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Design assumption:
Therefore, the stress distribution across the section of the beam is as shown below.
At an ultimate strain of 0.003, the stress at extreme fiber of the beam reaches ultimate strength of
concrete fc’. The distribution of the compressive stresses is a complex curve. For calculation
purpose, a stress block of 0.85fc’ spread over a depth, a, is used. Therefore, the total
compressive stress in a rectangular beam is
C = 0.85fc’ab
where fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel and As is the area of steel. Therefore,
a = rfyd/0.85f’c
Mu £ f Mn
Where, f = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Let Mu = f Mn , We have Mu =
f (Asfy d- Asfy drm/2)
Divide both side by bd2, we have Mu/fbd = (As/bd)fy -(As/bd) fy rm/2) = rfy - fy r2m/2)
r = (1/m)[1-(1-2mRn/fy)1/2]
There are two situations when a reinforced concrete beam fails due to bending. One is when the
reinforcing steel reaches its yield stress, fy. The other is when the concrete reach it maximum
compressive stress, f’c. When a reinforced concrete beam fails in yielding of steel, the failure is
ductile because the steel can stretch for a long period of time before it actually breaks. When it
fails in concrete, the failure is brittle because concrete breaks when it reach maximum strain.
When concrete reaches its maximum strain at the same time as the steel reach is yielding stress,
it is called a balance condition. Using a maximum strain, 0.003 of concrete and assume a linear
distribution of strain across beam section, one can determine the reinforcement ratio at balanced
condition. The reinforcement ratio based on ACI code is
Where b1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of f’c in
excess of 4000 psi.
To ensure a ductile failure of beam, ACI code limits the maximum reinforcement ratio to 0.75rb.
On the other hand, when the amount of steel is too small, the beam will fail when concrete reach
its tensile strength. It needs to have a minimum amount of steel to ensure a ductile failure mode.
The minimum reinforcement ratio in ACI code is rmin = 200/fy (psi).
Design examples
Situation:
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam is supporting uniform dead and live loads
Design data:
Solution:
m = 60000/[(0.85)(4000)]=17.65
Reinforcement ratio
r = (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2)=0.0064
Shear Reinforcement
fvc =0.85(2Öfc’)
Av = 50 bw s /fy
3. When fvc < vu , use vu £ f(vc + vs), where vs is shear strength provided by shear
reinforcement.
Stirrup reinforcements
The shear force that is resisted by shear reinforcements is Vs = (Vu - fVc). Normally, stirrup is
spaced vertically at a spacing, s, for shear reinforcement. Within an effective depth d, the shear
strength provided by Avfyd/s, where Av is area of stirrup, fy is yield strength of reinforcing steel.
The shear strength multiply by a reduction factor, f, needs to be larger than Vs. Therefore, Vs =
f (Avfyd/s). The spacing of stirrup is calculated as
s = (fAvfyd)/Vs
Design example
Situation:
Use #3 stirrup the area of stirrup, area of steel: Av = 2(0.11 in2) = 0.22 in2.
Use 6 stirrups at 10.75 inch spacing, with first stirrup at 5". Total length cover by stirrups is Ls =
(5)(10.75 in)+5 in = 4.9 ft O.K.