General osteology,

ahtrology and myology

Dr. Anna L. Kiss
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Semmelweis University
Budapest
2016
 How Many Bones?
! Skull and upper jaw 21 bones
! 3 tiny bones in each ear
! Lower jaw (mandible)
! Front neck bone (hyoid)
! Backbone or spine (26 separate bones or vertebrae)
! Ribs (12 pairs - same number for men and women)
! Breastbone
! Each upper limb has 32 bones: 2 in shoulder, 3 in arm, 8 in
wrist, 19 in hand and fingers.
! Each lower limb has 31 bones: 1 in hip (one side of pelvis), 4
in leg, 7 in ankle, 19 in foot and toes.

Total = 206 bones

2016.09.21. 2
 Classification of Bones
! Long
! Short
! Irregular
! Flat
! Sesamoid

2016.09.21. 3
 Classification of Bones

2016.09.21. 4
Flat bone
Short bones
Irregular bones
2016.09.21. 9
Connection between bones:
•continuous (synarthrosis)

•discontinuous (diarthrosis, joint, articulatio)

 SYNARTHROSES
Syndesmosis (connective tissue)
•ligaments, membranes, sutures, gomphosis

Synchondrosis (cartilage, hyalin or fibrous)

•intervertebral disks, cartilage between skull bones
(sphenopetrosal synchondrosis)

Synostosis (ossification)
•hipbone, sacrum, sphenooccipital synostosis
Syndesmosis
Synchondrosis
Synostosis
 Diarthrosis, joints
articulation

General structure:

•bony surfaces
•cartilage:hyalin or fibrous
•capsule
•cavity
•ligaments
 Structure of the capsule
Two layers:

internal (inner): synovial membrana: rich

in blood vessels and nerve fibers, secretory
function synova

outer: fibrous membrana: connetive tissue fibers

Accessory structures:
•disks,
•menisci
•bursas,
•cartilageous labrum
•musculi articulares
 Types of the joints

•Plane joints:
•allows only a limited movement, sliding
•between two flat surfaces

•Joints with regular surfaces: (convex and concave bony

surfaces)
•uniaxial (ginglymus, trochoid or pivot)
•biaxial (ellipsoid, sellar or saddle)
•multiaxial (spheroid or cotyloid, ball-and-
socket or condylar)
•uniaxial (ginglymus, trochoid or pivot)
saddle
•biaxial (ellipsoid, saddle or sellar)
•multiaxial (ball-and-socket)

trochoid or
pivot
ball-and-socket

ginglymus or
hinge combined:
trochoginglymus
 Movements of the joints

•normal position
•middle position

Uniaxial: flexion-extension
pronation-supination
Biaxial: abduction-adduction
flexion-extension
opposition-reposition (saddle joint)
Multiaxial: rotatio,
abduction-adduction
flexion-extension
 General myology
Musculature: actíve component of the movement

Structure: striated muscle (skeletal)

tendons: dense connective tissue
connective tissue sheath: fascia
(epimysium)
 Muscles

•shape: spindle, triangular, quadrangular, flat

•venter (belly), caput (head), tendineous

intersection, aponeurosis,
•unipennatus, bipennatus,
spindle biceps unipennate bipennate
proximal end:
origin

belly

tendon
distal end: insertion
 Structure of the tendon

tendon sheath
a.) outer, fibrous
layer

b.) inner, synovial

layer

mesotendon