Molecular geometry * chief component is molten SO2 and NaO, BO with certain

 1st group transition metals

- Linear geometry
- Trigonal planar 3 TYPES OF GLASS
- Tetrahedral 1. Pure quartz
- Trigonal bipyramidal 2. Pyrex
- Octahedral 3. Soda-lime
 2nd group *green glass- IRON 3 or COPPER 2 OXIDE
- Bent ax2e2 *yellow- URANIUM 4 OXIDE
- Trigonal pyramidal ax3e * BLUE- COBALT 2 AND COPPER 2 OXIDES
- Seesaw ax4e * RED- SMALL PARTICLES OF COPPER AND GOLD
- T shaped ax3e2
- Linear ax2e3 *ceramics- hardened by firing at high tempt, made from clays
- Square planar ax4e2 *semi conductors- n type (doping) and p type (electron hole)
- Square pyramid ax5e
LIQ VAP EQUILIBRIUM- L TO G
 Electronegativity- ability to attract electrons *Rate is equal to condense called dynamic equilibrium or
 2 kinds of quantity balanced
-scalar (magnitude)
-vector (direction and magnitude) VAPOR PRESSURE
* benefits of intermolecular forces *condensation-g to l
1. surface tension
-qualitative- measure of elastic force MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION-
- quantitative- measure required to stretch measure of strength of intermolecular forces in a liq,
2. capillary action energy required to vaporize 1 mol of liq
-cohesion- like
-adhesion-unlike STANDARD ENTHALPY
3. viscosity-resistance to flow *1 mol of water= 18 g
-due to hydrogen most water is viscous * hvap, hsub, hfus, hfor
1 NaCl= 1000 lattices
1kJ= 1000 J
TYPES OD=F UNIT CELL
1. Simple cube
2. Tetragonal
3. Orthorhombic
4. Rhobohedral LIQ SOL EQUILIBRIUM
5. Monoclinic - THE MELTIN GPOINT IS THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH
6. Triclinic THE SOLID OR LIQ COEXIST IN THE EQUILIBRIUM
7. Hexagonal - MOLAR HEAT OF FUSION TO MELT 1 MOL OF SOLID
CRYSTALLINE SOLID SOLID-VAP EQUILBRIUM
1. Diamond- tetragonal/network - SUBLIMATION (LIQ TO GAS)
2. Nacl- hexagonal/ionic - DEPOSITION (GAS TO LIQ)
3. Ice-tetra/molc - MOLAR HEAT OF SUBLIMATION IS THE ENERGY REQ
TYPES OF CRYSTALS TO SUBLIME 1 MOL OF SOLID
1. Ionic TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLN
2. Covalent 1. SATURATED- maximum solute that will dissolve in a given
3. Molecular solvent
4. Metallic 2. Unsaturated- less solute that its capacity to dissolve
PACKING SPHERES 3. Supersaturated- more solute that in saturated
*closest packing
1. hcp (aba)- body centered hexagonal cell (MaTHZ) CONCENTRATION UNITS
2 ccp (abca)-face centered cubic cell (NALNARS)  Percent by mass
 By volume
Amorphous solid- most common is glass  Molarity
*glass- optically transparent fusion of inorganic materials  Molality
 Formality
  Alkanity STATE FUNCTIONS
 Mole fraction -T,P,V,H,E

*Percent by mass- ratio of mass of solute to the m of soln 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
*molality- the no. Of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent - Energy can be converted from one form to another
*dilution- procedure of preparing less concentrated soln Signs of convention
*colligative properties- depend on the number of solute particles in Negative
soln and not n=on the nature of solute 1. Work done by the system on the surr
*raoults law- vp of a solvent over a soln p1 is given by the vp of the 2. Heat absorbed by the surr from the sys (exo)
pure solvent 3. expansion
*osmosis- selective passage of SOLVENT molc thorugh a POROUS Positive
membrane from dilute t o more concentrated 1. Work done on the system by the surr
*semi permeable membrane- allows passage of solvent blocks solute 2. Heat absorbed by the sys from surr (endo)
*osmotic pressure- pressure to stop osmosis 3. Compression
1 isotonic- equal
2. hypotonic- less concentrates soln ENTHALPY
3. hyper- more concentrated soln - Sum of the internal energy of the system anfd the
product of its volume and pressure
 PPM- soils, ocean water concentration of ions in forest CALORIMETRY
 PPB- used in bloods - Technique that measures heat changes
 PPT- rare earth element in earth’s crust (californium most 1. Specific heat- amount req to raise the
rare) temperature of a 1 gram by one degree celcius
DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS 2. Heat capacity- amount of heat required to raise
*Dilution- procedure of preparing a less concentrated soln the temp of the given quantity of the substance
by 1C
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES THERMOCHEMICAL EQ
-properties that depend only on the number of solute particles - Shows the enthalpy changes as well as the mass
relationships
VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION
- When a solute is addd to a solvent the vapour - The heat change that results when 1 mole of the
pressure of the solvent in the soln is lower than the compound is formed from its elements at a pressure
vp of the pure solvent of 1 atm
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF REACTION
BOILING POINT OF ELEVATION - The enthjalpy reaction carried out at 1 atm
- Boilibg point of the soln minus bp of the pure solvent LATTICE ENREGY
FREESING POINT OF DEPRESSIOM - The energy req to completely separate one mole of
- Freezing point of the pure solvent minus freezing solid ionic compound into gaseous ions
point of the soln HEAT OF HYDRATION
- The enthalpy change associated with hydration
THERMOCHEMISTRY process
- Branch of chem. Concerned with the quantities of HEAT OF DILUTION
heat evolvedor absorbed during chem. Rxn

ENERGY
- Capacity to do work
DISPLACEMENT
- Change in position
TYPES OF ENERGY
1. SOLAR
2. THERMAL- friction
3. CHEMICAL- confined in chem. Substances
4. POTENTIAL- virtue of objects position
5. KINETIC- proportional to T
THERMODYNAMICS
- The scientific study of interconversion of heat and
other types of energy