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A.

I. What is your suggestion to improve site conditions prior to construction?

To construct a structure in a marshy land first, the land should be dried up. In this way it
will make the soil more stable. One of the ways to dry up a large scale of land is installing a
French drain. French drains are helpful in drying flat lands by letting the rocks sip more of the
water and let it redirect or flow to other side of the land, in this way it can let the soil reduce
its water content. Removing all the vegetation above the marshy land should also make it
drier. After this you can now fill up the land with new soil that is more stable and fitting for
the project. (Jampani 2017)

II. Explain soil remediation techniques and dewatering techniques which can be used in this
project.

Soil meditation helps sustain high quality of soil. Some soil mediation techniques that can
also help in renewing and stabilize the soil are:
Small scale of vegetation – planting smaller grass or plants that will hold the soil
and absorb some water from the ground will help maintain lesser water level to
the ground. (Environmental Remediation Techniques for Soil 2017)
Thermal soil remediation - which involves burning of the contaminated part of
the soil, though this method still depends in the type of soil and presence of toxic
in the soil. (Vidonish, J., Zygourakis, K, Masiello, C., Sabadel, G. & Alvrez, A. 2016,
Vol. 2. Issue 4. Pages 426-437)
Encapsulation- or mixing soil with cement powder to control the toxics may also
help not as assured as thermal soil remediation but at least it can minimize the
effect of the pollutants. (Environmental Remediation Techniques for Soil 2017)

And for dewatering techniques that can be used or applied in the project is planning the
installation of :

Dewatering pumps and wells - that suck the excess water beneath the ground.
This will help secure the foundation to be used for the structure and keep a dry
base for the structure. Wells with underwater excavation by well point method
may also help. This method will secure the base of the structure to be dry because
after it sucks excess water, the structure will be the acting seal to the ground that
will not allow any liquid to pass through and reach the base of the structure.
(Methods of Dewatering Excavations at Construction Site 2019)
In figure 1. It depicts an example of dewatering pump. It is also good in maintaining dryer
type of soil in a marshy area. The sump will be at the bottom most part for it will be the one
who will suck out the water from the soil. The motor that power up the sump will be the
pump. In this case we use a submersible pump because it is also buried or rather submerged
in a watered soil. The water table refers to the accessible water in the ground. Of course, to
ensure that only water and not the minerals and soil particles are sucked out, filters and
screens are also installed. The last step is a long tube from the pump up to the open ground
called extract pipe. All water sucked up and filtered should pass this pipe directing out to the
soil or ground.

Figure 1. Well Dewatering Techniques


Source: theconstructor.org

III. Considering the fact that site is situated in a marshy land, explain substructure works
necessary for this project. Compare those substructure works in relation to the type of
construction.

The substructure in this kind of soil are more critical and crucial. The engineers should
really consider the strength and capability of the soil and plan how they can strengthen the
structures substructure. Usually the type of foundation used in this kind of base is pile
foundation.

Pile foundation - is a deep foundation or screwed foundations that helps hold the
stability of the base even if it from a dried marshy land. Pile foundation id
composed of different materials like, reinforced concrete, steel sheets etc. which
are improved for its capability to sustain loads. The beams and other supporting
members are also equipped with reinforcements and is design to help carry larger
loads than the usual beams t secure a stable structure even if it is in a weaker kind
of soil. Unlike normal foundations, column and beams that are designed for
normal lands or soil, substructures that is designed for marshy places are more
likely bigger, tougher and more reinforced than substructure built in normal –
strong type of soil base. (Civil Engineering 2019)

Figure 2. Pile Foundation


Source: civiltoday.com

IV. Explain different types of structural frames, elements and their functions that can be used
in construction of multi storey buildings, sports complex, swimming pool, auditorium and
compare those structural frame types with respect to type construction, structural stability
cost of construction and time of construction.

The construction of multi storey buildings, sports complex, swimming pool, auditorium is
much higher in cost, planning and time compared to simpler structures.

a. Type of construction
Structural frame regarding to a multi storey building requires analysis of each
storey and all load acting upon and within any circumstance. They should be designed
considering unexpected changes in occupancy, external loadings etc. unlike auditorium,
swimming pool and sports complex which is usually low rise. In terms of elements, multi
storey buildings requires all careful design of slabs, column, footing, beams, foundation
etc. it should be designed to carry designated loads and to stay safe during unexpected
earthquakes and other environmental phenomenon. A higher rise or multi storey building
would bear greater loads than lower rise buildings. The elements of the auditorium and
sports complex are a little more less critical in terms of its design of elements. They are
low rise and sometimes in open air, truss, columns and beams are the major elements of
this structures. Of course the swimming pool is the simplest to build and design.
b. Structural Stability
Multi storey building will require more, stronger and stable structural design
compared to auditorium, swimming pool and sport complex. Especially that Multi storey
buildings are expected to have greater loads that will be critical to the structure’s stability.
Maximizing the structures design to withhold the load is the greatest priority in designing
any project.
c. Cost of Construction
Constructing a multi storey building is one of the costliest projects, it will not only
be costly in the materials but also to the manpower. Careful planning and designing of
the project will minimize the cost without of course compromising the safety and
sustainability of the structure. Fact that the top most expensive buildings in the world are
all high rise. Unlike the multi storey building, sports complex and auditorium will be lesser
in cost especially that the are sometimes open. Swimming pool will be the cheapest of
the four given projects.
d. Time of construction
The higher the building the more it would cost. Again, not only in terms of tangible
materials but also in time. It’s hard to construct especially when it requires careful
planning and execution. Fittings and other methods are convenient to lessen the time but
a good high-rise building wouldn’t of course just rise in a short period of time. Also
different with auditorium, swimming pools and sports complex, building these
infrastructures will require lesser time than high-rise or multi storey buildings.

B.

I. Explain essential primary services for a multi storey building and briefly describe their supply
arrangements in relation to this type of a building in a university.

Some essential primary services for a multi storey building are:

Proper energy supply and distribution - The supply and distribution will help
other facilities of the universities to work efficiently in terms of machineries and
lightings. (Designing Buildings Ltd. 2018)
Heating Ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) - heating, ventilation and air
conditioning will help maintain good air flow that will secure safety of everyone
inside the infrastructure or building. This will also give comfort to the users of the
building. (Designing Buildings Ltd. 2018)
Water drainage and plumbing - The water drainage and plumbing should be
installed to secure the building against devastation due to heavy rain and floods.
(Designing Buildings Ltd. 2018)
Security alarm -Security alarm will help increase the level of safety against crimes
and emergencies. (Designing Buildings Ltd. 2018)

II. Discuss the distribution arrangement for HVAC should incorporate with the building. (Mainly
consider in implementation of HVAC in lecture room, computer rooms, laboratories, cafeteria,
library, study area, and small auditorium.

The design of HVAC in these kinds of structure must secure roper regulation of air, maintain
room temperature adequate to provide comfort for the people inside the infrastructure and to
maintain good air quality. Proper ventilation from air conditioning devices and fans with air filters
may help securing the rooms temperature ad good quality of air. It is also advisable for the
building to have more windows to secure time to time natural air ventilation. With a university
with lecture room, computer rooms, laboratories, cafeteria, library, study area, and small
auditorium, it is advisable to have centralized heating, ventilation and air conditioning to
maximize the efficiency and comfort over cost and time of installations. (Designing Buildings Ltd.
2019)

III. Explain the different elements you are proposing to build in the building superstructure to
accommodate HVAC system. Compare those elements with respect to their advantages,
disadvantages.

External walls- For walls, cavity is needed to provide gap and barrier to protect the inside wall.
The cavity wall might be composed of brick, concrete and thicker wall materials. . Refer to figure
3-4 below. (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)

Advantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Provide protection against varying weather.
- Provides insulation to control heat
- Provides protection for moisture and water.

Disadvantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Higher in cost, provides more layer of wall structure.
Figure 3. Timber and Cavity Walls Figure 4. Cavity Wall
Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges. Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges

Inner wall – support walls carrying the loads of the upper floors and rooms. May be in solid block
walls, brick walls, timber studs and metal sheet walls. (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical
Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
Advantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Decorative, smooth in finish
- Provides heat insulation, good sound compression
- Provides protection for moisture and water.
Disadvantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Higher in cost, provides more layer of wall structure.

Figure 5. Solid Black Wall. Figure 6. Timber Stud Wall


Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges
Figure 5. Solid Black Wall. Figure 6. Metal Stud Wall
Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges

Floors- an open floor design allow air conditioning ang heating ventilation from beneath to pass.
While a solid floor is ideal for places that doesn’t need heating ventilation. Floor carries mostly of
live load of the building. (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed.
n.d)

Suspended timber floors- the span of the floor is supported by timber joist. Usually have open
floor design specifically small air spaces. Refer to figure 9. (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and
Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)

Advantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Provide underground heating.
- Decorative design.
- Provides insulation to control heat

Disadvantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Timber joist and pans are not permanently attached. Maintenance is a must.
- Timber may be attacked by pest.
-
Solid Concrete Floor- no spaces and filing. 100% safe, secure and permanent. . Refer to figure 10.
(Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
Advantages:
- Sturdy among the three. Ensures stable and good floor support.
- Provides good finish.

Disadvantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Doesn’t provide heating ventilation.
- Stones and concrete absorb cold temperature which makes the floor in cold temp too.
Floating floor- these are combination of solid concrete floors with timber joist laid on top for more
support. Refer to figure 11. (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed.
n.d)

Advantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Also Provide underground heating.
- Decorative design.
- Ensures stable and good floor support because of its combined solid and timber joist.
- Also Provides insulation to control heat

Disadvantages: (Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Ed. n.d)
- Higher in cost because both solid concrete and timber joist panels ae used.
- Timber joist and pans are not permanently attached. Maintenance is a must.

Figure 5. Suspended Timber Floor Figure 6. Solid Concrete Floors


Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges Source: Pearson schools and fecolleges
For superstructure, I am proposing for installation of heat resisting materials for those
places where air conditioning is to be installed, this will help the air conditioning better and easier.
While installation of heat absorbing materials for the places where heaters are to be installed. In
terms of wall coverings, it is advisable to use wall cavity for external walls to prevent moisture
from outside to penetrate and this also prevent heat loss. And a solid wall covers for internal
walls. This will be good as protection and as well as good covering for the building. For ground
floors having a floating floor system are good for heater installation. Unlike suspended floor types,
which is a little weaker in resisting load, because suspended floor usually uses lighter materials
such as wood or timber. Floating floor system is more secure and efficient for air conditioning or
heater installation because it is supported by concrete below.

IV. Summarize the impact of distribution of the primary service in overall design of the building.

To summarize, installation of all the essential primary services for a multi storey buildings are
important into maintaining efficiency and comfort of all the users of the structure. Considering the
design of substructure and superstructure and choosing the fitting materials for them will provide
positive results. Prioritizing the proper HVAC, or heating, ventilation and air conditioning will help the
regulation of humid, temperature and good quality of air is needed in every structure, especially in a
university with in lecture room, computer rooms, laboratories, cafeteria, library, study area, and small
auditorium because a lot of people occupy these places. Again, having a centralized HVAC around the
building will be more efficient in long term than single unit heaters or ventilation an air conditioning
device.
References:

Dewatering :

Jampani, M.B., ‘How to construct in a marshy land’. January 2017. Available from
https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-construct-a-building-on-marshy-land-in-Trivandrum
North Carolina State University the green desk. “Wet, Muddy Areas’’, 2019. Available from
https://naturalearning.org/draining-wet-muddy-areas/
Nematri, K. M., ‘’Construction Dewatering and Ground Freezing Ground Freezing Ground
Freezing´’’ 2005. Availablefrom http://www.cv.titech.ac.jp/~courses/atce2/Lesson7.pdf
The Constructor, “Methods of Dewatering Excavations at Construction Site’’ 2019. Available from
https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/methods-of-dewatering-excavation-construction-
site/13849/
Vidonish, J., Zygourakis, K, Masiello, C., Sabadel, G. Alvrez, A.’’Thermal Treatment of Hydrocarbon-
Impacted Soils: A Review of Technology Innovation for Sustainable Remediation’’, December 2016
Available from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809917300796 ,Vol. 2.
Issue 4. Pages 426-437
Demcak, S. Balintova, M. , “Overview of chosen techniques and methods for soils remediation” ,
December 2015 Available from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289193260_Overview_of_chosen_techniques_and_
methods_for_soils_remediation
Anhcorage, AK Nearsay, “Environmental Remediation Techniques for Soil”, 10 November 2017.
Available from. https://nearsay.com/c/378896/265922/environmental-remediation-techniques-
for-soil
Civil Engineering, “FOUR TIPS FOR BUILDING ON WET, MARSHY LAND”., May 2015, Available from.
https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-engineering/deep-foundation/176-
pile-foundation-definition-types

Civil Engineering, “Pile Foundation”.n.d. Available from https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-


engineering/foundation-engineering/deep-foundation/176-pile-foundation-definition-types
Designing Buildings Ltd. “Types of building services”, March 2018. Available from.
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_building_services#Heating.2C_ventilation
_and_air_conditioning_.28HVAC.29
Designing Buildings Ltd. “Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning HVAC”, March 2019. Available
from.
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Heating_ventilation_and_air_conditioning_HVAC
Carpentry and Joinery NVQ and Technical Certificate Level 2, 2nd Edition. n.d “Elements of
Structur”e. Available from
https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVocational/WorkBasedLearning/Buildin
gServices/Level2CarpentryandJoinery/Samples/CarpentryJoinerySampleMaterial/CandidateHan
dbook2ndEdition-Chapter4.pdf

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