Lipid

 Lipid is organic compound that built up from C, H, O but proportion of oxygen is lower than
carbohydrates
 Three types of lipid
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
 Lipid are non-polar thus it’s hydrophobic. Lipid is insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents such as acetone, alcohol and chloroform.
 Lipis stores anergy efficiently because it yield more energy than carbohydrates due to higher
ratio of C-H bonds (higher portion of C and H than oxygen)

Importance of lipid:
1. Energy storage
2. Heat insulator
3. Protection
4. Fats aid buoyancy because fat is less dense than water
5. Transport fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
6. Phospholipids and cholesterol as a component of cell membranes
7. Cholesterol as a precursor for steroid hormones such as sex hormones

 Lipis is a large molecule but it’s not polymer because it’s not built up from repeating
monomers. Most lipid built up of glycerol and fatty acids
TRIGLYCERIDES

 Made up from 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid

 Each fatty acid join glycerol through condensation process. In each reaction, a water
molecule removed
 Hydroxyl group if glycerol reacts with carboxyl group if fatty acids and will form ester
linkage
 The first reaction yield monoglyceride
 The second reaction yield diglycerides
 The third reaction yield triglycerides
 There are two types of fat:
1. Saturated fat: Triglycerides that exist in solid state at room temperature
2. Unsaturated fat: Triglycerides that exist in liquid state at room temperature
Phospholipids
 Made up of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
 Major components of membrane cells
 Phospholipids are amphipathic, has polar and non-polar region
 In water, they assembled into phospholipids bilayer
 Polar phosphate head in contact with surrounding aqueous medium
 Non-polar hydrophobic tail that consists 2 fatty acid point inward
Steroids

 Made up of carbon skeleton with 4 interconnecting ring and functional side chain
 Side chain have variable length
 Present in both animal and plant
 Example
1. Cholesterol (in membrane cells)
2. Sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

Glycerol
 A chain of 3 carbon atoms
 Each carbon atom bond to hydrogen amd hydroxyl group
 Fatty acid
 General formula: R-COOH
 R is hydrocarbons chain. The characteristics of R is non-polar/hydrophobic
 R cause the fatty acid insoluble in water
 R determined fatty acids saturated or unsaturated
Saturated Unsaturated

Hydrocarbons chain no double bond Hydrocarbons chain at least has one

double bond
Solid in room temperature Liquid in room temperature

Example:Stearic acid Example: Oleic Acid

Formation of triglycerides :
Hydrolysis of triglycerides :