SVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

COIMBATORE 642 109

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

Name of the Faculty : BALAMURUGAN C M

Subject : DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM

Regulations : 2013

Course Code : ME 6601

Branch : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Year & Semester : III & VI

Academic Year : 2018-2019

 UNIT –I

DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ELEMENTS

PART-A

1. What is a power drive? Mention their types.

The power drive is a set of machine members employed to transmit power
or energy produced in one machine to another machine.
Their main types
1.Mechanical,
2.Hydraulic,
3.Pneumatic and
4.Electrical rives.

2. What is meant by mechanical drives? Classify them.

The drives which transmit power by means of contact forces are called as mechanical
drives. They can be classified based on
(a) Way of power transmission.
(i) Friction drives [e.g. Belt drives, Rope drives]
(ii) Toothed drives [e g. Gear drives, Chain drives]
(b) Centre distance between power shafts
(i) Long distance drives (e g. Belt drives, chain drives, rope
drives) (ii)Short distance drives (e g. Gear drives)

3. State the Law of Belting

The law of belting states that the centerline of the belt when it approaches the
pulley must lie in the midplane of that pulley which should be perpendicular to the axis
of the pulley. Otherwise the belts will runoff the pulley.

4. Explain the term crowning of pulleys.

Pulleys are provided. a -slight conical shapes (or)convex shapes in their rim's r
surface in order to prevent the belt from running off the pulley due centrifugal force.
This is known as crowning, of pulley. Usually the crowning height t may be 1/96 of
pulley face width.

5. Briefly explain about friction and its applications

Friction is said to be a resisting force that is developed between two relatively -
moving surfaces. For some machines, this frictional force may be, an unwanted force and
hence it is to be reduced to the maximum level. For some other machines. Bearings
brakes, clutches are the good examples.
6. What are the types of belts?
(a) Flat Belts
(b) V Belts
(ii) multiple V belt
(iii) Ribbed Belt.
(c) Toothed orTiming
(d), Round, Belts.

.7. State the materials for belts.

 Leather,,
 Cotton fabrics ,
 Rubber,
 Animal’s hair,
 Silk, Rayon, and woolen etc

8. Indicate some merits and demerits of belt-drive;

Merits
1. Belt drives are used for long distance power transmission.
2. Their operations are smooth and flexible.
Demerits
1. They need large space.
2. Loss of power due to friction is more.

9. What is meant by the ply of belt?

Flat belts are made of thin strips and laminated one over the other in order to get thick
belt. These thin strips or sheets are called as plies of belt.
Usually flat belts are made of 11 ply, 4 ply, 5 ply, 6 ply and 8 ply belt etc And 4 ply belt is
thicker han 3 ply belt and so-on.

10. Mention the different types of joints employed for joining flat-belts.
 Cemented joints
 Laced joints
 Crest joints.
 Hinged joints

11. What conditions should be followed when flat belt drive is installed?
1. The axes of power transmitting shafts should be parallel.
2. It should have, optimum center distance between the shafts'.
3. The tight-side of the drive should be at the bottom side of the pulley.

12. What is belt rating?

Flat-belts are made of different sizes such as 3 ply, 4 ply and V - belts are made
of different grades such as A, B, C, D and E grade belts. Belt rating is defined as the
power transmitting capacity of unit size flat belt or a particular grade single V belt.
13. What are the advantages of chain drives?
Chain drives
1. Are having more power transmitting capacity.
2. Have higher efficiency and compact size.
3-Exert -less load on shafts since no initial tension is applied on the sprocket shafts.
4. Require easy maintenance

14. What factors should be considered during the selection of a belt drive?
a) Amount of power to be transmitted.,
b) Peripheral and angular speeds.
c) Speed ratio.
d) Efficiency.
e) Centre distance between staffs
f) Space available.

15. Explain creep in belts.

Since the tensions produced by the belt on the two sides of the pulley are not
equal, the belt moves with a very negligible velocity, due to the difference of two
tensions. This slow movement of the belt over the pulley is known as creep of belt and
it is generally neglected."

16. How is a V-belt designated?

V-belt is designated by a grade letter followed by its inside length in code
number, year of coding. For example, D 3048: IS 2494: 1964. M belts are designated by
the grade letter and inside length only such D - 3048. Sometimes, the inside length may
be denoted in inches as D.

17. In what ways, timing belts are superior to ordinary V-belts?

Since the timing belts possess toothed shape in their -inner side, engagement with
toothed pulley will provide positive drive without, belt-slip where as in the case of
ordinary V-belts, chances of slip are and hence positive drive is not possible at all times.
Hence toothed belts (I timing belts) are superior to ordinary V-belts.

18. What is the function of spacers in a gear-box?(6r) What are spacers as applied to a gear-
box?
Spacers are sleeve like components, which are mounted, in shafts in-between
gears and bearings or one gear and another gear in order to maintain the distance
between them so as to avoid interruption between them.

19. Write the features of a chain drive.

A chain drive is a flexible mechanical drive which may be considered to be
intermediate between belt drive and gear drive in that it has features common to both,
Chains are suitable for long as well as short center distance drives and give a more
compact, drive than is possible with belts. Chain drives are similar to belt drives in which
the chains, are operated between toothed wheels called as sprockets.
20. What are the types of Ropes.
They are two types
namely
a) Fibre ropes
Wire ropes. The twisted rope aka laid rope looks like a spiral and it's usually made of
three strands (polypropylene wire most of the time) twisted together.
Braided ropes are built by weaving fiber strands and come in 2 types: hollow and double
braided

21. In what ways wire ropes are superior to fibre ropes?

a) Wire ropes are stronger, more durable than fibre ropes.
b) Wire ropes can withstand' shock loads.
c) Their 'efficiency in high.
d) They can be operated for Very long centre distance even upto 1000
m. Hence wire-ropes are superior in most of occasions.

22. How are wire-ropes classified?

(a) Based on nup4ber of strands and wires..
i) 6x7 ii) 6 x 19 iii) 6 x 37 iv) 8 x 19 ropes.
(b) Based on the direction of wire I a with respect to strands in
twisting. i) Cross -lay ropes.
ii) Parallel-lay ropes.
iii)Compound lay ropes.

23. How is wire-ropes designated?

A wire-rope is designated by the number of strands and the number of wires in
each strand. For example, a wire rope having six strands, and each strand containing
nineteen wires can be denoted as 6 x 19rope.

24. What are the various stresses induced in wire ropes?

i. Direct tensile load due to load and self-weight of the rope.
ii. Bending stress when the rope winds round the drum.
iii. Stresses due to changes in starting and stopping etc.
25. Specify some drawbacks of chain drives.
1. The design of chain drive is more complicated.
2. The operation is noisy and production cost is high.
3. They require more accurate assembly bf shafts than for belts.

Part-B

1. Design a flat belt drive to transmit 6 kW at 900 rpm of the driver pulley. Speed reduction is to
be 2:5:1Assume that the service is 16 hours a day.
2. Design a chain drive to transmit 6 KW at 900 rpm of a sprocket pinion. Speed reduction is
2:5:1. Driving motor is mounted on an adjustable base. Assume that load is steady, drive is
horizontal and service is 16 hours/day.

3. Design a flat belt drive to transmit 25 kW at 720 rpm to an aluminum rolling machine with a
speed reduction of 3.0. The distance between the shafts is 3 m. diameter of rolling machine
pulley is 1.2 m.

4. A chain driver to activate a compressor from a 15 kW electric motor at 960rpm.The

compressor speed is 300rpm.the chain tension may be adjusted by shifting the motor on rails.
The compressor is to work hours /day.

5. Design a flat belt drive to transmit 110 kW for a system consisting of two pulleys of diameters
0.9 m and 1.2 m respectively, for a centre distance of 3.6 m, belt speed of 20 m/s and coefficient
of friction =0.3.There is a slip of 1.2% at each pulley and 5% friction loss at each shaft with 20%
over load.

6. A compressor is to be actuated from a 10 KW electric motor. The speed of the motor shaft is
1000 rpm and the compressor speed being 350 rpm .the minimum centre distance is 500 mm. the
compressor operates 16 hours per day. Design a suitable chain drive.

7. Design a chain drive to actuate a compressor from 15 KW electric motor running at 1000 rpm
, the compressor speed being 350 rpm. The minimum centre distance is 500 mm. The compressor
operates15 hours per day. The chain tension may be adjusted by shifting the motor.

8. Design a v- belt drive and calculate the actual belt tension and average stress for the following
data. Driven pulley diameter, D = 500 mm, driver pulley diameter, d=150 mm, center distance
C= 925 mm ,speed N1 =1000 r.p.m, N2 =300 r.pm and power, P=7.5 KW.

9. A leather belt 9mm*250mm is use to drive a cast iron pulley 900 mm in diameter at 336 r.p.m.
If the active are on the smaller pulley is 120o and stress in tight side is 2 MPa, find the power
capacity of the belt. The density of the leather may be taken as 980 kg/m3 and coefficient of
friction of leather on cast Iron is 0.35.

10. Designs a chain drive to actuate a compressor from a 12 kW electric motor at 900 r.p.m, the
Compressor begin 250 r.p.m. Minimum centre distance should be 500 mm, the chain tension
maybe adjusted by shifting the motor on rails. The compressor is to work 8 hour/day.
 UNIT –II

SPUR GEARS AND PARALLEL AXIS HELICAL GEARS

PART-A

1. Mention some applications of gear drives.

Gear drives are employed in many fields such as from smaller instruments to the
heaviest and most powerful machines, crushers etc. Some of the common applications of
gears are in hoisting machineries, rolling mill, machine tools such as lat machines, etc.

2. Why are gear drives superior to belt drives or chain drives? The advantages of gear drives?
1. The gear drives possess high load carrying capacity, high compact layout.
2. They can transmit power from very small values to several kilowatts.
3. Spur gears have high power transmission efficiency.
4. They are compact and easy to install.
5. They offer constant velocity ratio.

3. How are gears classified?

Gears are classified based on
(a) Axes of gear shafts as
i) Parallel – e.g. spur helical, herring-bone gears. ii) Intersecting – e.g.
Bevel gears. iii) Non-parallel and non-intersecting – e.g- worm, gears, Skew gears.
(b) Profile of gear tooth
i) Involute gears. ii) Cycloidal gears.
(c) Position of teeth on wheel rim.
Tooth parallel to axis of gear – e.g. Spur gears. ii) Tooth inclined to axis of
gear – e.g. Helical gears.

4. Illustrate the materials for making gears'.

1. Ferrous metals such as carbon steels, alloy steels of nickel, chromium and vanadium.
2. Cast-iron of different grades.
3. Non-ferrous metals such as brass, bronze, etc.
4. Non-metals like phemolic resins nylon, Bakelite etc.

5. Specify the types of gears-failures.

a) Tooth breakage.
b) Pitting of tooth surface.
c) Abrasive- wears.
d) Seizing of teeth etc.
6. At what occasion non-metallic gears are employed.
Non-metallic gears are employed 'where we require silent operation and low power
transmission. For example, in instruments like pressure gauge and so on. The
materials used for the manufacture of gears depend upon the strength and service
conditions like wear, noise etc. The gears may be manufactured from metallic or
non-metallic materials. The metallic gears with cut teeth are commercially
 obtainable in cast iron, steel and bronze.
8. What is meant by spur-gear?
Spur-gear is the gear in which teeth are cut at the circumference of a slab called as gear
- blank such that the teeth are parallel to gear-axis. spur gears are simple, easily
manufactured gears and are usually the first choice when exploring gear options.

9. Define the following terms.

a) Tip circle or addendum circle is the circle which coincides crests or tops of all teeth.
b) Root circle or addendum circle is the circle which coincides with roots or bottoms of
all teeth.
c) Pitch circle is the imaginary circle in which the pair of gears rolls one over the
other. This circle can be visible when the pair of gears fastly rotating. This will lie
between tip circle and root circle.'

10. How are the following terms defined?

a) Pressure angle (a) is the angle making by the line of action common- tangent to
the pitch circles of mating pairs.
b) Module m is the ratio of pitch circle diameter to the number d of gear teeth, and
is usually represented in millimeters.

11. Define the following terms.

a) Back lash is the difference between tooth thickness and the space into 'which it
meshes, measured along the pitch circle. If we assume the tooth thickness as t, and space
width as t2 then backlash = t2 - tl
b) Gear ratio (i) is the ratio of number of teeth of larger gear to that of smaller gear. At
is also defined as the ratio of high speed to the low speed in a gear drive.
Usually, the gear ratio should always be greater than one.

12. Fill in the blanks of the following.

a) The difference between tip circle radius and pitch circle -radius is.......
b) The difference between pitch circle radius and root circle radius is......................
Answers
a) Addendum b) Dedendum.

13. What factors influence backlash?

The factors like errors in tooth thickness, pitch, tooth spacing, mounting
misalignment, etc influence the backlash. Backlash, a clearance between mating gear
teeth, is built into speed reducers to let the gears mesh without binding and to provide
space for a film of lubricating oil between the teeth. This prevents overheating and
tooth damage.

14. What preliminary design considerations should be, adopted, when selecting gear drive?
All kinds of gears cannot be useful for all kinds of work. Hence following factors should
be considered for selecting a specific type of gear drive.
i) The amount of power to be transmitted.
ii) Space availability.
iii) Amount of gear ratio for single step.
 iv) Causes for gear failures and their preventing methods.
15. What stresses are induced in gear tooth?
1. Surface compressive stress.
2. Bending stress.
3. Toothed gears are used to transmit the power with high velocity ratio. During this
phase, they encounter high stress at the point of contact. A pair of teeth in action is
generally subjected to two types of cyclic stresses: i) Bending stresses
inducing bending fatigue ii) Contact stress causing contact fatigue.

16. What is interference in gears? How can you overcome it?

Gear profile usually starts, from base circle and ends with tip teeth are made in
such a way that their contact is along the pro the top surface of teeth is made, flat, the
tip of the teeth of one gear dig I into the bottom flank of mating gear. This action is
called interference.

17. On what basis gear cutters are selected?

Gear cutters are selected based on the following conditions.
1) Properties of materials for work piece and tools.
2) Cost of production.
3) Structure of gears such as spur gear, helical gears and so on.
4) Module of the gear.

18. How do gears fail?

 Gears may fail due to tooth breakage by overload and misalignment of shafts.
 Corrosion of teeth by improper lubricants.
 Tooth wear because of insufficient lubrication.
 Interference because of no under-cut.

19. What is working depth of a gear-tooth?

Working depth of gear is the radial distance between addendum circle and
clearance circle .It is equal to two times, the addendum value. Diameter of the gear,
measured at the base of the tooth. The distance from the top of the tooth to the root;
it is equal to addendum plus dedendum or to working depth plus clearance.
Distance between the root circle of a gear and the addendum circle of its mate.

20. Write any two applications of a skew gear-drive. (or) Where do we, use skew gears?
The skew gears or crossed helical gears are employed in instruments, distributor
drive of automobile engine etc, where small loads are applied. A gear consisting of two
cogwheels having non-parallel, non-intersecting axes. 'The output shaft of the second
rotational speed motor is also provided with an actuating skew gear that engages two
passive skew gears.
21. What is meant by a corrected gear?
In normal gear, there may be an undercut between base circle and root circle
which weakens the teeth. This undercutting can be avoided by making some
modifications on the gear profile. This modification is addendum modification or profile
correction or profile shift. The gear, which has this correction, is called as corrected gear.

22. Write short notes on backlash of gears.

Backlash can be defined as the play between a mating pair of gear assembled condition.
Backlash, a clearance between mating gear teeth, is built into speed reducers to let
the gears mesh without binding and to provide space for a film of lubricating oil between
the teeth. This prevents overheating and tooth damage.

23. What are the effects of little backlash and. excessive backlash on gears
Too little backlash may lead to over loading, overheating and ultimately seizure
resulting eventual failure of the system. On the excessive backlash may cause, non
uniform - transmission of motion. Backlash may also cause noise and impact loads.

24. Define form factor?

Form factor is a constant, employed in the design of gear which, design the shape
and the number of teeth. The form factor, Y, is a function of the number of teeth,
pressure angle, and involutes depth of the gear. It accounts for the geometry of the tooth,
but does not include stress concentration - that concept was not known in 1892 when
Lewis was doing his study

25. Why addendum Value is more than addendum value?

In order to get clearance between the teeth of one gear and bottom surface of
mating gear so as to avoid interference, addendum is having more value than addendum.
The form factor, Y, is a function of the number of teeth, pressure angle, and involutes
depth of the gear.

Part-B

1. The pitch circles of a train of spur gears are shown in fig 3.gear A receives 3.5 kW power at
700 r.p.m through its shaft and rotates in clock wise direction .Gear B is the idler gear while gear
C is the driven gear. The number of teeth on gears A, B and C are 30, 60 and 40 respectively,
while the module is 5 mm.Calculate the torque on each gear shaft; and the components of gear
tooth forces.

2. A pair of helical gears is to transmit 14 KW. The teeth are 20 stubs and helix angle is 45.
Pinion runs at10000 rpm and has 80 mm PCD. Wheel has 320 mm PCD. Both gears are made of
cast steel. Design the gear pair and obtain the basic dimensions assuming a life of 1000 hours.
3. In a spur gear drive for a rock crusher, the gears are made of case hardened alloy steel. The
pinion is transmitting 18 kW at 1200 r.p.m with a gear ratio of 3.5.The gear is to work
8hours/day for 3 years. Design the drives major dimensions, check for compressive and bending
stresses and sketch the arrangement.

4. A pair of, helical gears subjected to heavy shock loading is to transmit 37.5 kW at 1750 rpm of
the pinion. The speed reduction ratio is 4 and helix angle is 15o .The service is continuous and
the teeth are 20 degree full depth in the normal plane. Select suitable material and design the
gears. Check for working stresses and sketch the drive.

5. A motor shaft rotating at 1440 rpm has to transmit 15 kW to a low speed shaft rotating at 500
rpm.The teeth are 20o involute with 25 teeth on the pinion. Both the pinion and gear are made of
cast iron with a maximum safe stress of 56 MPa .A safe stress of 35 MPa may be taken for the
shaft on which the gear is mounted. Design and sketch the spur gear drive to suit above
conditions. The starting torque may be assumed as 1.25 times the running torque.

6. A helical gear speed reducer is to be designed. The rated power of the speed reducer is 75 kW
at a pinion speed of 1200 rpm .The speed ratio is 3 to 1. For medium shock conditions and 24
hours operation; determine the module, face width, number of teeth in each gear.
The teeth 20◦ full depth in the normal plane. Assume suitable material.

7. Design a straight spur gear drive to transmit 8 kW. The pinion speed is 720 rpm and the speed
ratio is 2. Both the gears are made of the same surface hardened carbon steel with 55 RC and
core hardness less than 350 BHN. Ultimate strength is 720N/mm2.

8. A helical gear with 30o helix angle has to transmit 35kW at 1500 rpm. With a speed reduction
ratio is 2.5. If the pinion has 24 teeth, determine the necessary module, pitch diameter and face
width for 20° full depths the teeth. Assume 15Ni 2Cr 1 Mo 15 material for both pinion and
wheel.
 UNIT-III

BEVEL, WORM AND CROSS HELICAL GEARS

Part-A

1. What is a bevel gear?

Bevel gear is the type of gear for which the teeth are cut on conical surface in
contrast with spur and helical gears for which the teeth are cut on cylindrical surfaces.
The structure of bevel gear is similar to and uniformly truncated frustum of a cone.

2. When do we use bevel gears?

When the power is to be transmitted in an angular, direction, i.e., between the
shafts whose axes intersecting at an angle, bevel gears are employed. Bevel
gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing
faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often
mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone.

3. How are bevel gears classified?

Bevel gears are classified in two
ways
1. Based on the shape of teeth.
2. Based on pitch angle.

4. Based on the included angle between the shaft axes, called as shaft angle
a) External gears < 90 degree)
b) Internal gears > 90 degree)
c) Crown gears 90

5. What’s a crown gear?

A crown gear is a type of bevel gear whose shaft angle is 90 degree and angle of pinion
is not equal to the pitch angle of gear. A crown gear (or a contrate gear) is a gear which
has teeth that project at right angles to the face of the wheel. In particular, a crown gear is
a type of bevel gear where the pitch cone angle is 90 degrees. A pitch cone of any other
angle is simply called a bevel gear.

6. What is the specific feature of mitre gear?

Mitre gear is the special type of crown gear in-which the shaft, 90 degree and the pitch
angles of pinion and gear are equal and each angle to 45 degree. Bevel
gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of
the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts
that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch
surface of bevel gears is a cone
7. Fill in the blanks of the following
a) Bevel gears having shaft, Angle of, 90" are known as ........
.b) When the spiral angle of a bevel gear is zero degree ,it is called as ...
Answers
a) Crown gears. b) Zerol bevel gear.

8. Define the following terms

a) Cone distance or pitch cone radius. b) Face angle.
a) Cone distance or pitch cone radius is the slant length of pitch cone, i.e.,
distance between the apex and the extreme point of tooth of bevel gear.
b) Face angle is the angle subtended by the face of the teeth at the cone centre. It is
equal to the pitch angle plus addendum angle. It is also called as tip angle.

9. In which gear-drive, self-locking is available?

Self locking is available in worm-gear drive. Theoretically, “self-locking” worm gear
speed reducers cannot be driven backwards. But don’t rely solely on this feature where
safety is concerned. Most gear drives, when driving torque is suddenly reduced as a result
of power off, torsional vibration, power outage, or any mechanical failure at the
transmission input side, then gears will be rotating either in the same direction driven by
the system inertia, or in the opposite direction driven by the resistant output load due to
gravity, spring load, etc.

10. When do we use worm-gears?

When we require transmitting power between nonparallel and non-intersecting shafts
and very high velocity ratio, of about 100, worm gears, can be employed. Also worm-
gears provide self-locking facility. a mechanical arrangement consisting of a toothed
wheel worked by a short revolving cylinder (worm) bearing a screw thread.

11. Write some applications of worm gear drive.

Worm gear, drive find wide applications like milling machine indexing head, table
fan, steering rod of automobile and so on.
Applications where fast braking or stopping is desired — Lifts, elevators and hoists
Applications where noise is a concern — Theaters, airports and elevators

12. What are the merits and demerits of worm gear drive?
Merits
 Used for very high velocity ratio of about 100
 Smooth and noiseless operation.
 Self-locking facility is available.
Demerits
 Low efficiency.
 More heat will be produced and hence this drive can be operated inside an oil reservoir or
extra cooling fan is required in order to dissipate the heat from the drive.
13. What is a helical gear?
A helical gear is a cylindrical gear similar to spur-gear except that the teeth are
cut at an angle, known as helix angle 'to the axis of the gear shaft, whereas in spur-
gear, teeth are cut parallel to the axis. Helical gears can be used to adjust the rotation
angle by 90 deg. when mounted on perpendicular shafts. Its normal gear ratio range is
3:2 to 10:1. Bevel Gears. Bevel gears are used to change the direction of a shaft's
rotation. Bevel gears have teeth that are available in straight, spiral, or hypoid shape.

14. What is a herringbone gears?

A herring bone gear is made of two single helical gears attached other hence
called as double helical gear in which the teeth of be set in the opposite direction to the
teeth of another gear arrangement the axial thrust produced in one gear will be null',
thrust produced in another gear, and the resultant thrust is improves the life of the gear.

15. What are the advantages of helical gears? Helical gears

 Transmit more power.
 provide smooth and soundless operation
 Used for high speed and high velocity ratio processes.

16. What is helix angle? How this angle differentiate helical gear from
Helix angle -is the angle between the axis of the gear and the through tooth
face.For helical gear, teeth are cut at an inclined axis, specified as'helix angle and its
value ranges from 80to25' the case of spur gear, tooth-are cut parallel to the axis, the
spur gear is zero.

17. Under what situation, bevel gears are used?

Bevel gears are used to transmit power between two intersecting shafts. Bevel
gears can be used to change the direction of drive in a gear system by 90 degrees. A good
example is seen as the main mechanism for a hand drill. As the handle of the drill is turned in a
vertical direction, the bevel gears change the rotation of the chuck to a horizontal rotation.

18. Differentiate a straight bevel gear and a spiral bevel gear.

When teeth are formed on the cones are straight, the gears are known as straight bevel
and when inclined, they are known as spiral or helical bevel.
A spiral bevel gear is a bevel gear with helical teeth. The main application of this is in a
vehicle differential, where the direction of drive from the drive shaft must be turned 90 degrees
to drive the wheels. The helical design produces less vibration and noise than conventional
straight-cut or spur-cut gear with straight teeth.

19. What is zerol bevel gear?

Spiral bevel gear with curved teeth but with a zero degree spiral angle is
known as zerol bevel gear. Bevel gears are cone shaped gears which transmit motion between
two intersecting shafts. Zerol bevel gears (trade marked by the Gleason Co.) are spiral bevel
gears in which the spiral angle is zero at the middle of the face width.
20. What are the forces acting on a bevel gear?
1. Tangential force,
2. Axial force, and
3. Radial force.

21. Under what situation, worm gears are used?

They used to transmit power between two non-intersecting, non-parallel
shafts,
And for high speed ratios as high as 300:1. A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which
a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear(which is
similar in appearance to a spur gear). The two elements are also called the worm
screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the
term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.

22. List out the main types of failure in worm gear drive.
1. Seizure
2. Pitting and Rupture.
3. Abrasive wear is caused due to the presence of metal particles from the gears and
bearings, weld spatter, scale, rust, sand and dirt in the lubricant of the gears. Click
here to see a photograph of gear damage due to abrasive wear. ... They can be
identified by ripples on the contacting gear tooth surface.

23. Where do we use helical gears?

They are commonly used in automobiles, turbines, and high speed
applications. Helical is the most commonly used gear in transmissions. They also
generate large amounts of thrust and use bearings to help support the thrust load. Helical
gears can be used to adjust the rotation angle by 90 deg. when mounted on perpendicular
shafts.

24. What hands of helix are used in parallel helical helical gears?
In parallel helical gears, opposite hands of helix are used. (i.e) a right hand
pinion meshes with a left hand gear and vice-versa. same on each gear, but one gear
must have a right-hand helix and the other a ... In spur gears the line contact is parallel to
the axis of rotation.

25. In worm gear drive, only the wheel is designed. Why?

Since always the strength of the worm is greater than the worm wheel,
therefore only the worm wheel is designed. A worm drive is a gear arrangement in
which a worm meshes with a worm gear . A gearbox designed using a worm and worm-
wheel is considerably smaller than one made from plain spur gears, and ... With a single
start worm, for each 360° turn of the worm, the worm-gear advances only one tooth of
the gear.
 Part-B

1. The pitch circles of a train of spur gears are shown in fig 3.gear A receives 3.5 kW power at
700 r.p.m through its shaft and rotates in clock wise direction .Gear B is the idler gear while gear
C is the driven gear. The number of teeth on gears A, B and C are 30, 60 and 40 respectively,
while the module is 5 mm.Calculate the torque on each gear shaft; and the components of gear
tooth forces.

2. A pair of helical gears is to transmit 14 KW. The teeth are 20 stubs and helix angle is 45.
Pinion runs at10000 rpm and has 80 mm PCD. Wheel has 320 mm PCD. Both gears are made of
cast steel. Design the gear pair and obtain the basic dimensions assuming a life of 1000 hours.

3. In a spur gear drive for a rock crusher, the gears are made of case hardened alloy steel. The
pinion is transmitting 18 kW at 1200 r.p.m with a gear ratio of 3.5.The gear is to work
8hours/day for 3 years. Design the drives major dimensions, check for compressive and bending
stresses and sketch the arrangement.

4. A pair of, helical gears subjected to heavy shock loading is to transmit 37.5 kW at 1750 rpm of
the pinion. The speed reduction ratio is 4 and helix angle is 15o .The service is continuous and
the teeth are 20 degree full depth in the normal plane. Select suitable material and design the
gears. Check for working stresses and sketch the drive.

5. A motor shaft rotating at 1440 rpm has to transmit 15 kW to a low speed shaft rotating at 500
rpm. The teeth are 20o involute with 25 teeth on the pinion. Both the pinion and gear are made of
cast iron with a maximum safe stress of 56 MPa .A safe stress of 35 MPa may be taken for the
shaft on which the gear is mounted. Design and sketch the spur gear drive to suit above
conditions. The starting torque may be assumed as 1.25 times the running torque.

6. A helical gear speed reducer is to be designed. The rated power of the speed reducer is 75 kW
at a pinion speed of 1200 rpm .The speed ratio is 3 to 1. For medium shock conditions and 24
hours operation; determine the module, face width, number of teeth in each gear.
The teeth 20◦ full depth in the normal plane. Assume suitable material.

7. Design a straight spur gear drive to transmit 8 kW. The pinion speed is 720 rpm and the speed
ratio is 2. Both the gears are made of the same surface hardened carbon steel with 55 RC and
core hardness less than 350 BHN. Ultimate strength is 720N/mm2.
8. A helical gear with 30o helix angle has to transmit 35kW at 1500 rpm. With a speed reduction
ratio 2.5. If the pinion has 24 teeth, determine the necessary module, pitch diameter and face
width for 20° full depths the teeth. Assume 15Ni 2Cr 1 Mo 15 material for both pinion and
wheel.

UNIT-IV
GEAR BOXES

Part-A

1. What purpose does the housing of gear-box serve?

Gear-box -housing or casing is used as container inside which, the gears, shafts,
bearings and other components are "mounted.' Also it prevents the entry of dust inside
the housing and reduces noise of operation. That is, the housing Safe-guard the inner
components.

2. What is the function of spacers in a gear-box? (Or) What spacers are as applied to a gear-box?
Spacers are sleeve like components, which are mounted, in shafts in-between
gears and bearings or one gear and another gear in order to maintain the distance between
them so as to avoid interruption between them.

3. Fill in the blanks of the following.

(a) The number of gears employed in a gear-box is kept to the
minimum by arranging the speed of the spindle is..........................
Series.
(b) In a gear- box, -for a set of gears, if the centre distance and module are same, then
the sum of teeth of engaging pair will be.....
Answers
a) Geometric series. b) Equal.

4. What is a speed diagram? (Or) What is the structural diagram of gear-box

Speed diagram or structural diagram is the graphical representation different speeds of
output shaft, motor shaft and intermediate shafts.
The total no of speeds available at the spindle
The no of speeds in each stage.

5. For what purpose we are using gear-box?

Since the gear-box is provided with number of gears of different size arranged is
different forms, we can get number of output speeds by operated motor at single speed.
It was provide smooth silent operation of the transmission
It has transmitted the required amount of power to the spindle.
6. Name the types of speed reducers.
a) Single reduction speed reduces.
b) Multi reduction speed reducers.
c) Parallel shaft speed reducers.
d) Helical shaft mount speed reducers.
e) Helical offset shaft speed reducers.

7. What does the ray-diagram of gear-box indicate?

The ray-diagram or kinematic arrangement of a gear box indicates arrangement of
various gears in various shafts of the gear box in order to obtain the different
output speeds from the single speed of the motor.
The no of speeds in each stage.
The specific values of all transmission ratios in the drive.

8. What is step ratio?

Step ratio is the ratio of one speed of the shaft to its previous lower speed Since the
spindle speeds are arranged in geometric progression, the ratios adjacent speeds (i.e.,
step ratios) are constant.
If Nr is; the maximum speed and N, is the minimum speed,
then, Nr (r-1) = (Step ratio) Nr-1

9. What purpose does the housing of gear-box serve?

Gear-box -housing or casing is used as container inside which, the gears, shafts,
bearings and other components are "mounted.' Also it prevents the entry of dust inside
the housing and reduces noise of operation. That is, the housing Safe-guard the inner
components.

10. What are the methods of lubrication in speed reducers?

1. Splash or spray lubricating method
In this system, lubricating oil is stored in sump. A scoop is made in the lower part of
connecting rod. When engine runs, the scoop dips in the oil once in every revolution of
crankshaft.
2. Pressure lubrication method.
The engine parts are lubricated under pressure feed. The lubricating oil is stored in separate
tank, where an oil pump takes the oil through a strainer.

11. Name the series in which speeds are arranged in multi-speed gear boxes.
Basic series of preferred numbers are R5, R10, R20, R40 and R80 series. If a
finer resolution is needed, another five numbers are added to the series, one after each of
the original R5 numbers, and we end up with the R10 series. These are rounded to a
multiple of 0.05. Where an even finer grading is needed, the R20, R40, and R80 series
can be applied. The R20 series is usually rounded to a multiple of 0.05, and the R40 and
R80 values interpolate between the R20 values, rather than being powers of the 80th root
of 10 rounded correctly.
12. Compare sliding mesh and synchromesh gear box
The sliding mesh gear box, double de-clutching is necessary to
bring the two sets of dog teeth to the same speed so that they
can be slid into engagement quietly. To eliminate the need to
double de-clutch, the synchromesh gearbox was introduced.

13. List six standard speeds starting from 18 r.p.m with a step ratio 1.4.
For the step ratio = 1.4, the R20 series is used. From R20 series, the standard speeds
are 18, 20, 22.4,25,28 and 31.5 rpm. The R20 series is usually rounded to a multiple of
0.05, and the R40 and R80 values interpolate between the R20 values, rather than
being powers of the 80th root of 10 rounded correctly.

14. Which type of gear is used in constant mesh gear box? Justify.
HELICAL GEARS are used in constant mesh type gear boxes to provide quieter and
smooth operation. In order to connect the required gear wheel by means of teeth on the
side of the gear wheel, a separate sliding member is employed. It is also known as
silent or quite gear box.

15. List out the basic rules to be followed for optimum gear box design.
 For stable operation, the speed ratio at any stage should not be greater than 8
 In all stages except in the first stage, Nmax >Ninput>Nmin.
 The minimum difference between the numbers of teeth of adjacent gears must be 4.
 Gear box should be of minimum possible size.

16. What situations demand use of gear boxes?

Gear boxes are required wherever the variable spindle speeds is necessary.
It was provide the designed series of spindle speeds
It will transmit the required amount of power to the spindle.

17. List any two methods used for changing speeds in gear boxes.
1) Sliding mesh gear box
In order to mesh gears on the main shaft with appropriate gears on the spindle
shaft for obtaining different speeds, they are moved to the left or right.
2) Constant mesh gear box
It is also known as silent or quite gear box. The fact that all the gears whether
of the main shaft are in constant mesh with each other.

18. What are preferred numbers?

 The numbers are conventionally rounded off values derived from geometric
series. There are five basic series, denoted as R 5, R 10, R 20,R 40,R 80 series.
 The series of preferred numbers is obtained by multiplying a step ratio with the
first number to get the second number.
19. What is a speed reducer?
It is a gear mechanism with a constant speed ratio, to reduce the angular speed of
output shaft as compared with that of input shaft.
Essentially a gear or series of gears combined in such a way as to increase the torque
of a motor. Basically, the torque increases in direct proportion to the reduction of rotations per
unit of time.

20. Write any two requirements of a speed gear box.

 Gear box should provide the designed series of spindle speeds.
 Gear box should transmit the required amount of power to the spindle.
 Gear box provide smooth silent operation of the transmission
 Gear box have simple construction

21. Give some applications of constant mesh gear box.

In various machine tools viz., lathe, milling machines etc., to provide a wide range of
spindle speeds. Gearbox often referred as transmission is a unit that uses gears and gear
trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another
device. Gearboxes are employed to convert input from a high speed power sources to low
speed (E.g. Lift, Cranes and Crushing Machine) or into a many of speeds (Lathe, Milling
Machine and Automobiles).

22. Differentiate ray diagram and structural diagram.

 The ray diagram is a graphical representation of the structural formula.
The number of stages, the number of speeds in each stage, the order of
kinematic arrangement of the stages, the total number of speeds available at
the spindle.
 The structural diagram is a kinematic layout that shows the arrangement
Of gears in a gear box.
The number of speeds available at the spindle, the overall working
principle of the gear box, the number of stages used to achieve the required
spindle speeds.

23. Where is multi-speed gear boxes employed?

 They are employed wherever the variable spindle speeds are necessary.
 It can transmit the required amount of power to the spindle.
 A gearbox that converts a high speed input into a number of different speed output
it is called a multi-speed gear box. Multi speed gear box has more than two
gears and shafts. A multi speed gearbox reduces the speed in different stages.

24. Why G.P series is selected for arranging the speeds in gear box?
 The speed loss is minimum, if G.P is used.
 The number of gears to be employed is minimum, if G.P is used.
 G.P provides a more even range of spindle speeds at each step.
 The layout is comparatively very compact.
25. What are the various methods used for obtaining different speeds of machine tool spindle?
 By using a gear box mechanism,
 By using a cone pulley arrangement,
 By hydraulic operation and
 By using a variable speed electric motor.

Part-B

1. An all geared speed gear box is to be designed for a radial drilling machine with the following
Specifications:
Maximum size of the drill to be used=50mm
Minimum size of the drill to be used =10mm
Maximum cutting speed (drilling) =40m/min
Minimum cutting speed (reaming, taping and boring) =6m/min
Number of speeds =12
Choose a 3*2*2 arrangement. Sketch the layout of the gearbox and the speed diagram.
Calculate the Percentage deviation of the obtainable speeds from the calculated ones.

2. Sketch three possible ray diagrams for a 6-speed gear box with 2*3 arrangements. Choose the
best possible ray diagram. Give suitable explanation for the same.

3. Design a nine speed gear box for a minimum speed of 35 rpm and a maximum speed of 560
rpm. Draw the speed diagram and kinematic arrangement showing number of teeth in all gears.
Check whether all the speeds obtained que through the selected gears are within 3.

4. Design a 12 speed gear box for an all geared headstock of a lathe by drawing speed diagram.
Show the details in a kinematic layout. The maximum and minimum speeds are to be 1400 rpm
and 112 rpm respectively. Take the input drive speed to be the 1400 rpm.

5. The maximum and minimum speeds of nine speed gear box are to be 600 rpm and 100 rpm
respectively. The drive is from an electric motor giving 3kW at 1440 r.p.m. Design the gear
box. Construct the speed diagram and sketch the arrangement of gear box.

6. Design a 12 speed gear box for a headstock of a lathe. The maximum and minimum speeds are
600 rpm and 25 rpm respectively. The drive is from an electric motor giving 2.25 kW at 1440
r.p.m. Construct the speed diagram and sketch the arrangement of the gearbox.

7. Design a nine- speed gear box for machine to provide speeds ranging from 100 to 1500 rpm.
The input is from a motor of 5 KW at 1440 r.p.m. Assume any alloy steel for the gear.
 UNIT-V

CAMS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES

Part-A

1. What is radial or disc cams?

In radial cams the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction
perpendicular to the cam axis. The cams are all radial cams. In actual practice, radial
cams are widely used due to their simplicity and compactness. Terms used in Radial
cams are, Base circle, Trace point, Pressure angle, Pitch point, Pitch circle, Pitch
curve, Prime circle and Lift or Stroke.

2. What is dwell?
The zero displacement or the absence of motion of the follower during the
motion of the cam is called dwell. In a single dwell CAM mechanism it is desired to
use a function for the rise that does not return its acceleration to zero at the end of the
function. The fall function should begin with a non-zero acceleration matching the end
of the rise. A double-harmonic function is a common example used for single dwell.

3. What is classification of followers according to follower shape?

 Knife edge follower
 Roller follower
 Mushroom or flat faced follower and
 Spherical faced or curved shoe follower
 Offset follower

4. What is classification of follower according to the motion of the follower?

 Reciprocating or translating follower
The follower reciprocates in guides as the cam rotates uniformly.
 Oscillating or rotating follower
The uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted into predetermined
oscillatory motion of the follower.
5. What is classification of followers according to the path of motion?
 Radial follower
When the motion of the follower is along an axis passing through the centre
of the cam.
 Off-set follower:
When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the
cam centre, it is called off-set follower.
6. What are the motions of the follower?
The follower can have any of the following four types of motions
(i) Uniform velocity
(ii) Simple harmonic motion
(iii) Uniform acceleration and retardation
(iv) Cycloidal motion.

7. What is the application of cam?

Closing and opening of inlet and exit value operating in IC engine, automatic attachment
of machineries, paper cutting machines, spinning and weaving textile machineries, feed
mechanism of automatic lathes.

8. What are the necessary elements of a cam mechanism?

Cam-The driving member is known as the cam
(i) Follower-The driven member is known as the follower.
(ii) Frame-It supports the cam and guider the follower.

9. What is prime circle?

It is the smallest circle that can be drawn from the centre of the cam and tangent to the
pitch curve. For a knife edge and a flat face follower, the prime circle and the base circle
are identical. For a roller follower, the prime circle is larger than the base circle by the
radius of the roller.

10. Why are cone clutches better than disc clutches?

Since the cone discs are having large frictional areas and they can transmit a
larger torque than disc clutches with, the same oil diameter and actuating force and hence
cone clutches are preferred over disk clutches. But usually cone clutches are mainly used
in low peripheral applications.
In cone clutches, friction lined frustum of cone is used, in disc clutches, friction
lined flat plates are used.

11. What factors should be considered when designing friction clutches?

(a)The friction materials for the clutch should have high co-eI efficient of friction and-
they should not be affected by moisture and oil.
(b) May be light in weight.
(c)The design is in such a way that the engagement should be made without shock and
fast disengagement without drag.

12. Why should the generated heat be dissipated in clutch operation?

When clutch engages, most of the work done (against friction forces opposing the
motion) will be liberated as heat at the interface.
In order to save the friction plates and materials from melting by the heat
produced during operation, the generated heat should be dissipated
13. Name the two theories applied for the design of friction clutches.
1. Uniform Pressure theory
2. Uniform Wear theory
The uniform-pressure theory is applicable only when the friction lining is new. When
the friction lining is used over a period of time, wear occurs. Hence, in the design
of clutches, the uniform wear theory is used.

14. In what ways, the clutches are different from brakes?

The functional difference between a clutch and a brake is that a clutch connects two
moving members of a machine, whereas a brake connects a moving member to a
stationary member That is, if any one of the moving members of a clutch is fixed, then
the device becomes a brake.

15. What is cam?

A Cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating
motion to another element known as follower. The cam and follower have a line contact
and constitute a higher pair. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel)
or shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points
on its circular path. The cam can be a simple tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power
to a steam hammer, for example, or an eccentric disc or other shape that produces a
smooth reciprocating (back and forth) motion in the follower, which is a lever making
contact with the cam.

16. Classification of cam?

 According to cam shape
Wedge cam, Plate cam, cylindrical cam,
 According to follower movement
Rise-Return-Rise, Dwell-Rise-Return-Dwell, Dwell-Rise-Dwell-Return-Dwell
 According to manner of constraint of the follower
Pre-loaded spring cam, Positive-drive cam, Gravity cam.

17. Under what condition of a clutch, uniform rate of wear assumption is more valid?
In clutches, the value of normal pressure, axial load for the given clutch is limited
by the rate of wear that can be tolerated in the brake linings.
The assumption of uniform wear rate gives a lower calculated clutch capacity than
the assumption of uniform pressure.

18. What is the significance of pressure angle in cam design?

The pressure angle is very important in cam design as it represents steepness of the
cam profile. If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its
bearings.
The pressure angle should be as small as possible within the limits of design. The
pressure angle should be less than 45 degree for low speed cam mechanisms with oscillating
followers, whereas it should not exceed 30 degree in case of cams with translating followers.
The pressure angle can be reduced by increasing the cam size or by adjusting the offset.
19. What is fade?
When the brake is applied continuously over a period of time, the brake becomes
overheated and coefficient of friction drops.
It is the reduction in stopping power that can occur after repeated or sustained
application of the brakes, especially in high load or high speed conditions.

20. Classify clutches based on the coupling methods.

 Positive -contact clutches
 Frictional clutches
 Overrunning clutches
 Magnetic clutches

21. What is the difference between a coupling and a clutch?

Couplings are used to permanent connecting elements between two power
transmitting elements whereas clutches are used as temporary connecting elements. Thus
periodical engagement is possible in clutch connection. Clutches are used at places where
you would like to change some factors occasionally (for eg change speed of automobile or
a lathe machine) while we use couplings to change the direction of power supply or when
the power has to transferred between unlike geometrical bodies. For example, universal
joint in steering columns is used to transmit the power from one shaft to another at an
angle.

22. Distinguish between wet and dry operation of clutches.

 When clutch operates in the absence of lubricant,then that clutch is known as
dry clutch, then torque capacity is high but heat dissipating capacity is low.
 When a clutch operates wet (with lubrication), then torque capacity is low
but heat dissipating capacity is high.

23. What are the types of brake linings?

 Organic linings- (it have generally six basic ingredients
Asbestos, Friction modifier, fillers, Curing agents, Binders
 Semi-metallic linings
 Metallic linings

24. Differentiate a brake and a dynamometer.

A dynamometer is a brake incorporating a device to measure the frictional
resistance applied. This is used for measuring the driving force or torque transmitted and
hence the power developed by the machine. It may work on the principle of transmission or
absorption. There are two types they are, Absorption dynamometers, Transmission
dynamometers

25. Name few commonly used friction materials.

Wood, cork, leather, asbestos based friction materials and powdered metal friction
materials.
Wood, cork and leather are used only for light loads and low speeds. But in
practice, for high speeds and heavy loads, asbestos based materials and powdered metals
are widely used.
 Part-B

1. The displacement specifications of follower are given below:

Stroke of the follower 25 mm.
Outstroke takes place with SHM during 90 degree of cam rotation.
Return stroke takes place with SHM during 75 degree of cam rotation.
Cam rotates with a uniform speed of 800 rpm.
Determine the induced contact stress, assuming follower mass as 0.25 kg and spring stiffness
as 100N/mm, when the cam rotation is 15 degree. Take the thickness of the plate cam as 10mm.
The base circle radius and the follower roller radius are 25 mm and 10 mm respectively.
Material used is steel.

2. A block brake with a short shoe is shown in Fig. It is to be designed so that the product ‘PV’ is
limited to 2, where ‘P’ is the normal pressure between Friction lining and the brake drum
(N/mm2) and ‘v’ is the peripheral velocity of brake drum (m/s).

3. A single plate clutch is used for an engine that develops a maximum torque of 120 N-m.
Assume a factor of safety of 1.5 to account for slippage at full engine torque. The permissible
intensity of pressure is 350 k pa and the coefficient of friction is 0.35.Calculate the inner and
outer diameters of the friction lining and the axial force to be exerted by the engage the clutch.

4. A 360 mm radius brake drum contacts a single shoe as shown in resists a torque of 225 N-m at
500 rpm .The coefficient of friction is 0.3. Determine (i) the normal reaction on the shoe,(ii) the
force to be applied at the lever end for counter clockwise rotation of the drum if e=0 (iii) the
force to be applied at the lever end for clockwise rotation of the drum if e= 40mm.(iv) the force
to be applied at the lever end for clockwise rotation of the drum if e = 40mm

5. A friction clutch is required to transmit 25 kW at 2000 rpm. It is to be single plate disc type
with both sides. The pressure is exerted by means of springs and limited to 70 kN/m2. If the
maximum possible outer diameter of the clutch plate is 300 mm, find the required inner diameter
of the clutch plate and the total force exerted by the spring’s .assume the wear to be uniform and
coefficient of friction 0.3.

6. An internal expanding shoe brake has the following dimensions:

Diameter of the drum = 300 mm, fulcrum centers = 80 mm,
Distance of fulcrum centers and that of cam axis, both from the drum centre=100 mm,
distance of the line of action of braking force from the cam axis=90 mm, distance between the
points where the cam acts on the two brake shoes =30 mm. Each shoe subtends an angle of 90o
at the drum centre. If the breaking force is 750 N and the coefficient of friction is 0.3, find the
braking torque on the drum. Assume the reactions between the brake shoes and the drum
passes through the points bisects the contact angle. Also assume that forces exerted by the cam
ends on the two shoes are equal.
7. Find the torque that a two surface, dry disk clutch can transmit if the outside and inside lining
diameters are 120 mm and 70 mm, respectively, and the applied axial force is 10 KW. Assume
uniform Wear and =0.4. Is the pressure on the lining acceptable? What lining materiel would
be suitable?

8. In a single block brake, the diameter of the drum is 250 mm and the angle of contact is 90
degree. The operating force of 700 N is applied at the end of lever which is at 250 mm from
the center of the brake block. The coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is
0.35. Determine the torque that may be transmitted. Fulcrum is at 200 mm from the centre of
brake with an offset of 50 mm from the surface of contact.