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UNIT-I (2marks questions) Hence the characteristic equation is

1 2 λ 2 − (5)λ + (−6) = 0
1. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix .
0 2 λ 2 − 5λ − 6 = 0
Sol. 3. Find the sum and product of the eigenvalues of the matrix
The characteristic equatin of A is A − λ I = 0 −1 1 1
1 2 1 0 1 −1 1 .
−λ =0
0 2 0 1 1 1 −1
1− λ 2 Sol.
=0 sum of the eigenvalues = sum ofthe diagonal elements
0 2−λ
= ( −1) + (−1) + (−1)
(1 − λ )(2 − λ ) − 0 = 0
= −3
2 − λ − 2λ + λ 2 = 0
−1 1 1
λ 2 − 3λ + 2 = 0
product of the eigenvalues = 1 −1 1
The required characteristic equation is λ 2 − 3λ + 2 = 0 .
1 1 −1
= −1(1 − 1) − 1(−1 − 1) + 1(1 + 1)
1 −2 = −1(0) − 1(−2) + 1(2)
2. Obtain the characteristic equation of .
−5 4 =4
Sol.
11 −4 −7 
1 −2 
Let A= 4. Two eigen values of the matrix 7 −2 −5  are 0 and 1,
−5 4
10 −4 −6 
The characteristic equation of A is λ − c1λ + c2 = 0
2

find the third eigen value.

c1 = sum of the maindiagonal elements
= 1+ 4 = 5 Sol.
c2 = A Given λ1 = 0, λ2 = 1, λ3 = ?
sum of the eigenvalues = sum of the main diagonal elements
1 −2
= λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 11 + (−2) + (−6)
−5 4
0 + 1 + λ3 =3
= 4 − 10
λ3 =2
= −6

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5. Verify the statement that the sum of the elements in the diagonal = 32
of a matrix is the sum of the eigenvalues of the matrix 16λ3 = 32
−2 2 −3
λ3 = 2
2 1 −6  7. Two eigenvalues of the matrix
−1 −2 0  8 −6 2 
sol.sum of the eigenvalues = sum of the maindiagonal elements −6 7 −4  are 3 and 0.what is the product of the eigen values of A ?
= ( −2) + (1) + (0) 2 −4 3 
= −1 sol. givenλ1 = 3, λ2 = 0, λ3 = ?
−2 2 −3 w.k .tThe sum of the eigenvalues = sum of the main diagonal elements
product of the eigenvalues = 2 1 −6 λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 8 + 7 + 3
−1 −2 0 3 + 0 + λ3 = 18
= −2(0 − 12) − 2(0 − 6) − 3(−4 + 1) λ3 = 15
= 24 + 12 + 9 productofeigenvalues = λ1λ2 λ3 = (3)(0)(15) = 0
= 45 8. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix
2 0 1
6 −2 2  0 2 0 

6. The product of the eigenvalues of the matrix A = −2 3 −1 1 0 2 
2 −1 3  sol.sum of the eigenvalues = sum of the main diagonal elements
is = 2+2+2
16, Find the third eigenvalue.
=6
Sol.
let the eigenvalues of the matrix Abe λ1,λ2 , λ3 . product of the eigenvalues = A
Givenλ1λ2 = 16 2 0 1
we knowthat λ1λ2λ3 = A = 0 2 0 
6 −2 2 1 0 2 
= −2 3 −1 = 2(4 − 0) − 0(0) + 1(0 − 2)
2 −1 3 = 8−2
= 6(9 − 1) + 2(−6 + 2) + 2(2 − 6) =6
= 6(8) + 2(−4) + 2(−4)

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1 2 11.Find the eigenvalues of A given

9.Find the characteristic equation of the matrix and get its 1 2 3
0 2
eigenvalues. A = 0 2 −7 
Sol. 0 0 3 
Given is a upper triangular matrix.
sol.
Hence the eigenvalues are 1,2
1 2 3
W.k.t the chacteristic equation of the given matrix is A = 0 2 −7 
0 0 3 
λ 2 − ( sum of the eigenvalues )λ + ( product of the eigenvalues ) = 0 clearly given Ais a upper triangular matrix
λ 2 − (1 + 2)λ + (1)(2) = 0 Hence the eigenvalues are1, 2,3
the eigenvalues of the given matrix A are1, 2,3
λ 2 − 3λ + 2 = 0
By the property the eigenvalues of the matrix A3are13 , 23 , 33.

1 3 −1
10.Prove that if λ is an eigenvalues of a matrix A, then is the
λ 12.If α and β are cthe eigen values of form the
−1 5 
eigenvalue of A−1
matrix whose eigenvalues are α 3 and β 3
proof ;
If X be the eigenvector corresponding to λ 1− λ 7 5
then AX = λ X 0 2−λ 9 =0
premultiplying bothsides by A−1 , weget 0 0 5−λ

A−1 AX = A−1λ X (1 − λ )[(2 − λ )(5 − λ ) − 0] − 7[0 − 0] + 5[0 − 0] = 0

Sol.
(1 − λ ) (2 − λ )(5 − λ ) = 0
IX = λ A−1 X
λ = 1, λ = 2, λ = 5
X = λ A−1 X
sum of the eigenvalues = 12 + 22 + 52
1
X = A−1 X = 30
λ
1
i.e, A−1 X = X
λ

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1 7 5 1 −2 
15.show that the matrix satisfies its own characteristic

13.Sum of square of the eigenvalues of 0 2 9  is…….. 2 1 
0 0 5 equation.
Sol.
Sol.
The characteristic equatin of A is A − λ I = 0 1 −2 
LetA =
2 1 
1− λ 7 5
The cha.equation of the given matrix is
0 2−λ 9 =0
A − λI = 0
0 0 5−λ
λ 2 − S1λ + S2 = 0
(1 − λ )[(2 − λ )(5 − λ ) − 0] − 7[0 − 0] + 5[0 − 0] = 0
S1 = sum of main iagonal elements
(1 − λ ) (2 − λ )(5 − λ ) = 0
= 1+1 = 2
λ = 1, λ = 2, λ = 5
1 −2
sum of the eigenvalues = 12 + 22 + 52 S2 = A = = 1+ 4 = 5
2 1
= 30
The characteristic is λ 2 − 2λ + 5 = 0
4 6 6 Toprove A2 − 2 A + 5I = 0
 A2 = A. A
14 .two eigenvalues of A= 1 3 2  are equal and they are
−1 −5 −2  1 −2 1 −2
=
double the 2 1 2 1
third.Find the eigenvalues of A.
−3 −4
Sol. =
Letthethirdeigenvaluebeλ 4 −3
Theremainingtwoeigenvaluesare 2λ , 2λ −3 −4 1 −2 1 0
A2 − 2 A + 5 I = −2 +5
sumftheeigenvalues = sumofthemaindiagonalelements 4 −3 2 1 0 1
2λ + 2λ + λ = (4) + (3) + (−2) 0 0
=
5λ = 5 0 0
λ =1
theeigenvaluesofAare 2, 2,1
HencetheeigenvaluesofA2 are 22 , 22 ,12

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1 0 17.Write the matrix of the quadratic form

16.If A= express A3 in terms of A and I using Cayley 2 x 2 + 8 z 2 + 4 xy − 10 xz − 2 yz .
4 5
Hamilton theorem. Sol.
1 1 
Sol.The cha.equation of the given matrix is A − λ I = 0 coeff of x 2 coeff of xy coeff of xz 
2 2
1 0 1 0 
−λ =0 1 1
4 5 0 1 Q= coeff of xy coeff of y
2
coeff of yz 
2 2 

1− λ 0 1 1
=0 coeff of xz coeff of yz coeff of z 2 
4 5−λ 2 2 
(1 − λ )(5 − λ ) − 0 = 0
2 2 5
(1 − λ )(5 − λ ) = 0 
Q= 2 0 −1
λ 2 − 6λ + 5 = 0
5 −1 8 
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, 18.Determine the nature of the following quadratic form
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x12 + 2 x2 2
A2 − 6 A + 5I = 0, A2 = 6 A − 5I sol.The matrix of Q.F is
multiply Aon both sides Q=
A3 − 6 A2 + 5 A = 0 1 1 
coeff of x 2 coeff of xy coeff of xz 
2 2
A3 = 6 A2 − 5 A 
1 1
= 6(6 A − 5 I ) − 5 A coeff of xy coeff of y 2 coeff of yz 
2 2 
= 36 A − 30 I − 5 A 1 1 
coeff of xz coeff of yz coeff of z  2
= 31A − 30 I 2 2 

1 0 0

= 0 2 0
0 0 0 
There for the eigenvalues are 0,1,2. so find the eigenvalues one
eigenvalue is Zero another two eigenvalues are positive .so given
Q.F is positive semi definite.

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19. State Cayley Hamilton theorem.

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

20. Prove that the Q.F x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3 z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz − 2 zx .

Sol.The matrix of the Q.F form,

1 1 
coeff of x 2 coeff of xy coeff of xz 
2 2

1 1
Q= coeff of xy coeff of y 2 coeff of yz 
2 2 
1 1 
coeff of xz coeff of yz coeff of z  2

2 2 
1 1 −1
= 1 2 1
−1 1 3

D1 = a1 = 1 = 1(+ ve)
a1 b1 1 1
D2 = = = (2 − 1) = 1(+ ve)
a2 b2 1 2
a1 b1 c1
D3 = a2 b2 c2 = 1(6 − 1) − 1(3 + 1) − 1(1 + 2) = −2(−ve)
a3 b3 c3

The Q.F is indefinite.

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UNIT II - SEQUENCES AND SERIES Solution:

Part A
1. Given an example for (i) convergent series (ii) (i) The converges or diverges of an infinite
divergent series (iii) oscillatory series series is not affected when each of its terms
is multiplied by a finite quantity
Solution:
(ii) If a series in which all the terms are positive
(i) The series is convergent, the series will remain
+ is convergent convergent even when some or all of its
terms are made negative
(ii) 1+2+3+….+n+… is divergent
5. Define alternating series
(iii) 1-1+1-1+…… is oscillatory
Solution:

A series whose terms are alternatively positive and

2. State Leibnitz’s test for the convergence of an
negative is called alternating series
alternating series

Solution: Eg: + is an alternating series

The series a1-a2+a3-a4+…. In which the terms are

alternately +ve and –ve and all ai’s are positive, is
convergent if 6. Prove that the series is convergent

(i) and Solution:

(ii) The nth term of the series is an=

3. State the comparison test for convergence of series
Then an+1 =
Solution:

now = =
Let ∑an and ∑bn be any two series and let a
finite quantity ≠ 0, then the two series converges or
diverges together = =0(

Hence by D’Alembert’s test, ∑an is convergent

4. State any two properties of an infinite series

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7. When is an infinite series is said to be (i) convergent The nth term of the series be an=
(ii) divergent (iii) oscillatory?
Then =1/n and =1/n+1
Solution:
Since , n+1 n ,
Let ∑an be an infinite series and let Sn be the sum
of the first n terms of an infinite series then

(i) If is finite the series is said to be

convergent an is decreasing and = =0

(ii) If If →±∞ the series is said to be By Leibnit’z test, the given series is convergent. Also the
divergent series formed by the absolute value of its terms is
divergent. Hence the series is conditionally convergent.
(iii) If not tend to a definite limit or ±∞, then
the series is oscillatory. 10. For what values of p, the series + +…+ +… will be

8. State true or false (i) convergent (ii) divergent

(i) If ∑an is convergent, ∑an2 is also convergent. Solution:

(ii) If the nth term of a series does not tend to zero as The p-series is convergent if p 1 and divergent if
n→∞, the series is divergent.

(iii) The convergence or divergence of an infinite seies UNIT-III

is not affected by the removal of a finite number of DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
terms from the beginning
1) Find the curvature of x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y − 1 = 0
(iv) An absolutely convergent series is convergent Solution:
3
Solution:
ρ=
(f x
2
+ fy )
2 2

All are true. f xx f y − 2 f xy f x f y + f yy f x 2

2

f = x2 + y2 + 4 x − 6 y −1
9. Prove that the series is conditionally
convergent

Solution:

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y = ex
fx = 2x + 4 fy = 2y − 6
y1 = e x y1 ]x = 0 = e0 = 1
f xx = 2 f yy = 2
y2 = e x y2 ] x = 0 = e 0 = 1
f xy = 0
3 3
∴ρ =
( 1+ y ) 1
2 3/ 2

=
( 1 + 1)
3/ 2

=2 2
( 2 x + 4 ) + ( 2 y − 6 )  ( 2x + 4) + ( 2 y − 6) 
2 2 2 2
2 2
y2 1
ρ= = 
2 ( 2 y − 6) − 0 + 2 ( 2x + 4) 2 ( 2 y − 6) + ( 2 x + 4) 
2 2 2 2
 4 Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy = c 2 at (c, c)
1 2 ( 2 y − 6 ) + (2 x + 4) 
2 2
1−
3 Sol:
= 2 ( 2 y − 6 ) + (2 x + 4) 2 
2
curvature = = 2
Given xy = c 2 at (c, c )
ρ 3 
( 2 x + 4 ) + (2 y − 6)2  2
2
c2
y=
−1/ 2 x
= 2 ( 2 y − 6 ) + (2 x + 4) 2 
2
 −c 2 −c 2
y1 = 2 y1 = = −1
1 2 x c2
=
ρ ( 2 y − 6)
2
+ (2 x + 4) 2 2c 2 2c 2 2
y2 = 3 y2 = 3 =
2) What is the formula of radius of curvature in x c c
Cartesian
ρ=
( 1+ y ) 1
2 3/ 2

=
( 1 + 1)
3/ 2

=
c.23/ 2
form and parametric form?
y2 2/c 2
Sol:
(1 + y12 )3/ 2 ρ = c 2.
Cartesian form: ρ =
y2

2 3/ 2 5 What is the curvature of the curve x 2 + y 2 = 25 at the

( x ') + ( y ') 
2

Parametric form: ρ =  point (4,3) on it.

x ' y ''− y ' x '' Sol:
Since the given curve is a circle &
3 Find the radius of curvature at x=0 on y = e x
We know that radius of given circle is 5 units
Solution: radius of curvature of a circle is equal to the radius of
Given y = e x the given circle
3
∴ρ = 5
Radius of curvature ρ = ( 1 + y12 ) 2 1 1
y2 curvature = = .
ρ 5

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6 Find radius of curvature of the curve x = a cos θ , Given y 2 = 4ax ( 1)

y = b sin θ at any point 'θ '
Sol: Formula ρ=
(1+ y ) 1
2 3/ 2

y2
x = a cos θ y = b sin θ diff ( 1) w.r.to x,
x ' = − a sin θ y ' = b cos θ
2 yy1 = 4a
x '' = − a cos θ y '' = −b sin θ
yy1 = 2a ( 2)
( x '2 + y '2 ) ( a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos2 θ )
3/ 2 3/ 2
2a
ρ= = y1 =
x ' y ''− x '' y ' ab sin θ + ab cos θ
2 2
y
(a sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ )
3/ 2
2 2a
y1 at ( y = 2a ) = =1
ρ = (Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1) 2a
ab
7 Find the radius of curvature at any point on the curve diff ( 2 ) w.r.to x,
r = eθ . yy2 + y1 y1 = 0 yy2 = − y12
Sol:
3/ 2
r 2 + r12  − y12
ρ= y2 =
r 2 − rr1 + 2r22 y
Given r = eθ y2 at ( y = 2a ) = −1/ 2a
r1 = eθ & r2 = eθ
( 1 + 1) = 23/ 2
3/ 2

= − ( 2a ) ( 2 )
3/ 2
∴ρ =
( −1/ 2a ) ( −1/ 2a )
3/ 2 3/ 2
( e ) + ( e )  2( e ) 
θ 2 θ 2 θ 2


ρ= = = − 25 / 2 ( a )
( e ) − e e + 2( e ) ( e ) − ( e ) + 2( e )
θ 2 θ θ θ 2 θ 2 θ 2 θ 2

i.e. ρ = 25/ 2.a = 4a 2

2 (e )
3/ 2 θ 3 3
= 2 ( e ) = 2e
−1
θ θ
= 2

2( e ) θ 2 a 3 − x3
9 Find the radius of curvature at (a,0) on y = 2

x
ρ = 2.r a −x
3 3
Sol: Given y 2 =
x
8 Find the radius of curvature at y=2a on the curve
y 2 = 4ax
Sol:

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a3 dx  dx 
y2 =
x
− x2
d x 2 ( 3x 2
+ y 2 ) −2 y
dy
− 2 x  − ( −2 xy ) 6 x + 2 y 
dy
=  
−a3
2 yy1 = 2 − 2 x
dy 2 ( 3x + y ) 2 2 2

x
d 2 x ( 3a + 0 ) [ 0 − 2 a ] − 0 −6 a
2
−a 3 x
3
−2
y1 = 2 − at (a, 0) 2 = = =
( )
2 4
2x y y dy 3a + 0 2 9a 3a
∴ at (a, 0) y1 = 3/ 2
dx
2

Hence we find dx 1+ 
dy [ 1 + 0]
3/ 2
dy  −3
∴ρ = = = a
xy = a − x
2 3 3 2
d x −2 2
dx dx dy 2 3a
x.2 y + y 2 . = 0 − 3x 2
dy dy 3
dx ρ= a
2 xy + ( y 2 + 3 x 2 ) = 0 2
dy π
10 Find the radius of curvature at x = on the curve
dx −2 xy 2
= 2
dy 3x + y 2 y = 4sin x − sin 2 x .
Sol:
dx
at ( a, 0) =0 y = 4sin x − sin 2 x
dy
dy
y1 = = 4 cos x − 2 cos 2 x
dx
d2y
y2 = 2 = −4sin x + 4sin 2 x
dx
at x = π / 2, y1 = 4(0) − 2 cos π = 2
at x = π / 2, y2 = −4(1) + 4sin π = −4
3/ 2 3/ 2
1 + y12  1 + (2) 2 
∴ρ = =
y2 −4
( 1 + 4)
3/ 2
53/ 2 5.51/ 2 −5 5
= = = =
−4 −4 −4 4
5 5
∴ρ = ( Q ρ is + ve )
4

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11 Define the curvature of a plane curve and what is the 13 Find the radius of the curve given by x = 3 + 2 cos θ ,
curvature of a straight line y = 4 + 2sin θ
Sol: Sol:
dψ x = 3 + 2 cos θ y = 4 + 2sin θ
The curvature of a plane curve at K =
ds dx dy
The curvature of a straight line is zero. = −2sin θ = 2 cos θ
dθ dθ
12 Find the radius of curvature at any point (x,y) on the
dy 2 cos θ
= = − cot θ
dx −2sin θ
x
curve y = c log sec d 2 y d dy dθ d 1
c = = ( − cot θ )
dx 2
dθ dx dx dθ −2sin θ
Sol: cos ec 2θ −1
= = cos ec 3 θ
x −2sin θ 2
y = c log sec 3/ 2 3/ 2
c 1 + y12  1 + cot 2 θ  cos ec 3θ
ρ= = = = −2
1 x x 1 x y2 −1 −1
y1 = c. tan .sec c = tan cos ec θ 3
cos ec θ
3

x c c c c 2 2
sec
c ρ =2
1 x
y2 = sec 2
c c 14 Write the formula for centre of curvature and
3/ 2 3/ 2
x x equation of circle of curvature.
1 + tan 2 sec 2
(1+ y ) 2 3/ 2
c c Sol:
y1 ( 1 + y12 )
1
∴ρ = = =
y2 1 2 x 1 2 x Centre of curvature: x = x −
sec sec
c c c c y2
x (1 + y12 )
sec 3
& y = y+
c x y2
= c. = c.sec
x
( ) ( )
2 2
c Circle of curvature: x − x + y − y = ρ2
sec 2
c

15 Find the centre of curvature of y = x 2 of the origin.

Sol:

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The centre of curvature is given by 0 = x + 2am

X =x−
y1
( 1 )
1 + ( y ) 2
, Y = y +
(
1 + ( y1 )
2
) m=
−x
y2 y2 2a
∴ y = mx + am 2
Given y = x 2 ; y1 = 2 x ; y2 = 2. 2
−x −x
at (0, 0), y1 = 0 y= x+a
2a 2a
at (0, 0), y2 = 2
− x2 x2
0 = +a 2
∴ X = x − ( 1 + (0) 2 ) = x 2a 4a
2
−x 2 2
− x2
( 1 + ( 0) ) = y + 1
x
2
y= + =
Y=y+ 2a 4a 4a
2 2 x = −4ay is the required envelope
2

at (0, 0), X = 0 18 efine envelope of a family of curves.

1 Definition:
at (0, 0), Y = A curve which touches each member of
2
a family of curve is called the envelope of that family
1
∴ Centre of curvature is 0, curves.
2
16 Write properties of evolutes. 19 efine Evolute and Involute.
Sol:
(i) The normal at any point of a curve touches the The locus of the centre of the given curve is called the
evolute at the corresponding Centre of curvature. evolute of the curve.
(ii)The length of an of the evolute is equal to the The given curve is called the Involute of its evolute.
of curvature at the points on the original curve x
corresponding to the extremities of the arc 20 Find the envelope of the family of lines + yt = 2c ,
t
(iii)There is only one evolute, but an infinite number t being the parameter.
of involutes. Sol:
Given family of lines can be written as,
17 Find the envelope of the family of straight lines
yt 2 − 2ct + x = 0 --------- (1)
y = mx + am 2 , m being the parameter.
The envelope of At 2 + Bt + C = 0 is B 2 − 4 AC = 0
Sol:
From (1) we get A = y, B= -2c, C = x
Given y = mx + am 2
Diff. partially w.r.to m, we get,
Putting these values in (2) we get,

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(−2c) 2 − 4 yx = 0 (1) 2 + (2) 2 we get ,

4c 2 − 4 yx = 0 x y
2
−x y
2

cos θ + sin θ + sin θ + cos θ = 12 + 0 2

c − xy = 0
2
a b a b
xy = c 2 x2 y2 
cos θ + 2 sin 2 θ + 2 xy cos θ sin θ
2
This is required envelope. a 2
b
2 �= 0
x y2
21 Find the Envelope of the family of Straight lines + 2 sin θ + 2 cos − 2 xy cos θ sin θ
2 2

a b
a
y = mx + , where m is a parameter. x 2
y2
m 2
cos θ + sin θ  + 2 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  = 1
2 2

Sol: y b
a x2 y 2
Given y = mx + − − − − − −(1) ∴ 2 + 2 =1
m a b
ym = m 2 x + a
23 Find the envelope of the straight lines
m 2 x − ym + a = 0 x cos α + y sin α = a sec α , where α is the parameter.
This is a quadratic in ‘m Sol:
So the envelope is B 2 − 4 AC = 0 Given x cos α + y sin α = a sec α ( 1)
Here A = x, B = − y, c = a Dividing equation (1) by cos α we get,
y 2 − 4ax = 0
sec α
y 2 = 4ax x + y tan α = a = a sec 2 α = a (1 + tan 2 α )
cos α
x y
22 Find the Envelope of the family of lines cos θ + sin θ = 1, θ a tan α − y tan 2 α + (a − x ) = 0
2
a b
being the parameter Which is a quadratic equation in tan α
Sol: Here A=a, B=-y, C = (a-x).
x y B 2 − 4 AC = 0,
Given, cos θ + sin θ = 1 ( 1)
a b y 2 − 4a ( a − x ) = 0
diff partially (1) w.r.to 'θ ' we get
−x y
sin θ + cos θ = 0 (2)
a b

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24 Find the envelope of y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2 , where m is a

parameter. x 2 (cos2 θ + sin 2 θ ) + y 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) = a 2
Sol: x2 + y2 = a2
y − mx = a 2 m 2 + b 2 1
26 Find the envelope of the family given by x = my + ,
( y − mx) 2 = a 2 m 2 + b 2 m
m is parameter.
y 2 + m 2 x 2 − 2mxy = a 2 m 2 + b 2 Sol:
m 2 ( x 2 − a 2 ) − 2mxy + y 2 − b 2 = 0 The given equation can be written as
Which is a quadratic equation in m. m y − mx + 1 = 0,
2

Hence the envelope is B 2 − 4 AC = 0 Which is quadratic equation in m ,

Here A= ( x 2 − a 2 ), B=-2xy, C = y 2 − b 2 Here, A = y , B = − x, c = 1
4 x 2 y 2 − 4( x 2 − a 2 )( y 2 − b 2 ) = 0 Hence the envelopeis B 2 − 4 AC = 0
x 2 y 2 − ( x 2 − a 2 )( y 2 − b 2 ) = 0 x2 − 4 y = 0

x 2 y 2 − x 2 y 2 − b 2 x 2 − a 2 y 2 + a 2b 2  = 0 x2 = 4 y
27 Find the envelope of y = mx + 1 + m 2 where m is a
i.e, b 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 = a 2b 2
parameter.
x2 y 2 Sol:
+ =1
a 2 b2 Given y = mx + 1 + m 2
25 Find the envelope of x cos θ + y sin θ = a, where θ is y − mx = 1 + m 2
a parameter. Squaring on both sides ( y − mx ) 2 = 1 + m 2
Sol:
Given x cos θ + y sin θ = a (1) y 2 − 2mxy + m 2 x 2 = 1 + m 2
Diff w.r.to θ m 2 ( x 2 − 1) − 2mxy + y 2 − 1 = 0.
− x sin θ + y cos θ = 0 (2) Here A = x 2 − 1, B = −2 xy , C = y 2 − 1.
Eliminate θ between (1) and (2)
B 2 − 4 AC = 0
( 1) + ( 2 ) , we have
2 2

(−2 xy ) 2 − 4( x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
( x cos θ + y sin θ ) + (− x sin θ + y cos θ ) = a + 0
2 2 2 2
4 x 2 y 2 − 4( x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
x cos θ + y sin θ + 2 xy sin θ cos θ 
2 2 2 2

�= a
2

+ x sin θ + y cos θ − 2 xy sin θ cos θ

2 2 2 2

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UNIT –IV As f is a homogeneous function of order n=2, it satisfies

FUNCTIONS AND SEVARAL VARIABLE the Euler’s theorem.
PART-A f f
x +y = nf
x +y  u u 1 x y
−1
1. If u = cos  , P.T . x +y = − cot u . (tan u ) (tan u )
x+ y  x y 2 x +y = 2 tan u.
x y
Proof:
u u
x+ y x (sec2 u ) + y (sec 2 u ) = 2 tan u.
Given f ( x, y ) = cos u = x y
x+ y u u sin u 1
x +y =2 .
1 x y cos u sec 2 u
As f is hom ogeneous function of deg ree n = ,
2
it is satisfies the Euler ' s equation. sin u
=2 cos 2 u.
cos u
f f = 2sin u cos u.
x +y = nf
x y u u
x +y = sin 2u.
(cos u ) (cos u ) 1 x y
x +y = cos u.
x y 2
u u 1 x3 + y 3  u u
x (− sin u ) + y (− sin u ) = cos u. 3. If u = log  , P.T . x + y =2
x y 2 x+ y  x y
u u 1 cos u
x +y =− .
x y 2 sin u
u u 1
x +y = − cot u.
x y 2

−1 x3 + y 3  u u
2. If u = tan  , P.T . x + y = sin 2u .
x+ y  x y

Solution:
x3 + y3
Given f ( x, y ) = tan u =
x+ y

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Solution: Given u = log

x3 + y 3  2
f
=
(x 2
)
+ y 2 .1 − x ( 2 x )
=
y2 − x2
x + y 
(x ) (x )
2 2
x2 2
+ y2 2
+ y2

f = x −y
2 2
2
Similarly,
( )
2
y2 x2 + y 2
x3 + y 3
Let f = eu = 2
f 2
f
x+ y 2
+ =0
x y2
As f is hom ogeneous function of deg ree n = 2,
it is satisfies the Euler ' s equation. x y u u
5. If u = sin
−1
+ tan −1 show that x +y =0
f f y x x y
x +y = nf
x y Solution: Here u is a homogeneous function of degree n = 0.
u u
(e u ) (eu ) Using Euler’s theorem, x +y =0
x +y = 2eu x y
x y
x y z u u u
x (e u )
u
+ y (e u )
u
= 2eu . 6. If u = + + show that x + y + z =0.
y z x x y z
x y
x y z
u u Solution: Given u = + +
x +y = 2. y z x
x y
u 1 z
= − 2
Hence the proof. x y x
u x z
2
f 2
f x = − .........(1)
4. If f ( x, y ) = log x + y , show that
2 2
2
+ 2
=0 . x y x
x y
u −x 1
= 2+
Solution: Given f ( x, y ) = log x 2 + y 2 y y z

1
f = log ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
f 1 2x x
= = 2
x 2x +y
2 2
x + y2

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u −x y z
2
1 z
2
y = + ..........(2) R.H .S = + 2
y y z r r θ
u −y 1 2 2
= 2 + z z z z
z z x = cos θ + sin θ + (− sin θ ) + (cos θ )
x y x y
u −y z
z = + ..........(3) 2 2
z z x z z z z
= cos θ +
2
sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
Add eqn.(1), (2) & (3), we get x y x y
2 2
u u u z z z z
x +y + z = 0. + sin θ +
2
cos 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ
x y z x y x y
7. If z = f ( x, y ) where x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .Show that
2 2
z z
= +
z
2
z
2
z1
2
z
2 x y
+ = + 2
x y r
r θ Thus, R.H.S = L.H.S
z z x z y
= + If z = f ( x, y ) , x = e cos v, y = e sin v show that
u u
Solution: Wkt, 8.
r x r y r
z z
= cos θ + sin θ z z z
x y x +y = e 2u .
z z x z y v u y
= +
θ x θ y θ Solution: Given z = f ( x, y ) , x = e cos v, y = e sin v
u u

z z
= (− r sin θ ) + (r cos θ ) z z x z y
x y = +
u x u y u
1 z z z
= − sin θ + cos θ
r θ x y z u z u
= e cos v + e sin v
x y

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z z z u 1 x
y = yeu cos v + yeu sin v =x x=
u x y y xy y
z z consider , x 3 + y 3 + 3xy =1
= e 2u sin v cos v + e 2u sin 2 v ....(1)
x y
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’,
z z x z y
= + dy dy
v x v y v 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 y + 3x = 0
z u z dx dx
= e ( − sin v ) + eu cos v dy
x y 3x 2 + 3 y + ( 3 y 2 + 3x ) =0
dx
z z z
x = xeu ( − sin v ) + xeu cos v
dy − ( 3 x + 3 y ) −( x 2 + y )
2
v x y
∴ = =
z z dx 3 y 2 + 3x y2 + x
= − e 2u sin v cos v + e 2u cos 2 v ....(2)
x y
du x ( x2 + y )
(1) + (2) (1) =1 + log( xy ) −
dx y ( y2 + x )
z z z
x +y = e 2u ( sin 2 v + cos 2 v )
v u y dy
10. Find when x 3 + y 3 = 3axy
z dx
= e2u Solution:
y
Let f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3axy
Hence proved .
f f
du = 3 x 2 − 3ay ; = 3 y 2 − 3ax
9. If u = x log( xy ) where x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy = 1 find . x y
dx f
x = − 3x − 3ay = − x − ay
2 2
dy
Solution: =−
dx f 3 y 2 − 3ax y 2 − ax
Given, u = x log ( xy ) & x 3 + y 3 + 3xy = 1 y
du u u dy dy
= + ....(1) 11. Find when y sin x = x cos y
dx x y dx dx
u 1 Solution:
=x ( y ) + log ( xy )
x xy Given y sin x = x cos y
u − y sin x + x cos y = 0
∴ =1 + log ( xy )
x

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Let f ( x, y ) = x cos y − y sin x x 1 t x −x

= cos . e + cos 2t
f f y y y y2
∴ = cos y − y cos x & = − x sin y − sin x
x y
du et et 2et
= cos 2 −
f dt t t2 t3
dy
=− x = − ( cos y − y cos x )
dx f ( − x sin y − sin x ) u
+
u
+
u
y 14. If u = f( y –z , z – x , x – y ) find .
x y z
dy cos y − y cos x
∴ =
dx ( x sin y + sin x ) Solution: Given u = f ( y − z , z − x, x − y )

du Let r = y − z , s = z − x and t = x − y
12. If u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and x = et , y = et sin t , z = et cos t find u u r u s u t
dt = + +
x r x s x t x
with actual substitution.
u u
= ( −1) + (1) .....(1)
Solution: Given u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , x = et , y = et sin t , z = et cos t s t
du u dx u dy u dz u u r u s u t
= + + = + +
dt x dt y dt z dt y r y s y t y
= 2 x et + 2 y (et sin t + et cos t ) + 2 z (et cos t − et sin t ) u u
= (1) + (−1) .....(2)
= 2 et [ x + y (sin t + cos t ) + z ( cos t − sin t ) ] r t
u u r u s u t
= 2 et et + et sin 2 t + et sin t cos t + et cos 2 t − et sin t cos t  = + +
z r z s z t z
= 2et et + et ( sin 2 t + cos 2 t )  =
u u
(−1) + (1) .....(3)
r s
= 2et 2et  u u u
(1) + (2) + (3) + + =0
du x y z
13. Find if u = sin ( x / y ) , where x = et , y = t 2 .
dt 15. Find the minimum value of F = x2+y2 subject to the
Solution: Constraint x=1.
du u dx u dy Solution: Given F = x2+y2
= . + .
dt t dt y dt = square of the distance from the origin
The minimum of F is 1.

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16. Define Jacobian. 18. If u = 2 xy , v = x 2 − y 2 and x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ ,

If u and v are functions of the two independent variables (u , v )
evaluate
u u (r,θ )
x y Solution:
x and y, then the determinant is called the Jacobian
v v
y y ( u, v ) =
( u, v ) ( x, y )
( r,θ ) ( x, y ) ( r ,θ )
( x, y ) u u
of u ,v with respect to x,y. It is denoted by . x x
( u, v ) x y r θ
=
v v y y
( x, y ) x y r θ
17. Find the Jacobian if x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .
(r ,θ ) Given u = 2 xy v = x2 − y 2
Solution: Given x = r cos θ y = r sin θ u v
=2y =2x
x x
x y
= cos θ = sin θ u v
r r = 2x = −2y
y y
y y
= − r sin θ = r cos θ
r θ
x x Given x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

∴
( x, y ) =
r θ = cos θ − r sin θ x y
= cos θ = sin θ
( r ,θ ) y y sin θ r cos θ r r
r θ y y
= − r sin θ = r cos θ
= r cos 2 θ + r sin 2 θ r θ

= r ( cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
( u, v ) =
2 y 2x cos θ − r cos θ
( r ,θ ) 2 x −2 y sin θ r cos θ
( x, y ) =r
( r,θ ) = ( −4 y 2 − 4 x 2 ) ( r cos θ + r sin θ )
2 2

= − 4 ( x2 + y 2 ) r ( cos θ + sin θ )
2 2

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= − 4 r2 r x y
=−u =u
( u, v ) = − 4r 3
v v
( r ,θ ) x x
J =
( x, y ) = u v
y2
19. If u = , v =
x2
then find
(u , v )
.
( u, v ) y y
x y ( x, y ) u v
Solution: 1 − v −u
=
y2 x2 v u
Given u= v=
x y = u (1 − v ) − ( −uv)
2
u y v 2x = u − uv + uv
=− 2 =
x x x y
J =
( x, y ) =u & J ' =
( u, v ) =
1
u 2y
=
v x
=− 2
2
( u, v ) ( x, y ) u
y x y y
To prove: J .J’ = 1
u u y2 2y
− 2 ( x, y ) ( u, v ) = 1
( u, v ) =
x y
=
x x J J' =
( u, v ) ( x, y )
u
u
( x, y ) v v 2x x2
− 2 ∴J J ' = 1
x y y y
21. If x = r sin θ cos ϕ , y = r sin θ sin ϕ , z = r cos θ .Find J.
y2 x2 2y 2x
= − 2 − 2 − Solution:
x y x y
Given x = r sin θ cos ϕ , y = r sin θ sin ϕ , z = r cos θ
= 1− 4 = − 3
( u, v ) = −3
x x x
( x, y ) r θ φ

J =
( x, y , z ) =
y y y
20. If x = u (1 − v), y = uv compute J & J , and prove J .J = 1 .
( r ,θ ,φ ) r θ φ
Solution: Given x = u ( 1 − v ) and y = uv y y y
r θ φ
x y
= ( 1− v) =v
u u

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1
f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) + f x ( a, b ) ( x − a ) + f y ( a, b ) ( y − b ) 
1

1 f xx ( a, b ) ( x − a ) + 2 f xy ( a, b ) ( y − b ) ( x − a ) 
2
sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ −r sin θ sin φ
+  + ...
= sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ r sin θ cos φ 2 + f ( a, b ) ( y − b ) 2 
yy 
cos θ − r sin θ 0
1 + ( x − 1) + ( y − 1)  
cos θ (r 2 cos θ sin θ cos 2 φ + r 2 cos θ sin θ sin 2 φ )
= e xy
=e 1 �
+ r sin θ (r sin 2 θ cos 2 φ + r sin 2 θ sin 2 φ ) ( x − 1) + 4 ( x − 1) ( y − 1) + ( y − 1) 
2 2
+
2 
= r sin θ cos θ ( sin φ + cos φ ) + r sin θ (sin φ + cos φ )
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2

23. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of ex sin y near the

= r sin θ ( sin θ + cos θ )
2 2 2

J = r 2 sin θ π
point −1, up to the first degree terms.
4
22. Expand f ( x, y ) = e in Taylor’s series at (1, 1) up to
xy

Solution:
second degree.
π π 1
Solution: f ( x, y ) = e x sin y f −1, = e −1 sin =
4 4 e 2
Given f ( x, y ) = e xy and the po int a =1, b =1 π π 1
f x ( x, y ) = e x sin y f x −1, = e −1 sin =
f ( x, y ) = e xy f ( 1,1) = e 4 4 e 2
f x ( x, y ) = e xy y f x ( 1,1) = e f y ( x, y ) = e x cos y f y −1,
π π
= e −1 cos =
1
4 4 e 2
f y ( x, y ) = e xy x f y ( 1,1) = e
f xx ( x, y ) = e xy y 2 f xx ( 1,1) = e The required expansion is
1
f xy ( x, y ) = e xy (1) + y e xy ( x) f xy ( 1,1) = e + e = 2e f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) + f x ( a, b ) ( x − a ) + f y ( a, b ) ( y − b ) 
1
f yy ( x, y ) = e xy x 2 f yy ( 1,1) = e

The Taylor’s series is

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π π π π Solution: Given f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x − 12 y + 20
f ( x, y ) = f −1, + ( x + 1) f x −1, + y− f y −1,
4 4 4 4
f x = 3x 2 − 3 f y = 3 y 2 − 12
1 π 
e x sin y = 1 + ( x + 1) + y −
e 2 4  For stationary points f x = 0, f y = 0
3x 2 − 3 = 0 x2 =1 x= 1
24. Write condition for finding maxima and minima.
3 y 2 − 12 = 0 y 2 =1 y= 2
Necessary Conditions:
∴ The stationary points are (1,2), (1,-2),(-1,2) & (-1,-2).
The necessary conditions for f(x, y) to have a maximum
26. Find the stationary points of z = x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 x + y .
f f
or minimum at (a, b) are that = 0 and = 0 at (a, b) Solution: Given z = x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 x + y
x y
zx = 2 x − y − 2 , z y = − x + 2 y + 1

Sufficient Conditions: For stationary points f x = 0, f y = 0

Let r = f xx ( a, b ) ; s = f xy ( a, b ) and t = f yy ( a, b ) 2 x − y = 2 and x − 2 y =1 Solving x =1, y =0
(i) If rt − s 2 > 0 and r < 0 at (a, b) , then f is maximum and ∴ The stationary point is (1,0)
f (a, b) is maximum value 27. Find the maximum and minimum values of
(ii ) If rt − s 2 > 0 and r > 0 at (a, b) , then f is minimum and x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 x + y
f(a, b) is minimum value. Solution: Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 x + y
(iii ) If rt − s 2 < 0 , then f is neither maximum nor fx = 2x − y − 2 fy = − x + 2 y +1
minimum f xx = 2 f yy = 2
at (a, b). f xy = −1
(iv) If rt – s2 = 0 , in this case further investigation are At maximum and minimum point: fx = fy = 0
required. (1,0) may be maximum point or minimum point.
25. Find the stationary points of At (1,0): fxx . fyy –( fxy)2 = 4-1 = 3 > 0 & fxx =2 > 0
f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x − 12 y + 20 . ∴ (1,0) is a minimum point
∴ Minimum value = f(1,0) = -1

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28. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature f x + λφx = 0 ( λ + 1) x + 4λ y = 0 (1)
at any point (x,y) is u(x,y) = x2+2y2-x. Find the coldest f y + λφ y = 0 4λ x + ( 1 + 7λ ) y = 0 (2)
point on the plate.
Solving (1) & (2) λ = 1, λ = − 1 9
Solution: Given u = x + 2y − x
2 2

ux = 2 x − 1 uy = 4 y If λ = 1 x = − 2 y & − 5 y 2 = 225
(no real value of y )
u xx = 2 u yy = 4
u xy = 0 If λ = − 1 y = 2 x x = 5, y = 20
9

1
For stationary points u x = 0 2 x − 1= 0 x=
2 x1 x2
1. y3 =
uy = 0 4y =0 y =0 x3

1
∴ The point is ,0 ( u , v, w )
2 (12. (i) Find the Jacobian , if
( x, y , z )
1
u xx u yy − ( uxy ) = 8 > 0 & uxx = 2 > 0 x + y + z =u , y + z =u v , z =u v w
2
At ,0
2
(ii) If u = x 2 − y 2 , v = 2 xy. f ( x, y ) = φ (u , v ) show that
1
The point , 0 is the minimum point.
2 2
f 2
f 2
φ 2
φ
+ = 4( x 2 + y 2 ) +
1 x2 y2 u 2
v2
Hence the point , 0 is the coldest point.
2
29. Find the shortest distance from the origin to the curve

x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 = 225 .
Solution:
Let f = x 2 + y 2 & φ = x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 − 225
f + λφ (x 2
+ y 2 ) + λ ( x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 − 225 )

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UNIT-V
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART-A

1 x
y x
1. Evaluate dx e dy
0 0

Sol:
1 x

Let I = e y x dydx
0 0
1 x
ey x  e ax
= dydx Q e ax dx =
0
1 x  0 a
1
x
= xe y x  dx
0
0
1
= ( xe x x − xe0 )dx
0
1
= ( xe − x)dx
0
1
= x(e − 1) dx
0
1
= (e − 1) x dx
0

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1
a2 − x2
x2  a
= (e − 1) Let I = dydx
2  0 0 0

1  a

[ y] 0
a 2 − x2
= (e − 1) − 0  = dx
2  0
e −1
( )
a
= = a 2 − x 2 − 0 dx
2
0

b a a
dxdy = a 2 − x 2 dx
2. Evaluate
1 1
xy 0
a
Sol:
x a2 − x2 a2 x
b a
dxdy dx = + sin −1 
Let I = Q = log x 2 2 a 
1 1
xy x 0

a
dx 
b
dy  a a −a a 2
a2 2 2

= = + sin (1) − 0 + sin −1 (0)

−1

1
x  1
y  2 2 2

= [ log x ] 1 [ log y ] 1 Q sin 0 = 0 sin −1 (0) = 0,

a b

= [ log a − log1] [ log b − log1] π π

sin = 1 sin −1 (1) =
2 2
= (log a − 0)(log b − 0) (Q log1 = 0)
= log a log b
a2 π
= 0+ − ( 0 + 0)
2 2
a a2 − x 2
π a2
3. Evaluate dydx =
0 0
4
1 x

4. Evaluate xy ( x + y ) dxdy
0 0
Sol: Sol:

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1 x 2 y
dxdy
Let I = xy ( x + y ) dxdy 5. Evaluate
0 0 0 0
x2 + y2
1 x Sol:
= (x 2
y + xy 2 ) dxdy 2 y
dxdy
0 0 Let I =
1 x 0 0
x2 + y2
= ( x y + xy ) dydx (correct form)
2 2 2 y
dx
0 0 = dy
0 0
x + y2
2

1 x
x 2 y 2 xy 3  y
= + dx 2
1 x 
0
2 3  0
= tan −1  dy
1
y y 
( ) ( )
0
x 
2 3
1 x2 x x 2

= +  dx 1 y
 = tan −1 − tan −1 (0)  dy
2 3 y y
0
 1 
2
1
x3 x5 2  1
=
2
+
3 
dx ( Q x3 2 x = x5 2 ) =
1
y
tan −1 (1) dy
0
1π
2
1 1
x3 x5 2 = dy
= dx + dx y4
0
2 0
3 1

1 1 π 21
1 x  1 x 
4 72
= dy
= + 41y
2 4  0 3 7 2 

0
π π
= [ log 2 − log1] = log 2 (Q log1 = 0)
4 4
1 1 1 2
=
2 4
−0 +
3 7
( 1 − 0) 6. Evaluate
π 2 a cosθ

r 2 drdθ
0 0
1 2
= + Sol:
8 21
21 + 16
=
168
37
=
168

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π 2 a cosθ π
2 sin θ
Let I = r drdθ
2

0 0
Let I = r dθ dr
0 0
π 2 a cos θ
r3  π
= dθ
3 
2 sin θ
0 0 = r dr dθ ( correct form )
π 2
a cos θ
3 3 0 0
= dθ π sin θ
3
0 2
r  2
= dθ
n −1 n − 3
......1, if n is odd
 0
2  0
π 2 π 2
a3 n n−2
= cos3 θ dθ Q cos n θ = �
π

( sin θ ) 
2
3 n −1 n − 3 π 2
0 0
...... , if n is even = − 0  dθ
n n−2 2 0
2 
a 3 − 1
3
n −1 n − 3
= π 
3 3  1 2 π 2
n n−2
......1, if n is odd
3 = sin 2 θ dθ Q sin n θ = �
2a 20 n −1 n − 3 π
= 0
...... , if n iseven
9 n n−2 2
1 1 π π
π
= . . =
2 sin θ
2 2 2 8
7. Evaluate r dθ dr
0 0

Sol: π cosθ

8. Evaluate r dr dθ
0 0

Sol:

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π cosθ
e− y
Let I = r dr dθ dxdy is difficult to solve
0 0 0 x
y
π r = cosθ
r2 
= dθ But by changing the order we get,
2  y −y
0 r =0 e
= dxdy
( cos θ ) 
π 2
y
= − 0  dθ 0 0
2  e− y 
[ x ] 0 dy
0 y
= 
π
cos 2 θ 0
y 
= dθ
2 e− y
0
= ( y − 0) dy
1
π
0
y
= cos 2θ dθ
2 0
= e − y dy
π
1 1 + cos 2θ 0
= dθ
2 0 2
π
1 sin 2θ 
= θ+
4 2  0

1 sin 2π 0  1 π
= π+ − 0 +  = [ π + 0] =
4 2 2  4 4

9. Why do we change the order of integration in multiple integrals?

Justify your answer with an example? e− y 
=
−1 
Sol : 0

= ( −e − y )
Some of the problems connected with double integrals,which 0
−
seen to be complicated,can be made easy to handle by a change in = −( e − e0 ) = −(0 − 1) = 1
the order of integration. a a
x2
10. Express dxdy in polar co-ordinates
( x2 + y 2 )
Example: 0 y

Sol:

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Here x varies from x = 0 to x = 1 − y

The region of integration is bounded by y varies from y = 0 to y = 1
y = 0, y = a, x = y, x = a.
Let us transform this integral in polar co-ordinates by taking
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , dxdy = rdrdθ .
Consider the limits x = y , x = a, y = 0 .
If y = 0 r sin θ = 0 r = 0,sin θ = 0
r = 0,θ = 0
cos θ
If x = y r cos θ = r sin θ =1
sin θ
tan θ = 1
π
θ= I= dxdy
4
R
a
If x = a r cos θ = a r = 1 1− y
cos θ = dxdy
r = a sec θ 0 0
1

[ x] 0
1− y
π = dy
4 a secθ
(r cos θ ) rdrdθ
a a 2 2
x 0
= 1
0 y
x + y2
2
0 0 ( r cos θ ) + ( r sin θ ) 
2 2 32
= (1 − y )dy

0
π 4 a secθ
r 3 cos 2 θ drdθ 1
= y2 
0 0 r 2 (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) 
32
= y− 
2 0
π 4 a secθ
1 1
= cos 2 θ drdθ = 1− =
0 0 2 2

11 .Find dxdy over the region bounded by x 0, y 0, x + y 1 12. Find the area of a circle of radius “a” by double integration in
Sol: polar
Co-ordinates
Given x 0, y 0 & x + y 1
Sol:
The region of integration is the triangle. The equation of circle whose radius is “a” is given by

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r = 2a cos θ z var ies from 0 to 1 − x 2 − y 2

The limits for y var ies from 0 to 1 − x 2
r : r = 0 to r = 2a cos θ x var ies from 0 to 1
θ : θ = 0 to θ = π 2
Area = 2 upper area 1− x 2 − y 2
1 1− x 2
π 2 2 a cosθ
∴I= dzdydx
=2 rdrdθ 0 0 0
0 0

π 2 2 a cosθ
r2 2 3 2
=2 dθ 15. Evaluate xy 2 z dzdydx
0
2 0 0 1 1
π 2
Sol:
= 4a 2 cos 2 θ dθ 2 3 2
0 Let I = xy 2 zdxdydz
π 2 0 1 1
= 4a 2
cos 2 θ dθ 2
 3
 2

0 = xdx  y 2 dy  zdz 
2 −1 π 0  1  1 
= 4a 2 2 3 2
2 2 x2  y3  z2 
=
1 π 2  3  2 
= 4a 2 = π a2 0 1 1
2 2 4 27 1 4 1
= −0 − −
2 3 3 2 2
13. Define Area in polar Co-ordinates
26 3
= (2) = 26
Sol: 3 2
Area= rdrdθ
R

14. Express the Volume bounded by

x 0, y 0, z 0 and x + y + z 1 16. Find the volume of the region bounded by the surface
in triple integration. y = x 2 , y = x 2 and the planes z = 0, z = 3

Sol: Sol:
For the given region

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y 2 = x − − − − − (1)
1 x
x 2 = y − − − − − (2) 17. Sketch roughly the region of integration for f ( x, y )dy dx.
Substituting (2) in (1) we get 0 0

Sol:
x4 = x
x4 − x = 0
x ( x 3 − 1) = 0
x = 0,1

1 x 3

Re quired volume = dzdydx

0 x2 0
The region of integration is bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = x
1 x
Here x var ies from x = 0 to x = 1
[ z ] 0 dydx
3
=
0 x2 y var ies from y = 0 to y = x
1 x a a2 − x2
= 3dydx 18. Sketch the region of integration dydx.
0 x2 0 ax − x 2

1
Sol:
= 3 [ y ] x2 dx
x

0
Given x varies from x = 0 to x = a
1
=3 x − x 2  dx y varies from y = a 2 − x 2 to y = ax − x 2
0
i.e., y 2 + x 2 = a which is a circle with centre (0,0)
and radius a.
1
x3 2 x3 
=3 −
3 2 3  0
1
2x x  32 3
=3 − 
3 3 0

2(1) − 1 
=3
3 
= 2 −1 = 1

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2
a a2
x + y = ax
2 2
x− − + y2 = 0
2 4
2
a a2
i.e., x − + y2 =
2 4

This is a circle with centre (a/2,0)

and radius a/2.
20. Sketch roughly the region of integration for the following double
a x
a a2 − x2
19. Change the order of integration in f ( x, y ) dydx integral f ( x, y )dxdy
0 0
0 0
Sol: Sol:
a x
f ( x, y )dydx Given that x var ies from x = 0 to x = a
Given
0 0
y var ies from y = 0 to y = a 2 − x 2
The region of integration is bounded by
x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = x i.e., y 2 = x 2 − a 2
i.e., x var ies from x = 0 to x = a represents Vertical path x2 + y2 = a2
y var ies from y = 0 to y = x represents Vertical strip
Now changing the order of integration we get Which is a circle with centre (0,0) and radius a
x var ies from x = y to x = a represents Horizontal strip
y var ies from y = 0 to y = a represents Horizontal path

a x a a
∴ f ( x, y ) dydx = f ( x, y ) dx dy
0 0 0 y

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1 1− y

21.Change the order of integration in f ( x, y ) dxdy

0 0

Sol:

Given x var ies from x = 0 to x = 1 − y i.e., x + y = 1 represents Horizontal strip

y var ies from y = 0 to y = 1 represents Horizontal path

The region of integration is bounded by y = 0, y = 1, x = 0, x + y = 1

x var ies from x = 0 to x = 1 represents Vertical path

y var ies from y = 0 to y = 1 − x represents Vertical strip

After changing the order of integration limits of x and y becomes

x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 1 − x .
1 1− y 1 1− x
i.e., f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y ) dydx
0 0 0 0

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