reading in m water, at a particular flow-rate.
At each selected pressure reading, measure the rate of flow using the graduated sight glass on the
volumetric tank and the stop watch. Tabulate this data as follows:

Pump Under Test:

Reading Pressure (m Vacuum (m Head Flow rate
water) water) (m water) (liter/sec)

49
Results:
• From the above results construct a graph (for each pump) of pump head
against flow rat. This graph may be compared with the typical performance
curves.
• When all four pumps on the Multi Pump Test Rig have been tested, compare
the performance curves.
• Categorise the pumps into HIGH FLOW / LOW PRESSURE types, and LOW
FLOW / HIGH PRESSURE types.
• Suggest a typical industrial application for each type of pump, taking into
account the flow/pressure characteristics.

50