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-/3w,s = r,,/no = r,_, n__ Obviously, the SCF is a function of the specific
R'R,, nozzle and vessel geometry characterized by the
geometric parameters/3, 7 and T, and of the load
/3wRc R / T
type. For constant values of r and 7 these SCF's
0.875 R o / T will be plotted against the parameter /3 (relative
/3w c 7w c nozzle size) to show any differences between the
0"875" Yw/s various calculation methods.
Separate graphs are given below in Figs 2-7
/3wRc 7wR for the three types of load, thrust, circumferen-
0-875 " (TwRc + 0"5) tial m o m e n t and longitudinal m o m e n t respec-
tively, and for two values of Y. Values for y are
1 INTRODUCTION selected as 25, standing for vessels with moderate
thickness, and as 50 for relatively thin-walled
Various methods are available to calculate the
vessels. In the experience of the author,
so-called local load stresses in cylindrical shells at
thick-walled vessels with say y-< 15 hardly ever
the junction with externally loaded nozzles. Each
give problems with local load stresses and so are
method claims to be sufficiently accurate for
not included here. The parameter 1: is set at a
meaningful stress evaluations of pressure vessel
value of 1.0 but in each calculation m e t h o d is
nozzles. Often these claims are backed up by
indicated the influence that T has on the local
comparisons with experimental stress measure-
load stresses in the vessel.
ments and/or with F E M calculations.
The parameters/3 and 7 as used in the graphs
In this paper are compared the maximum
are in accordance with the W R C definitions.
stress intensities for single external load com-
ponents, i.e. radial thrust, longitudinal m o m e n t
(in-plane bending) and circumferential m o m e n t 2.1 WRC Bulletin 107/August 1965 (revision,
(out-of-plane bending), as calculated with these March 1979)
different methods. Methods included in this
systematic comparison are WRC-107' and App-
endix G of BS 55002 from the 'pressure vessel' The derivation according to W R C Bulletin 107 of
world and the Wordsworth/Smedley parametric the SCF's as functions of the/3 and 7 parameters
equations 3 from the 'offshore' world. Also the for the maximum stress intensity equations was
approximate m e t h o d of sheet D l l 4 1 - - A p p e n d i x given in an earlier paper by the present author. 5
1 from the Dutch Rules f o r Pressure Vessels 4 is It suffices here to say that the plotted WRC-107
included. curves in the graphs for the stress intensity due to
The comparison proper will be by graphical thrust, circumferential m o m e n t and longitudinal
representation of the stress intensities as moment, respectively, are completely in accord-
calculated according to these methods. But first a ance with Ref. 5.
detailed description is given of how to arrive at The wall thickness of the nozzle (or, expressed
the stress intensities. as the thickness ratio, the parameter r) has no
influence on these stress intensities whatsoever.
2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
In all cases the expressions/values for the stress 2.2 BS 5500, G.2.2 and G.2.3: local loads on
intensities (S.I.) due to single load components cylindrical shells
will be transformed (depending on the type of
load) into: For a large number of nozzle configurations the
v -/T
S.I. (thrust) = SCF × - - × E maximum stress intensities due to a single load
2:fro T component, i.e., thrust, circumferential m o m e n t
and longitudinal m o m e n t respectively, were
S.I. (circ. moment) = SCF × ~ × Me calculated according to paragraphs G.2.2 and
G.2.3 of BS 5500. The resulting stress intensities
S.I. (long. moment) = SCF × ~rr2~-~--x M1 were used to back-calculate the corresponding
SCF in order to plot the 'BS 5500' curves in the
Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 205
various graphs presented here. where a is the stress in the cylinder, SCF is the
stress concentration factor, and Onom is the
S.I. due to thrust acc. to G.2.2
S.C.F. (thrust) = V~-/T maximum nominal stress in the branch (or
--×F~ nozzle).
2:tro T The parametric expressions for the SCF are
S.C.F. (circ. moment) given in both the circumferential and the radial
directions with respect to the nozzle; subscripts C
S.I. due to circ. moment acc. to G.2.3
and R are used to distinguish between the SCF's.
VR/T For a graphical comparison we have to
--xMc
¢rr2oT transform these Wordsworth/Smedley equations
S.C.F. (long. moment) into stress intensity equations of the same
mathematical form as stated before. The stress
S.I. due to long. moment, acc to G.2.3
intensity corresponding to the W/S equations is
- V-k-/T simply the larger of the radial stress and the
- - x M~
~tr2oT circumferential stress. This is easily ascertained
by realizing that for thrust or moment loading
In all cases the mean vessel radius R was taken as
(either in-plane or out-of-plane) on a nozzle:
400 mm and the vessel thickness T as either
16mm for 7 = 25 or 8 m m for 7 = 50. The mean - - t h e stress in the thickness direction of the
nozzle radii r were chosen such that the resulting cylinder is negligible (plane stress system in the
parameter 64 ( R / T ) . (Cx/R) 2 would facilitate as cylinder's wall)
much as possible the interpolation of the --shear stresses do not occur at the
numerous graphs that are required for these cylinder/nozzle junction
calculations. Furthermore, the nozzles were - - t h e stresses in the circumferential direction and
deemed to be remote from any discontinuity like in the radial direction are both principal
vessel heads, i.e. in the graphs the curves for stresses and have equal signs. (Although these
2Cx/L=O.O1 were used. Outside nozzle radii stress distribution characteristics are not
were determined by taking into account the mentioned in Refs. 3, they are common
parameter T ( = t / T ) = l . 0 which results in features of both WRC-107 and paragraphs
r o = r + ~× T/2. Otherwise the nozzle wall G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS 5500 and so are
thickness has no influence on the stress intensity assumed to apply here.)
as calculated by (3.2.2 and (3.2.3 of BS 5500.
An overview of nozzle configurations used for 2. 3.1 Stress intensity due to thrust
the calculations, the actual values as obtained S.I. (thrust) = max (SCFc, SCFR) x a,om
from the graphs in (3.2.2 and (3.2.3 and an
example calculation are given in the Appendix. The SCFc and the SCFR are given by
Wordsworth 3 both at the saddle position and at
2.3 Wordsworth/Smedley equations the crown position. It appears that the radial
direction at the saddle position yields the higher
In offshore structures tubular members are often value.
used for trusses in space. The joints or nodes of SCFR = ),Tfl (6.78 - 6-42fl °5)
these tubes are highly stressed areas and so it is
very important to know the stress level in a joint with ], and fl according to the W/S definitions,
for any given load. Widely used parametric and
equations for the various types of joints occur- F~
ring in the offshore industries, aptly named T-, Onom 3.t.r 2 _ ,Tr(Fo - - t ) 2
Y-, K- and K-T-joints, are the so-called
Wordsworth/Smedley equations. In a recent with
paper by Wordsworth 3 it is stated that the ~=t/T~t=~. T
equations for the basic T-node can also be
applied to cylindrical pressure vessels. ]'WRC = R / T ~ T = R/)'WRC~t = ~'. R/)'wRc
These equations have the form 0-875ro 0-875ro 0-875~:
a = SCF × O'nom t WRC-- t w,c ,w..ro
206 C. J. Dekker
Hence 10.0
F~
O"11om
:rr2{1 _ ( 1 0.8753 )2 /
Consequently:
,
8.0
ii ~ w/s
S.I. (thrust) = ?w,stflw,s(6"78 - 6-42flw,s)"5
× E
r o{1 (,- ~ W R C " YWRC /
;/ )
6.0
and with
- w,o'"'o,
~/W/S = ~/WRC + 0 " 5 4.0
flw,s- ~'wRcx/~wRc
Yw/s 0"875
and noting that
LL
0 2.0
F~ Vr-R-/T 2T O9
~rr----~- 2~rroT × g × r o v e / T
2 × 0-875
= ,F~
YWRCflWRC~/YWRC× 2Xro T 0.0
0,05 0.1 0,15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0,35 0,4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
g
10.0
Fig. 3. Stress intensity due to thrust for 7 = 50.
9.0
one eventually finds that
S.I.=
8.0
(~,w~ + 0.5)3 yw,~ . /~w,c
7WRC+ 0"5 0"875
7.0
BS 55D0, G.2 2
x (6.78-" "" / 7WRC flWRC~
O"4Z~/"Yw~C+ ().5 " 0.875 /
6.0
,-(1 -/~w~c~'w~c/;
5.0
4.0
WFIC 107 1"75 X/K-/ T
1.5
× - - × F ~
3.0
2~rro T
LL
0 2.o
oo
With the Wordsworth/Smedley equations as a
1.0 basis, the above expression between the square
brackets is the Stress Concentration Factor as a
0.0
function of the 7 and fl parameters (WRC
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0,45 0.5 0.55 0.6 definitions) in the desired mathematical form as
--- 8 mentioned at the beginning of Section 2.
Fig. 2. Stress intensity due to thrust for y = 25. For ? = 25 and for ), = 50 this SCF is calculated
Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 207
across the /3-range up t o / 3 = 0.55 and is plotted The above expression between square brackets
against the /3 parameter in Figs 2 and 3 for the is the SCF as a function of /3 and y ( W R C
appropriate y-value. The z-parameter is set at a definitions) in the desired mathematical form.
value of 1-0 but from further calculations it For y = 25 and y = 50 this SCF is calculated and
appears that the results are not very sensitive to plotted in Figs 4 and 5 against t h e / 3 range up to
the value of r anyway. /3=0.55. Hereby r = l . 0 but from further
calculations it appears that the results are not
2. 3. 2 Stress intensity due to circumferential very sensitive to the value of r anyway.
moment
S.I. (M~) = max (SCFR, SCFc) × O,om
2. 3. 3 Stress intensity due to longitudinal m o m e n t
For circumferential m o m e n t loading or out-of-
plane bending, the Wordsworth/Smedley expres- S.I. (M,) = max(SCFR, SCFc) x O,om
sions for the stress concentration factors are
For longitudinal m o m e n t loading or in-plane
S C F R = y't'/3 ( 1 . 6 - 1.15/3 5) bending, the Wordsworth/Smedley expressions
SCFc = 0.47 x S C F , for the stress concentration factors are
with y and /3 according to the W/S definitions, S C F R = 0 " 7 5 y ° ' 6 r ° ' s ( 1 . 6 / 3 o.25 - 0.7/32)
and M~
O'noll I ~ - - SCFc = 0.71 x SCFR
W
with with y and/3 according to the W/S definitions. In
J'C
W = -~ (ro4 - (ro - t)4)/ro a similar way to the circumferential m o m e n t case
4 x 0.875 V~T
yw,c/3w,cVyw.xc:rrgT x gc 6.0
B S f i 5 ~ i
× ~1-6 - 1-15( YWRC -/ 3 -w a c ~ 5 ~ 3.0
t \YWRC "1" 0"5 " 0.875/ J
--7- LL
1- 1 - - - - - (.) 2.0
~k /3WRC. YWRC ) ~o
X
3.5
/3WRCYW.C 1.5
V-#-/ T
X ~rr2T X M~
ii0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
= 13
0.5 0.55 0.6
9.0 9.0
8.0 8.0
7.0 W/S 70
6.0 6.0
5.0 50
4.0 40
BS 5500,
I1 3.0 ~ .23
1..I-
(.) 2.0 / ~ D 1141, App.1 2.0
oo w/s
~WRC:107
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 6 0.05 0 1 0 15 0.2 0 25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 45 0.5 0.55 0.6
-- B --- B
Fig. 5. Stress intensity due to circumferential moment for Fig. 6. Stress intensity due to longitudinal moments for
7 = 50. y = 25.
OF = 3C x x thrust
~r(De2 - dE)
3.5 "k/R/T with
X i-5 X ~ X M,
flWRCYWRC atroT
C= ld DG-d-d
As before, the expression between square where d and De are the wall thickness and
brackets is the SCF as a function of fl and 7 outside diameter of the vessel, respectively; and
(WRC definitions) in the desired mathematical d2 and De2 are the wall thickness and outside
form. For y = 2 5 and ) , = 5 0 this SCF is diameter of the nozzle, respectively. Adopting
calculated and plotted in Figs 6 and 7 against the our own notation, one then finds:
fl-range up to fl = 0.55. Hereby 7: = 1.0 but from
further calculations it appears that the results are I ~ _ RT 1 3ro
a=3x-~ x2JrrXE= x XFr
not very sensitive to the value of ~- anyway. r 2Jrro T
Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 209
and using the concept of the stress concentration To start with a quotation from the introduction
factor, to Wordsworth's paper: 3 'Logically there should
SCF=3r°=3 ro be close similarity between stress calculation
r r o - ½t methods applied to all intersecting cylindrical
with shells whether they occur, for example, at the
t=~XT,
branches of pressure vessels on offshore plat-
ro = flWRC X R/0-875
forms or at the nodes of the jacket structures
flWRC X YWRC which support them'.
SCF = 3 X
flWRC X YWRC-- 0"4375 X V However, studying the stress intensity graphs,
The stress intensity due to moment loading (no one fails to see in general the 'close similarity':
distinction is made between circumferential - - T h e methods of G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS 5500
bending moments and longitudinal bending give consistently much higher stress inten-
moments) in the notation as used by the Rules is sities than WRC Bulletin 107; the differences
given as: are sometimes in excess of a factor of 1.5.
1 - - T h e stress intensities derived from the W/S
O"M = 8C X X moment equations are in close agreement with those
(Dc2 - d2) 2
from WRC-107 for longitudinal moments;
with C defined as above. With our own notation for circumferential moments the agreement
one finds: with WRC-107 is good for y = 25 and fair for
1~__~ 1 y = 5 0 , but for thrusts the W/S stress
aM = 8 X ~ X 4~r2 intensities are much higher than those from
WRC-107, especially so for 7 = 50 where the
r, V-ff / T difference is in excess of a factor of 2.
x moment = 2 7; x ~rZT × moment
- - T h o u g h the application is limited to
210 C. J. Dekker
on cylindrical shells. A wide range of nozzle 3. Wordsworth, A. C., Stresses in cylindrical pressure
vessels due to local loads. In Structural Integrity
geometries starting from fl = 0 . 1 right up to
Assessment, ed. P. Standley, Elsevier Applied Science,
fl = 0 . 8 7 5 ( = T ) f o r b o t h y = 25 and ~ = 50, and London, 1992.
with different ratios of nozzle thickness to shell 4. Rules for Pressure Vessels, 20th assignment, 1992.
thickness, are included in these FEM calcula- Published on behalf of the 'Dienst v o o r het S t o o m w e z e n '
by S D U Publishers, The Hague.
tions. In due time he hopes to publish the results 5. Dekker, C. J., External loads on nozzles. Int. J. Pres.
of these calculations in cooperation with the Ves. & Piping, 53 (1993) 395-50.
client/sponsor of these FEM studies and so shed
some light on the accuracy of the different local
load stress calculation methods. APPENDIX: CALCULATIONS
A C C O R D I N G T O G.2.2 A N D G.2.3 OF BS
5500
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The number of nozzle configurations for the
The author would like to thank Mr W. J. calculations resulting in the graphs for the stress
Stikvoort for his encouragement in the prepara- intensity according to G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS
tion of this article. 5500 are as follows:
E Mc M, E Mc M,
37-20 . . . . 20
43.22 . . . . . 3
45.57 -- -- -- 30 -- --
52-61 20 20 . . . .
58.83 . . . . 50
61-13 -- -- 3 -- -- --
66-04 . . . . . 7
69-60 -- -- -- 70 -- --
74-41 40 . . . . .
78-93 . . . . . 10
83.19 -- 50 -- 100 100 --
93.38 -- -- 7 -- -- --
98.43 70 . . . . .
111-6 -- -- 10 -- -- 20
117.6 100 100 -- 200 200 --
136-7 . . . . . 30
157.8 -- -- 20 -- -- --
166.4 200 200 -- 400 400 --
176.5 . . . . . 50
186-0 -- -- -- 500 -- --
193.31 -- -- 30 -- -- --
203.8 300 -- -- 600 600 --
235.3 400 400 . . . .
249.6 -- -- 50 -- -- 100
to
64(R_](Cx) 2 From Fig. G.2.(5) with From Fig. G.2.(6) with From Fig. G.2.(7) with From Fig. G.2.(8) with
\T/\R / C,/Cx = C,/Cx = C,/Cx = C,/Cx =
0 ~ 1 3 0 ~ 1 3 0 ~ 1 3 0 ~ 1 3
0.20
0.15
010
0 05
0 O0
-0.05
~ -0 10 G'2( I
3
-0 15
-0.20
1 1 10 I O0 1,000 10,000
parameter 64(R/T)(Cx/R) 2
Fig. A1. G.2(13), G.2(14), G.2(15) and G.2(16) as functions of parameter 64(R/T)(C~/R) 2.
any radius--load combination then this is a G.2.(14), G.2.(15) and G.2.(16) (see G.2.3.(a) of
calculated configuration. When the vessel para- BS 5500), values were determined from the
meter ) , = 2 5 then the mean vessel radius 2Cx/L = 0-01 curves for X / C x = 5 at all available
R = 400 mm and the wall thickness of the vessel parameter values of 6 4 ( R / T ) . (Cx/R) 2, i.e. 0.4,
T = 1 6 m m ; for ) , = 5 0 then R = 4 0 0 m m and 10, 200 and 3200.
T=8mm. From these values curves as functions of the
Table A2 tabulates all the graph values as parameter 6 4 ( R / T ) . (Cx/R) 2 were constructed to
interpolated from the graphs Fig. G.2.(5), Fig. ease the interpolation of values at intermediate
G.2.(6), Fig. G.2.(7) and Fig. G.2.(8) as parameter values, and the actual graph of these
required for the calculations of the mentioned functions is given in Fig. A. 1.
nozzle configuration. Table A3 shows an example of these local load
To facilitate the interpolation of Figs G.2.(13), calculations.