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OS services

1. Processor Management
2 .Memory Management

3. File Management

4. Device Management
Processor Management
Process is the basic unit of execution in the operating system.
A “Process” is the name we give to a program when it is running in memory
So a “Program” is the complied executable, and
“Process” is the running executable with the execution state.

Every process has a field that records their current status, called the Process Status.
When the process is first passed to the Job Scheduler from the operating system, its status is always set as
HOLD.
When the Job Scheduler passes the process onto the Process Scheduler, its status is always changed to READY.

Process Process Process JOB Process


1 2 3 SCHEDULER Scheduler

Hold Ready

Process Block Control

PROCESS IDENTIFIER -Each process is uniquely identified by both the user’s


identification, and a pointer connecting it to its descriptor.

PROCESS STATUS - The current status of the process, it is either: HOLD READY
WAITING RUNNING FINISHED

PROCESS STATE
Program counter - Record the current value of the program counter
Register Contents - Record the values of the data registers
Main Memory - Record all important information from memory, including most
importantly the process location.
Resources - Record the resources that have been allocated to this job, including
files, disk drives, and printers.
Process Priority - The process is assigned a priority, and if the operating system
using priorities to schedule processes.
ACCOUNTING
This section records some of the performance statistics associated with this
process.
Sample:

Memory Management
To allow more than one program to run at the same time, the memory is subdivided into FIXED PARTITIONS.

The Memory manager needs to keep Partition Table to remember the status of all partition

Utilization of small free space


A memory management system should be able to apply appropriate defragmentation techniques in order to utilize small
chunks of scattered vacant spaces in the main memory.
Deallocating Space
The are programs in either side of the freed space:

File Management
The File Manager
- Keeps track of where files are stored
-Determines how the files are stored ◦ Follows operating system file allocation policies
-Uses available storage space efficiently for files
- Creates a record/log of all file usage
- Allocates a file to a user if is free, and if they are permitted access to it.
- De-allocates file when user finished with it.

Operating
Files and Folders
System

Memory
Hardware Locations

 It helps in easily and quickly locating these files in computer system.


 It makes the process of sharing of the files among different users very easy and user friendly.
 It helps to stores the files in separate folders known as directories. These directories help users to search
file quickly or to manage the files according to their types or uses.
 It helps the user to modify the data of files or to modify the name of the file in the directories.
 It helps to create new files in computer system and placing them at the specific locations.
Device Management

The main functions of the device manager are:


1. Monitor the status of all devices, including storage drives, printers and other peripherals

2. Enforce pre-set policies on which process gets which device for how long

3. Deal with the allocation of devices to processes

4. Deal with the de-allocation of devices to processes, both at a temporary basis and on a permanent basis.

It also includes:
-OS manages device communication via their respective drivers.

- OS decides which process gets device, when and how much time.
- Using I/O controller OS keeps tracks of all devices. Allocation and De-allocation of Devices.

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