1

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Healthy lifestyle includes clean eating and living in a clean community.

These practices are vital to guarantee a sound health. An individual who has

clean habits and proper sanitation would not be easily infected by serious illness

caused by food and air-borne viruses. Thereupon being aware about good health

and proper sanitation is a necessity to acquire wholesome living. Good health is

one of the huge concerns on our society. It is a need to acquire competency in

such aspects as physical, mental and social. Total well-being has been the basis

on the progress that an individual can contribute to his society.

Health is a state of optimal functioning . Health promotion is motivated

by desire to increase a person’s well-being and health potential. A person’s level

of health is affected by many different interrelated factors that either promote

health or increase the risk for illness. These factors include genetic inheritance,

cognitive abilities, educational level, race and ethnicity, culture, age and gender,

development level, lifestyle, environment and socioeconomic status (

Taylor,2005).

On the other hand, good health is also an essential factor to achieve

successful life regardless of how you define it. Good health is not something we

can buy. However, it could be a best thing for investment. This is essential in

prolonging life and assuring the efficiency of one’s self together with organized
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sanitation of individuals through education that gives the hint to the principles of

personal hygiene.

Furthermore,good health should come with initiative to acquire adequate

sanitation and proper personal hygiene. Sanitation is an action to protect oneself

from illness, the transmission of disease or loss of life due to unclean

surrounding, the presence of disease transmitting insects or rodents, unhealthful

conditions or practices in the preparation of food and beverage or the care of

personal belongings (Abadier et. al. 2006). The orderliness and cleanliness of the

community has been a big dilemma of our society. Improper waste disposal and

irresponsibility of the inhabitants of a certain place causes a huge trouble when

it comes to communal and personal health and well-being. It is because sanitation

plays a significant role in maintaining and sustaining the good state of the body

and community.

Sanitation is a major factor of wellness of an individual. It’s more on

practices that meant to interferes the occurrence of illness and prevent the

uncontrollable spreading of infection through environment by ensuring the

provision of clean drinking water, adequate sewage disposal, proper defecation,

other waste management program and meeting the standards of a sanitary

surrounding set by the authorities. It’s a necessity that covers every aspect of

daily life such as the preparation of food and the practice of toilet manners.

In our modern era, wherein our nation became one of the most progressive

countries, we became equipped with different knowledge and had adapted

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practices which made our nation globally competitive when it comes to

sanitation. Despite of these positive things, we cannot deny that still these

desirable practices of health and sanitation are not properly implemented. Lots

of societal agencies seeks for the implementation of these standardized practices,

one of these is the school.

School is an organization that provides instruction. It is a place where the

students learn about different things that are vital to the successful pursuance of

their aspirations. However, the focus of schooling becomes too much dedicated

to learning and providing the society a globally-competent inhabitants while

other important factors present at school are being left behind lacking of attention

including the health and sanitation.The importance of extending health care to

every student are being taken for granted, there are many factors why they are

being disregard and one of those is the absence of school programs and activities

that deals with the sanitation and health of the students and teachers. As

observed, comfort rooms in some schools are not regularly clean otherwise does

not receive disinfectants. Washing facilities are also not present at some

campuses.

The researchers as future educators, come up to this study to address the

school-based health and sanitation practices and concerns of Secondary schools

in the division of Batangas wherein they proposed different activities that may

be implemented to increase the awareness and adherence to the prescribed health

and sanitation practices.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the school-based health and sanitation

practices of secondary schools in the division of Batangas.

Specifically, this study seeks answers to the following questions:

1. What is the agreement of MAPEH Teachers and Students on health and

sanitation practices of secondary schools?

2. To what extent are the health and sanitation practices being manifested

as assessed by the respondent?

3. Is there a significant difference between the assessments of the groups

of respondents?

4. What are the problems met on the health and sanitation practices of

schools under study?

5. What school-based health and sanitation activities may be proposed?

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation

This study covers the School-based health and sanitation practices of

secondary schools in the division of Batangas. This discussed the different

practices regarding health and sanitation implemented in selected secondary

schools. It also determined the possible problems hindering the implementation

of these practices.
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This study was delimited to the primary schools in the division of

Batangas. This was also delimited with the secondary schools of other divisions.

This study was limited to the responses of Grade 9 students and MAPEH

teachers and data gathered through interview and survey questionnaire.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study would be beneficial to the following:

To School Administration, they will know the different health and

sanitation issues present at their school. They may start an act of themselves to

resolve these issues.

To the students, they would be aware about good health and proper

sanitation. They could also use the information that would be gathered to

improve the cleanliness of their campuses.

To the School Health Workers, they would know the appropriate health

care that they have to provide in order to meet the health and sanitary needs of

the students. This may also trigger them to disseminate more information

regarding good health and the proper way of sanitation.

To Parents and Guardian, they would be rest assured that their children

are safe and far from acquiring diseases due to the awareness that this study

would bring to the school administrators about the danger of unsanitary environs.
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To the Future Researcher, this could be a guide to the future researcher in

writing their own research and they may get ideas from this in constructing and

formulating their own problem.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents some related literature and studies which

substantially support this study as a whole.

Conceptual Literature

The following were the literature reviewed by the researcher which has

been relevant in the conduct of the study.

Sanitation and Health. Sanitation is protecting and promoting human

health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease that

has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable and technically and

institutionally appropriate, it should also protect the environment and the natural

resources (Caldwell et. al., 2008).

Sanitation is literally means different standardized measures that aims to

promote and maintain the hygienic and dirt-free surrounding. This includes the

proper and clean preparation of food and the prevention of open defecation.

Negligence to sanitation often leads to high level of sickness and death most

especially among children. The World Health Organization also define sanitation

as generally the provision of facilities and services for the disposal of urine and

feces.

Good health is an essential part of achieving success economically and

socially that seeks the freedom from different hazards .Primarily, the duty of
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protecting and maintaining one’s health lies on his hand. Through various

practices like eating healthy, doing exercises, personal cleanliness and hygiene,

one could achieve sound and stable health state. However, knowledge of external

factor why a sound health is not achieved is an important aspect. According to

Maville (2008) the practice of health education is a tool or mechanism for health-

related learning resulting in increased knowledge, skill-development, and change

in behavior. Health education, then is directed toward changing behavior toward

present goals. It can be expanded to include the society in which the individual

functions knowledge gained to empower individuals and to promote change in

the environment, economy, and society for better health is essential for health

promotion. Promoting health in an individual through health education supports

healthy behavior which include making healthy choices.

Moreover, good health does not only mean consuming healthy food and

having well-balanced diet to attain the complete soundness of body and mind. It

is known extensively that together with healthy and well balanced eating,

physical activities is an essential part of healthy living. Physical activities if done

proper and regularly has a good impact on one’s physical, mental and social

being. People that exercise are more likely to be active, aware and productive,

readiness to learn is also manifested to them. Zulueta (2009) emphasized that

exercise helps healthy people adopt to stress and improve confidence and self-

esteem. Exercise can yield dramatic benefits to the human body and ultimately

improve general health. Regular exercise can improve the four basic elements of

physical fitness, cardiovascular, endurance, muscle strength and flexibility.

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People who maintain their fitness are less likely to develop high blood pressure.

Regular exercise can make a person calm, less anxious and sure of oneself. It

also sharpens mental flexibility and short term memory.

Problems in the implementation of Health and Sanitation. Lack of

knowledge about health and adequate sanitation has been a challenging issue

in our society. Many of us still suffer from deprivation of the right knowledge

about sanitation and health standards. In fact, one may think that washing the

tools at home with water and soap is enough to kill bacteria or wiping dirt from

utensils such as spoon and fork really clean it. There is no such thing as almost

sterile or nearly aseptic. Sterility is not a matter of degree. Rather, it is an all-or-

none situation. The strict law of not allowing dirty to touch clean must stay in

place because any time dirty touches clean, the clean becomes dirty. In the tissue

culture lab or on the operating table .When clean touches dirty, the dirty never

gets clean- rather the clean almost always becomes dirty (Health and Home

2016)

Furthermore, lack of funds is one of the primary problems in the

implementation of health practices. In the Philippines Health System Review of

2011 by Romualdez et. Al., it was emphasized that the major health financing

concern in the Philippines is the high level of out-of-pocket payments, which

account for 48% of total health expenditure. The Philippines has a national health

insurance agency – PhilHealth – however the level of financial protection it

provides is limited as patients are often liable for substantial copayments. In

2010, the newly-elected government launched a major reform effort aimed at

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achieving ‘universal coverage’ which focused on increasing the number of poor

families enrolled in PhilHealth, providing a more comprehensive benefits

package and reducing or eliminating co-payments. So far the results are

promising. As of April 2011 almost 4.4 million new poor families had been

enrolled in PhilHealth, equivalent to a 100 per cent increase in enrolment for the

real poor. In 2011, PhilHealth introduced a no-balanced-billing policy for these

sponsored households.

School-Based Health and Sanitation Activities. School-based activities

are activities which is done and conducted within the premises of a particular

school campus. It could serve as extension of knowledge that will be beneficial

both with the students and school administrators. It can be used as independent

activities, group activities or as a cluster group activities. It could be used to

provide or increase the awareness of a certain group of people to a particular

topic. School activities may depends on the intended goals of the project. In this

study, the goal intended is to increase awareness and to propose a basic health

and sanitation activities to chosen group or community.

Research Literature

The following research studies were deemed relevant by the researcher to

the current study.

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In the study conducted by Catilo et. Al., (2016) regarding to the proposed

physical education for grade 7 students with health problem in public secondary

schools of San Juan district they found out that the experienced health problems

of the respondents affect their performance in Physical Education relative to

physical activities and exercises, class discussion, projects and outputs and

attendance.

Compliance of public secondary school canteens with proper sanitation

standard was studied by Armendez et. Al.,(2016) and they found out that proper

sanitation standard is a fundamental requirement especially in school canteens

to ensure the health of the costumer/clients. In school canteen, food items may

be contaminated with filth or may be injurious to health of the consumer,

therefore it is very important that proper sanitation standards are complied by the

school canteen personnel to keep the students and other customer safe from

contamination and other health hazards.Moreover,they emphasized the

importance of the condition of school canteen to costumer in order for them to

enjoy eating and be safe from food-borne illnesses. They developed activities

which could help the concerned authorities in addressing the compliance of

public secondary school canteens with proper sanitation standard. They

recommended that school canteen should address the weak areas of their

compliance with sanitation standards.

Revealed in the study of Casabar et. Al., (2005) entitled the effect of

sanitation in relation to food handling and preparation practices in selected

carinderias of new market in Batangas city, the criteria on consider to meet the
 12

quality of food should start with personal cleanliness of the food handlers and

cook.They should wear appropriate clothing, hairnet and apron. Jewelries are not

allowed. Quality material must come from reliable source and this also applies

to water supply. Equipment and tools should be cleaned and sanitized and in

good condition. Maintenance of cleanliness, tidiness and orderliness of premises

is always kept in mind. Hand washing facilities should be always available. Stalls

should be in good condition and structure to avoid contamination of food. Waste

water and solid waste management should be implemented to prevent vermin

accumulation. Food containers should always be covered and food product

should always be separated from other product to prevent cross contamination.

Water has universal use in food handling and preparation therefore it should

come from reliable sources. Lack of proper certification and knowledge will

result to greater risk of food contamination.

Hester and Harrison (2002) cited that household waste and other waste

streams, needed to be removed from human environment to avoid nuisance and

public health problems, and the wider environment provided an ample sink for

these negative effects of human life.

De Chavez et. Al. (2008) gave emphasis in their study about production

of fried squid or calamares as street food in Batangas City that safety issues

includes food and water safety factors ,a safe environment and prevention of

injuries. Among the different safety factors, food and water safety is the most

critical because of deleterious effect that may result from consuming food and

beverage contaminated with pathogens or their their toxins the ingestion of

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poisonous chemical, or injury from a foreign object swallowed with the food.

These personal devices and methods aim to render water potable.

On the other hand, according to Abadier and Lontoc (2006) based on their

study about Sanitation and health practices of badjaos in Malitam III, Batangas

City, they found out that the Badjao community’s environment was very dirty

and had unpleasant stench coming from the uncollected garbage. People throw

their garbage in the river. However, they are cooperative when support groups

invite them into programs or seminars. They conclude that the improper

disposal of human waste, uncollected garbage, shortage of water supply and

polluted river were the problems encountered by the residents that hindered

development of good sanitation and proper health practices. They recommended

that the local officials and other concern groups provide proper education with

respect to personal hygiene, nutritional aspect and community aspect to ensure

the health and sanitation of the residents.

Garcia et. Al. (2016) mentioned in their study about health practices and

the use of electronic gadgets among secondary students that it is widely

acknowledge that physical activity is essential to students’ growth and

development . Regular physical activity can have a positive impact on students’

physical , mental and social well-being . In particular, physical activity is likely

to have an impact on students’ achievement, readiness to learn, behavior and self

esteem. Positive experiences with physical activity at young age also help by the

foundation for healthy, productive lives. Research also indicates that students are
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in danger of developing serious diseases associated with obesity which can result

from lack of physical activity.

Coppens (2005) as cited by Eshun et. al., (2014) about School Sanitation

and Hygiene Education in Ghana, they found out that the School Sanitation and

Hygiene Education (SSHE) did not have any significant impact on the pupils in

the area since most of the pupils could not practice proper sanitation due to lack

of appropriate sanitation facilities. If such conditions continue to prevail, the

provision of total and holistic hygiene education for pupils in the study area and

in Ghana as a whole, will not achieve the desired impact. They concluded that s

teacher’s unwillingness to remain at post or even accept posting to rural or

deprived communities where basic social amenities like toilet facilities are

lacking. Many Journal of Education and Practice teachers who teach in schools

that lack toilet facilities often leave the school to look for a place of convenience

just because they need to visit the toilet. This causes many of them to miss

contact hours with pupils. Eventually, pupils are unable to acquire needed

education which hampers the achievement of the Millennium Development

Goal. They recommended that that the government, School Management

Committees (S M C), Parents Teachers Associations (P T A) school health

committees and all stakeholders in education should ensure that proper and

adequate toilet and urinal facilities which will enable pupils live under hygiene

condition in schools are provided and the government, in collaboration with the

Ghana Education Service should organize workshops for school based health
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coordinators and also empower them with skills that will enable them handle

issues related to hygiene and sanitation with confidence in basic schools

Synthesis

This part of the study summarizes the similarities and differences of the

present study.

Zulueta (2009) focused on the importance of physical activities in human

health. It was relevant to this study because it both discussed the activities crucial

to acquisition of good health.

Cadwell et. al., (2008) and Darilag (2009) also gave emphasis on

sanitation and health. Sanitation is the proper disposal of human waste to prevent

the spreading of sickness; health is the proper and optimal functioning of human

body.

Maville et. Al.(2008) focused on the good effects of health

education.Their study emphasized that through health education, change in

behavior and even in mental state is possible. Romualdez et. Al. Also gave

emphasis to financing concern as primary issue in health system in the

Philippines.

The study of Catilo et. Al., is interrelated to the present study because

both discuss the different health problems experienced by the students which

greatly affects their academic performance. Moreover, both studies proposed

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school-based activities that may help the students. The only difference is that the

past study focuses on Physical Education while the present study focuses both

on health and sanitation practices of secondary school.

The study of Armendez is relevant and similar to the present study

because both dealt with sanitation practices in school.The past study presented

and gave importance to the compliance of school canteens to sanitation

standards.On the other hand, the studies were irrelevant in terms of the focus of

their studies, the past study focused on the sanitation in canteen while the present

study focused on the overall practices with regards to health and sanitation that

are being exercised and manifested in secondary schools in division of Batangas.

Moreover, studies of Casabar et. Al.’s is similar to the present study

because both studied the different practices that complies with sanitary standards

including the provision of potable water, proper and clean food preparation,

disinfection of workplace or kitchen and the availability of sanitary certification.

In the same manner, both tackled solid waste and water waste management. The

two papers differs with the place it was intended and conducted for, the past

study was conducted to determine the effect of sanitation in relation to food

handling and preparation practices in new market in Batangas city while the

latter was conducted to determine the school-based health and sanitation

practices among secondary school in division of Batangas.

Hester and Harrison studies is interrelated to the present study in terms of

focus of the study which is sanitation and prevention of nuisance to enter

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human’s life due to negligence to practices suggesting a clean and healthy

environment.

The studies of Abadier and Lontoc were also similar to the present study

since both dealt with health and sanitation practices. However, they differed

since, the present study focuses on school-based health and sanitary practices

while the past studies focused on the health and sanitation practices of Badjao

inhabiting in Batangas City.

The study of Garcia et al. is likely similar to the present study because it

tackles about the health practices. It differs to the present study because they

focused on health practices with regards to the use of electronic gadgets such as

cell phone and computer while the present study focuses on the health and

sanitation practices alone

The present study and the study of De Chavez et. Al are interrelated

because both studies tackled different safety issues and tribulations including

water safety. It only differed from the focus of the studies.

The studies of Eshun et. al, and Coppens are interrelated to the present

study because both studied about school sanitation and hygiene . They only

differed from the focus of the study, the present study focuses on School-based

Health and Sanitation practices among secondary school in Division of Batangas

while the previous study focuses on the strategies in school sanitation and

hygiene education. Also, they differed from the approach used in conducting the
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study, furthermore, the past study was about primarily to effects of the absence

of urinals and toilets to the teachers and learning of the student.

Conceptual Framework

The constructs discussed in the study which helped in its

conceptualization are presented here in the conceptual framework which gives

the view point of the study. It pictures out the School-Based Health and

Sanitation practices Among Secondary schools in the Division of Batangas. The

chart shows the input, process and output of the study.

The input of the study includes the school-based health and sanitary

practices of secondary schools. A self-structured questionnaire was the tool use

to gather important data. The out-put of the study will be a proposal of school

activities with regards to their health and sanitation

INPUT PROCESS OUPUT

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Figure I

Conceptual Paradigm on School-Based Health and Sanitation

Practices Among Secondary schools in Division of Batangas.

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the students and teacher

assessment.

Definition of Terms.
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For clearer understanding of this work, the following terms used are

defined conceptual and operationally.

Education. Education is the enlarging of the people’s mind, enlivening

their imagination, arousiong their curiosity, assisting them to learn how to do

think (Delors 2009). In this study this means the knowledge and information

acquired about health and sanitation.

Output. Outputs are products of the students,faculty and students affairs

work resulting from certain activities or processes (Harward, 2012). In this study,

this refers to the health and sanitation activities proposed by the researchers.

Sanitation. The proper and safe way of disposal of excreta (Duncan et.

al., 2010). In this study it refers to the practices done within a school premises

with regards to their personal and communal hygiene.

Health. Health is the state of complete physical, mental and well being

and not merely the absence of disease or conformity (Felizardo 2009). This term

is used as one of the subject of this study.

Personal Hygiene. The principle of maintaining the cleanliness and

proper grooming of the external body (Johnson 2015). In this study, this term

was used as one of the primary concerns that has to be dealt with.

CHAPER III

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

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This chapter presents the research design, the subject of the study, the

subject of the study, the data gathering instruments, the data gathering

procedures, and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The researcher used the descriptive method of research in this study to

gather data and information regarding to the School-based Health and Sanitation

Practices of Secondary Schools in the Division of Batangas. The researcher used

a survey questionnaire to gather important data and information. According to

Manuel and Medeci (2004) descriptive method usually seeks to ascertain

respondents’ perspective or experiences on a specified subject in a pre-

determined structured manner.

Subject of the Study

The respondents of this study were students and all MAPEH teachers

from different secondary schools in the division of Batangas. The distribution of

respondents is shown in Table 1.

Table I

Distribution of Respondents in the Division of Batangas

Schools No. of Students No. of MAPEH

Teachers

Batangas National High School 180 27

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Balete National High School 25 4

Sto. Niňo National High School 23 4

Pinamukan National High School 20 6

Tinga Sorosoro National High School 20 1

Pedro S . Tolentino National High School 22 4

(Ilijan)

Banaba West National High School 18 5

Libjo National High School 44 1

Paharang National High School 21 3

TOTAL 373 55

Data Gathering Instruments

Questionnaire. The questionnaire was the primary instrument that the

researchers use. This was used to gather all the needed information in the study.

The questionnaire is divided into three parts .The first part included twenty (20)

items of health and sanitation practices, the second part are ten (10) items of

extent of manifestation of the said practices and the third part is ten (10) items

of question regarding the problems met in implementation of theses health and

sanitation practices.

Construction. The researchers used books, thesis papers and similar

references in constructing a preliminary draft of the questionnaire. The

researchers made sure that the manner of stating the questions were sufficient to
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collect enough data that was used in the study and likewise, to answer the

questions stated in the statement of the problem. The researchers also thought

of the possible question that are interrelated to the subject of the study through

brainstorming and observation to the environment of the selected secondary

school in Division of Batangas to ensure that every aspect is was discussed well.

Validation. The researchers submitted the preliminary draft to their

adviser as well as to group of experts for content validation. All of their

comments, suggestions and recommendations was put into consideration to

make the final draft of the questionnaire.

Administration. After the approval, the researchers finalized and

produce the questionnaires. The researcher prepared a letter addressed to the

division superintendent and principals for approval. The copies of the

questionnaire were distributed personally by the researchers to the respondents

but before that the researchers explained how and what to do in answering the

items in order to get their responses. The questionnaire personally retrieved by

the researchers and was tabulated for statistical treatment.

Scoring of the Responses.

After the respondents answer the questionnaire, the researchers tallied the

data, classified and tabulated them for statistical treatment. The researchers used

Likert Scale to weigh the responses of respondents, options included are from 1

to 4 with corresponding verbal interpretation.

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Option Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.5-4.00 Strongly Agree/Very Great Extent

3 2.5-3.49 Agree/Great Extent

2 1.5-2.49 Moderate Agree/Moderate Extent

1 1.00-1.49 Disagree/No Extent

Data Gathering Procedure

Data gathering started with collecting conceptual ideas from textbooks,

magazines, journals and internet. Data gathering collection was focused on the

school-based health and sanitation practices of secondary schools in the division

of Batangas. The study used some unpublished thesis and researches as primary

source of research literature to strengthen the uniqueness and cause of the study.

Procedures for gathering data through questionnaires was done personally

by administrating to public respondents. Upon retrieval of questionnaires, the

tally of the result was represented on a table using applicable statistical tools

upon advice by statistician. Treated data was interpreted and analyzed as to its

usefulness to the statement of the problem.

Statistical Treatment of Data

After the retrieval of all questionnaires, the data was tallied, analyzed and

interpreted. Essential data was collected, tabulated and analyzed in accordance

with statistical tools for the study:

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Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the perceived answer of the

respondents referring to school-based health and sanitation practices.

Frequency. This was used to determine the perception of the students and

teachers regarding to their response on the questionnaires.

Rank. This was used to determine which among the variables get the

highest frequency in each item in the questionnaire.

Percentage. Numerical computation indicating the ratio of a given

number to a total percentage when the total number is compared to 100, shown

by the symbol %.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data of the study that were carefully presented and

interpreted which greatly helped in accomplishing the objective of the study.

1. Health and Sanitation practices of Secondary Schools

Table 2 contains the assessment of health and sanitation practices of

secondary schools in Division of Batangas.

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From the table, it can be gleaned that both groups of respondents agreed that

the following health and sanitation practices are being observed in their school

as it obtained a composite mean of 3.34 for the student-respondents and 3.38 for

the teacher-respondents. The result implies that the both groups of respondents

believe that these health and sanitation practices are present and are being fully

observed.

Table 2

Assessment on the health and sanitation practices of secondary school

Students Teachers

WM VI WM VI

1. Alcohol or hand sanitizers are made 3.24 A 2.95 A

available for the teachers and students.

2. Monitoring of physical growth and 3.39 A 3.58 SA

development of the students is done.

3. School’s cafeteria serves nutritious 3.45 A 3.09 A

foods (vegetables, fruits, etc.)

4. The school holds a deworming 3.41 A 3.38 A

program for students at least once a

year.

5. The school conducts feeding 3.45 A 3.60 SA

program.

6. Dental check-up is being done. 3.15 A 3.13 A

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7. Proper grooming of the students is 3.36 A 3.42 A

being observed.

8. Daily morning exercises are being 3.31 A 3.18 A

done before the beginning of the

classes.

9. The provision of OL Trap as 3.14 A 3.42 A

prescribed by the DepEd is being

monitored.

10. Health clinics are present inside the 3.43 A 3.53 SA

school campus with on-call health

personnel.

11. Students receive vaccination such as 3.15 A 3.07 A

anti-TB and Anti-Measles.

12. Sufficient numbers of cleaning 3.54 SA 3.60 SA

materials such as broomstick, dustpan

and garbage can/bag are provided in

every classroom to sustain cleanliness.

13. The food stall owner has the sanitary 3.39 A 3.58 SA

permit from the local health office.

14. Approved sanitation permit is 3.41 A 3.35 A

posted for public information.

15. Disinfectants are used to clean 3.28 A 3.25 A

school facilities.
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16. The vendors are in proper uniform 3.22 A 3.33 A

including apron, hand gloves, mask, and

hair net.

17. In the absence of dump site, proper 3.23 A 3.33 A

ways of decaying solid wastes are

implemented.

18. Disinfecting and sanitizing of 3.27 A 3.42 A

cooking and eating utensils is being

done.

19. Trash and waste are far from the 3.36 A 3.51 SA

food stall to avoid contamination.

20. Teacher, student and maintenance 3.52 SA 3.55 SA

observes proper segregation of

biodegradable, non-biodegradable and

recyclable waste.

COMPOSITE MEAN 3.34 A 3.38 A

LEGEND: A- Agree SA- Strongly Agree

It can be seen from the table that sufficient numbers of cleaning materials

such as broomstick, dustpan and garbage can/bag are provided in every

classroom to sustain cleanliness ranked first with weighted mean of 3.60 with a
 29

verbal interpretation of strongly agree. This implies that the provision of cleaning

materials in every classroom is the most observable health and sanitation practice

in the school based on the student-respondents assessment.

Based on the student-respondents assessment, teacher, student and

maintenance observes proper segregation of biodegradable, non-biodegradable

and recyclable waste and obtain a weighted mean of 3.32 and verbally interpreted

as strongly agreed . From this, it can be inferred that the respondents always

practice the proper waste management. This was mentioned in the study of

Hester and Harrison that waste and other waste streams are needed to be removed

from human environment to avoid nuisance and public health problems.

School’s cafeteria serves nutritious foods (vegetables, fruits, etc.) was verbally

interpreted as agree base on the students assessment. This got a weighted mean

of 3.45. This means that the personnel in school cafeterias are aware that the

student should receive nutritious and well-balanced foods that can boost their

body’s function and can promote optimal health state.

The students assessed that the schools conduct feeding program as showed

above attained a weighted mean of 3.45, verbally interpreted as agree. It means

that the school administration conducts feeding program to resolve malnutrition

problem among students and to best address the nutritional needs among them .

The weighted mean 3.43 was attained by the assessment of the students that

agreed upon that the health clinics are present inside the school campus with in-

call health personnel. It appears that from the given result, the school has health
 30

personnel who can respond to students health concern at any given time and

circumstance .

From the findings above, deworming program for students at least once a

year and approved sanitation permit is posted for public information , expressed

in the weighted mean 3.41 on the students assessment verbally interpreted as

agree.This shows that the school administration conducts such program

prioritizing the health of the students and that the food vendors are aware about

the basic sanitary requirement ensuring the safety of the students as their primary

consumer.

With the same weighted mean of 3.39 the group of student-respondents agreed

upon the monitoring of physical growth and development of the student is done

in their school and the food stall owner has the sanitary permit from the local

health office are being practice in their school as part of their awareness on health

and sanitation.

On the other hand, the observation of student’s proper grooming and trash

and waste are far from the food stall to avoid contamination was both verbally

interpreted as agree. These practices attained a weighted mean of 3.36, from this

it can be inferred that as part of sanitation practices, the proper grooming is

monitored to ensure that viruses,bacteria and illnesses are kept distant from the

student .

Likewise,daily morning exercises is being done before the beginning of

the classes got a weighted mean of 3.31. This is expressed that students agreed

that this practice is being exercised in school. It can be inferred that physical
 31

wellness of the students is being given importance as part of the prevention of

any possible health risk that may affect the student’s performance at school. This

was supported by the study of Catilo et. Al., (2016) that experienced health

problems of the respondents affect their performance relative to physical

activities and exercises, class discussion, projects and outputs and attendance.

Discussing whether disinfectants are used to clean school facilities or not

was expressed on a weighted mean of 3.28 verbally interpreted as agree. This

possibly means that according to the assessment of student group of respondent,

the use of disinfectants to clean school’s facilities like comfort room is

manifested on satisfactory level.

Students also assessed and agreed that disinfecting and sanitizing of cooking

and eating utensils is being done in their school. The findings indicated that it

attained the weighted mean of 3.27 . It means that secondary schools complies

to the sanitary measures that are must be applied to food-contact surfaces and

tools. This was mentioned by Armendez et. Al., (2016) that food items in school

canteen may be contaminated with filth or may be injurious to health of the

costumer for this reason , it is very important that proper sanitation standards are

complied by the personnel to keep the students and other costumer safe from

contamination and other health hazards.

Moreover, alcohol or hand sanitizers are made available for the teachers and

students, assessed by the student-respondents and expressed to a weighted mean

 32

of 3.24. This means that the students agreed that the provision of alcohol or hand

sanitizers is exercised in secondary schools.

According to the students assessment is in the absence of dump site, proper

ways of decaying solid wastes are implemented with a weighted mean of 3.23

and verbally interpreted as agree. From this findings, it can be inferred that the

schools in the division of Batangas exercise waste management in a proper

manner that is beneficial to the reduction of the environmental pollution.

Moreover, the student-respondents also agreed that the vendors are in proper

uniform including apron, hand gloves, mask, and hair net. This was rated by the

weighted mean of 3.22 and placed seventeenth on the ranking. This signifies that

the food dealers are wearing appropriate clothing that conforms to the sanitary

requirement.

Students agreed that they receives vaccination such as anti-TB and anti

measles. They also agreed that dental check-up is being done , both practices

attained a weighted mean of 3.15. This signifies that prevention of fatal diseases

is given emphasis and attention through vaccination, also oral concerns such as

infection and tooth decay is being resolved.

Last on the students response on health and sanitation practices was that the

provision of OL Trap as prescribed by the DepEd is being monitored. This

attained a weighted mean of 3.14 and implies that the students agreed that this

health and sanitation practice is observed at their campuses. This means that this

practice in secondary schools in division of Batangas to avoid if not, lessen the

 33

presence of mosquito and to prevent the students from getting infected by dengue

or malaria is exercised and done.

To sum up the findings, with a composite mean of 3.34 on students

assessment and verbal interpretation of agree, these health and sanitation

practices were observed in their school. It justifies that the student-respondents

firmly believes that the school’s administrators provides different activities and

information with regards to health and sanitary measures that has to be exercised

in order to have a wholesome place for them to stay. This was mentioned in the

study of Abadier and Lontoc (2006) that the local officials and other concern

groups must provide proper education with respect to personal hygiene,

nutritional aspect and community aspect to ensure the health and sanitation of

the residents.

On the assessment on teacher-respondents the school conducts feeding

program with a weighted mean of 3.60 was verbally interpreted as strongly

agree. From this, it can be inferred that the teacher-respondents strongly believes

that their school is conducting feeding program to suffice student’s health

insufficiency and to combat malnutrition among their students

Moreover, the teacher-respondents strongly agreed that sufficient numbers

of cleaning materials such as broomstick, dustpan and garbage can/bag are

provided in every classroom to sustain cleanliness with a weighted mean of 3.60.

Teacher-respondents also assessed that monitoring of physical growth and

development of the students is done and food stall owner has the sanitary permit
 34

from the local health office got a weighted mean of 3.58 both ranked 3.5 with a

verbal interpretation of strongly agreed. It appears that based on the teachers

response,this two practices are being exercised and observed constantly inside

the school premises that both address the health and sanitary necessity of

students.

The teacher-respondents assessed that the teacher, student and maintenance

observes proper segregation of biodegradable, non-biodegradable and recyclable

waste with a weighted mean of 3.55 verbally interpreted as strongly agree. This

reveals that the respondents are practicing the proper management and

segregation of their waste on a sensational manner to maintain a healthy

environment for both students and teachers. Furthermore, health clinics are

present inside the school campus with on-call health personnel based on the

teacher assessment attained a weighted mean of 3.53 and verbally interpreted as

strongly agree.

Likewise, teacher assessed that trash and waste are far from the food stall to

avoid contamination verbally interpreted as strongly agree with weighted mean

of 3.51, it only shows that teacher-respondents firmly believes that they are

practicing the proper sanitation measures that is crucial to the prevention of the

spreading of pathogens and contaminant and other food-borne disease and

illnesses.

On teacher assessment on health and sanitation practices are the observation

of proper grooming of the students , the monitoring of the provision of OL Trap

as prescribed by the DepEd and disinfecting and sanitizing of cooking and eating
 35

utensils is being done attained the weighted mean of 3.42 verbally interpreted as

agreed. It shows that these practices are being observed and imply in health and

sanitary measures of the secondary schools in the division of Batangas. Based

on the findings, things that are vital to wholesome and sanitary living such as

proper grooming to ensure student’ self-sanitation, the provision of OL trap to

control the population of mosquitoes that may bring ailment and disinfection of

cooking and eating utensils is observable in secondary schools.

Furthermore,on teacher-respondents assessment the school holds a

deworming program for students at least once a year falls expressed with a

weighted mean of 3.38, implying that the the teachers agreed that this practice

of health and sanitation is being observed in secondary schools. This means that

students are provided with anthelmintic drug which is highly beneficial to

students because it prevents anemia, diarrhea and weight loss that later leads to

some serious illnesses.

The teachers of every school in the Division of Batangas agreed that they

conduct daily morning exercises before they begin the class as a result the

weighted mean of 3.31. In this matter, the school campuses conduct an activity

to acquire good health of the students and also for the teachers.

Teacher-respondents agreed that the vendors are in proper uniform including

apron, hand gloves, mask, and hair net and in the absence of dump site , proper

ways of decaying solid wastes are implemented with a weighted mean of 3.33.It

appears that food vendors are mandated with clothing requirement , in the same
 36

manner, the findings implies that schools are exercising the safest way to

eliminate waste from their school in the absence of dump site.

With weighted mean of 3.25, verbally interpreted as agreed is the use of

disinfectants to clean school facilities. This means that according to the

assessment of teacher-respondents, disinfection of facilities in secondary schools

through the use of agents that kills bacteria and germs is being observed and done

in a agreeable level.

The assessment of respondents shows that the teachers observed and agreed

that daily morning exercises is being done before the the beginning of the class

in secondary schools with a weighted mean of 3.18.Also, dental check-up is

being done ranked 17 with a weighted mean of 3.13 and expressed verbally as

agreed. The teacher-respondents agreed that this practice is can be observed in

secondary schools in division of Batangas.

Based on teacher assessment on health and sanitation practices that can be

observed in secondary schools is school’s cafeteria serves nutritious food like

vegetables and fruits with a weighted mean 3.09 and verbally interpreted as

agreed.

With a weighted mean of 3.07, the teacher assessed that students receives

vaccination such as anti-TB and Anti-Measles with verbal interpretation as

agreed. Attained the lowest weighted mean among the items in teacher-

respondents assessment with a weighted mean of 2.95 is the provision of alcohol

and hand sanitizers for the teacher and students. This was expressed verbally as

agreed. This could possibly implies that secondary school are aware that the use
 37

of alcohol and sanitizers, is one of the best precaution that prevents the bacteria

from spreading and breeding into surface or human body.

To sum up, the composite mean of 3.38 of the teacher-respondents

assessment justified that they agree that the twenty health and sanitation practices

are being observed in secondary schools. It means that schools in the division of

Batangas are exercising these practices to prevent the high number of incidence

of students getting sick and misses class. This also means that overall secondary

schools are conducive to learning and are provided with sanitary facilities and

are safe from health hazards, they combat malnutrition and conducts preventive

measure against future health concerns like dengue, tuberculosis and measles.

2. Extent of manifestation of health and sanitation practices.

Table 3 contains the extent of manifestation of health and sanitation

practices of secondary schools in Division of Batangas.

The table shows that one out of ten manifestation of health and sanitation

practices were assessed to a very great extent by the students while the rest of

the items were assessed to a great extent. On the other hand, three items were

assessed by the teacher-respondents to a very great extent while the seven

remaining item were manifested to a great extent. The aftermath implies that the

group of teachers and students truly believed that these extensions are greatly

manifested and well observed in their school.

Table 3

Extent the health and sanitation practices being manifested

 38

Students Teachers
WM VI WM VI
1. Cleanliness of every room is being 3.66 VGE 3.82 VGE
observed by the teacher-in-charge,students
and janitors.

2. Toiletries are made available at all times. 3.33 GE 3.18 GE

3. Proper segregation of solid waste materials 3.47 GE 3.56 VGE

is being observed and implemented inside the
campus.

4. Monitoring of physical growth and 3.44 GE 3.53 VGE

development is done .

5. School utility personnel regularly use 3.32 GE 3.33 GE

disinfectant when cleaning the school
facilities ( e.g. comfort rooms).

6. Satisfactory number of Hand-washing area 3.34 GE 3.20 GE

are present to prevent the exposure of the
students to pathogens.

7. Adequate supplies for hygiene practices is 3.21 GE 3.13 GE

provided.

8.The provision of facilities and services for 3.27 GE 3.40 GE

the safe disposal of human urine and feces is
observed.

9 Frequent washing and disinfecting of all 3.25 GE 3.31 GE

food contact surfaces and utensils in the
cafeteria are being observe.

10. Drinking water containers provided in the 3.39 GE 3.47 GE

cafeteria are covered and sanitized daily.

COMPOSITE MEAN 3.38 GE 3.39 GE

LEGEND: GE- Great Extent V GE- Very Great Extent

 39

The student assessed to a very great extent that cleanliness of every room is

being observed by the teacher-in-charge, students and janitors. Attained the

highest weighted mean of 3.66 among the ten items. This signifies that with the

collaboration of efforts of the janitors, teacher and students it is possible to

maintain a clean environment and healthy place for the students to learn.

The respondents assessed that the manifestation of proper segregation of

solid waste materials is being observed and implemented inside the campus was

attained to a great extent with a weighted mean of 3.47. Through this it can be

inferred that they are aware that the improper disposal and treatment to waste

leads to transmission of different infection diseases and unsanitary environment.

It was supported by the study of Abadier and Lontoc (2006) that the improper

disposal of human waste, uncollected garbage and shortage in water supply are

the problems encountered that hindered the development of good sanitation and

health practices.

Likewise, student-respondents revealed that the manifestation of monitoring

the growth and development was attained to a great extent. It is expressed by the

weighted mean of 3.44 implying that this practice of health and sanitation is

greatly exercised and that administrators are aware that through this practice they

will be knowledgeable about the current health state and even insufficiency of

the student.

The assessment of students indicated to a great extent in relation to the

sanitation practice of drinking water containers provided in the cafeteria are

 40

covered and sanitized daily with a weighted mean of 3.39.This emphasizes the

provision as well as the manifestation of safe drinking water and utilization of

clean containers at a daily basis.

Discussing the presence of satisfactory number of hand washing area to

prevent the exposure of the students to pathogens ,expressed with a weighted

mean of 3.34 by the students assessment. This was manifested to a great extent.

This asserted that as part of the action to protect the students from acquiring

illnesses brought by microorganism such as bacteria and fungi, secondary

schools has given importance to the benefits of hand washing.

The student-respondents also assesses that toiletries are made available all

the time is being manifested to a great extent. This got a weighted mean of 3.33.

This signifies that the presence of toiletries such as tissue, napkin and soap at all

times is observable. This also implies that the secondary schools has hygienic

comfort rooms. This conforms to the study of Coppens (2005) school health

committees and all stakeholders in education should ensure the proper and

adequate toilet and urinal facilities which will enable pupils live under hygiene

condition in schools are provided.

Furthermore, the students also indicated that school utility personnel

regularly use disinfectant when cleaning the school facilities (e.g. comfort

rooms) is manifested to the great extent with a weighted mean of 3.32 .

Therefore, disinfection is done and meant to provide safety to the ones who use

the facilities.
 41

Assessed by students is the provision of facilities and services for the safe

disposal of human urine and faeces is observed as manifested as to great extent.

This is expressed with a weighted mean of 3.27. The result implies that

prevention of contamination is being exercise in secondary schools through the

promotion of proper and safe treatment of human urine and faeces. On the hand,

student-respondents also indicates frequent washing and disinfecting of all food

contact surfaces and utensils in the cafeteria is manifested to the great extent with

a weighted mean of 3.25.

Assessed the lowest by student-respondent is adequate supplies for hygiene

practices are provided and rated to a great extent. This affirms that student-

respondents assessed that this practice is not that manifested as it got the lowest

weighted mean of 3.21.

As presented on the table, the teacher assessed that out of ten items three are

manifested to the very great extent. Attained the highest on the teacher-

respondents same as with the student, with a weighted mean of 3.82 is the

observation of the cleanliness of every room is done by the teacher-in-charge,

students and janitors. With a weighted mean of 3.56, the teacher-respondents

assessed that the manifestation of proper segregation of solid waste materials,

likewise, monitoring of physical growth and development is done got the

weighted mean of 3.53. The findings implies that these practices are manifested

in secondary schools to a very great extent.

 42

On teacher-respondents assessment is drinking water containers provided in

the cafeteria are covered and sanitized daily got the weighted mean of 3.47,

implying that this is manifested to a great extent in secondary school. It appears

that prevention of deleterious effect of consuming beverages that are

contaminated with pathogens and harmful bacteria is visibly exercised in school

cafeteria.

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine

and feces was manifested to a great extent and attained the weighted mean of

3.40 based on teacher-respondents assessment. It can be noted that sufficient

comfort rooms and other related facilities are present that prevents open

defecation that leads to transmission of ailment such as cholera and typhoid.

Manifested to a great extent is school utility personnel regularly use disinfectant

when cleaning the school facilities (e.g. comfort rooms) and attained the

weighted mean of 3.33.

Discussing about the safety of students and teachers as primary food

consumer, frequent washing and disinfecting of all food contact surfaces and

utensils in the cafeteria was expressed with a weighted mean of 3.31. It can be

noted that it is greatly manifested. While the satisfactory number of hand-

washing area is present to prevent the exposure of the students to pathogens and

is assessed as manifested to a great extent. While toiletries are made available at

all times based on teacher assessment is manifested to a great extent with a

weighted mean 3.18. It can be inferred that the mentioned three sanitation

practices are greatly exercised in secondary school, it also implies that it protects
 43

the students from getting sick due to poor sanitation. As to Caldwell (2008)

sanitation is protecting and promoting human health by providing a clean

environment and breaking the cycle of disease.

The teacher-respondents assessment also indicated that adequate supplies for

hygiene practices are provided is manifested to a great extent and attained the

lowest weighted mean 3.13. This means that the supplies for hygiene is funded

and maintained that contributes the promotion of cleanliness of oneself.

To sum up, the students responses attained a composite mean of 3.38,

moreover, a composite mean of 3.39 was attained by the assessment of teacher-

respondents. This findings justifies that the manifestation of the health and

sanitation practices mentioned are to a great extent .Therefore, both group of

respondents firmly believes that secondary school in the division of Batangas

complies with health and sanitation standards that should be done in order to

produce young, healthy and hygienic members of the society.

3.Significant difference between the assessment of the groups of respondents

Table 4

Difference between the teachers and the students assessment

 44

Variables p- Computed Decision on Ho Verbal

values t-values interpretatio

Health and .55 .596 Failed to Reject Not

sanitation Significant

practices

Extent of .82 .229 Failed to Reject Not

manifestation Significant

As shown on the table 4, the teacher-respondents and student-respondents

assessment in terms of health and sanitation practices has a computed p-value of

.55 is less than the computed t-value of .596 that lead to the rejection of the null

hypothesis showing that there is no significant difference between the

assessment of the two group of respondents. It also goes the same with the extent

of manifestation of health and sanitation practices with computed p-value of .82

that is less than .229 and fail to reject the null hypothesis. The result shows that

there is no significant difference among the assessment of the responses of

students and teachers. This means that the assessment on the two groups of

respondents shows no noticeable difference because it is believed that secondary

schools in the division of Batangas promotes a healthy environment for the

teacher and students and practice sanitary measures at a daily basis.

4. Problems met in the implementation of health and sanitation practices of

schools
 45

The following discussions presents the different problems in the

implementation of health and sanitation practices among secondary schools in

division of Batangas.

Table 5 presents the different problems met in the implementation of the

health and sanitation practices.

Table 5

Problems met in the implementation of health and sanitation

Students Teacher

WM VI WM VI

1. Toiletries are being brought home by the 2.70 A 2.47 MA

students.

2. Sanitary tissues are being wasted because 2.71 A 2.51 A

of improper use.

3. There is an absence of disinfectants and 2.79 A 2.56 A

cleaning materials due to lack of budget .

4. Garbage/wastes are not regularly collected. 2.42 MA 2.33 MA

5. There is a failure in providing potable 2.64 A 2.36 MA

water.

6. There is an absence of campus’s health 2.55 A 2.04 MA

clinic and personnel.

 46

7. There is lack of understanding and proper 2.73 A 2.27 MA

information dissemination with regards to the

importance of health and sanitation practices

among the admin and the students.

8. Absence of mandated rule regarding the 2.72 A 2.29 MA

wearing of proper working clothes. (e.g.

apron, hairnet, and hand gloves).

9. Food vendors/owner fail to present the 2.66 A 2.22 MA

health sanitary permit of the food stall issued

by the city or municipal office.

10. Students lack of educational information 2.60 A 2.22 MA

about the health and sanitation practices.

COMPOSITE MEAN 2.65 A 2.33 MA

LEGEND: A- Agree M A- Moderately Agree

The table manifests that the absence of disinfectants and cleaning materials

are the top most problem met in the implementation of health and sanitation

practices of schools as indicated with the weighted mean of 2.79 with the verbal

interpretation of agree. This implies that there is a lack of budget to support the

cleaning materials needed in the secondary schools in the division of Batangas.

 47

The students agreed that there is a lack of understanding and proper

information dissemination with regards to the importance of health and

sanitation practices among the admin and the students with the weighted mean

of 2.73. This also implies that there is insufficiency with the effort exerted to

educate the students about the practice of health and hygiene education. This was

supported by Maville (2008) that the practice of health education is a tool or

mechanism for health-related learning resulting in increasing knowledge, skill-

development and change in behaviour.

The absence of mandated rule regarding the wearing of proper working

clothes with the weighted mean of 2.72 and verbally interpreted as agreed. This

implies that vendors and other food handlers in secondary school does not follow

any clothing requirement that is a great contributor on the cleanliness of food.

This is supported in the study of Casabar et.al, (2005) the criteria to consider for

meeting the quality of food should start with personal cleanliness of the food

handlers and cook. They should wear appropriate clothing, hairnet and apron.

Students also agreed that the sanitary tissues are being wasted. This attained

a weighted mean of 2.71 . It is due to the improper usage and lack of discipline.

Toiletries are being brought home by the students, are on the fifth rank with a

weighted mean of 2.70 and verbally interpreted as agreed.

The student-respondents assessed that food vendors/owner fail to present

the health and sanitary permit of the food stall issued by the city or municipal

office. With a weighted mean of 2.66 and verbally interpreted as agreed. It

 48

implies that the food vendors/owner is not following the mandated rules

regarding the health and sanitary standards that may cause food-borne

pathogens. It is supported by the study of Casabar et.al, (2005) that lack of proper

certification and knowledge will result to greater risk of food contamination.

With a weighted mean of 2.64, the students agreed that there is a failure

in providing potable water. It reveals that barriers to a safe and secure drinking

water supply may include an absence of local expertise in the construction and

maintenance of water systems, a lack of the necessary financial resources for

their construction, wars and other conflicts, and natural disasters leading to

water contamination. The health effects of drinking contaminated water can

range from no physical impact to severe illness or even death. This conforms the

study of De Chavez et. Al., that food and water safety is the most critical, because

of the deleterious effect that may result from consuming food and beverage

contaminated with pathogens or their toxins the ingestion of poisonous

chemical, or injury from a foreign object swallowed with the food. These

personal devices and methods aim to render water potable.

Based on the student-respondents assessment, student’s lack of educational

information about the health and sanitation practices falls on the eighth rank with

a weighted mean of 2.60 and verbally interpreted as agreed. This reveals that it

fails all the attaining goals of health and sanitation promotion in school.

Students also assessed and agreed that there is an absence of campus’s health

clinic and personnel. The findings indicated that it attained the weighted mean
 49

of 2.55. It reveals that there is lack of budget to establish a health clinic in schools

in division of Batangas and scarcity of school nurses.

The garbage/wastes are not regularly collected with a weighted mean of 2.42

with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree. As cited in the study of Hester

and Harrison (2002) household waste and other waste streams, needed to be

removed from human environment to avoid nuisance and public health

problems, and the wider environment provided an ample sink for these negative

effects of human life.

To sum up, with a composite mean of 2.65 and verbal interpretation of agree,

the students justifies that there are problems met in the implementation of health

and sanitation in the secondary schools in the division of Batangas. According

to the assessment the three most encountered problem were absence of

disinfectants and cleaning materials due to lack of budget, lack of understanding

and proper information dissemination with regards to the importance of health

and sanitation practices among the admin and the students and absence of

mandated rule regarding the wearing of proper working clothes. From this, it can

be inferred that most number of schools in division of Batangas are absolutely

lacked of proper maintaining of health and sanitation practices based on the

problems met stated above. This is mean that having the proper practices

disinfection, information dissemination and working clothes requirement are just

mere and doesn’t given enough attention.

 50

The teachers of every school in the Division of Batangas agreed that there is

an absence of disinfectants and cleaning materials. This is the top most problem

that met in the implementation of health and sanitation practices of schools as

indicated with the weighted mean of 2.56. This implies that there is a lack of

budget to supply the cleaning materials needed in the secondary schools in the

division of Batangas.The teacher-respondents also agreed that sanitary tissues

are being wasted with a weighted mean of 2.51. It is simply because of the

improper use and lack of discipline. Toiletries are being brought home by the

students. Likewise, with a weighted mean of 2.47 and verbally interpreted as

moderately agree.

Moreover, the teacher-respondents also assessed that there is a failure in

providing potable water. The findings indicated that it attained the weighted

mean of 2.36 with the verbal interpretation of moderately agree. This justifies

that the provision of water as an essential factor for hydration and human health

has been neglected and was not given adequate attention.

The teachers also assessed that the garbage/wastes are not regularly

collected. With a weighted mean of 2.33, it is verbally interpreted as moderately

agree. Implies that some schools are still not reached by the garbage collection

project of the city government, especially those remote areas.

The teacher respondents also moderately agreed that the absence of mandated

rule regarding the wearing of proper working clothes justified by the weighted

mean of 2.29.
 51

Moreover, the teacher-respondents assessed that there is lack of

understanding and proper information dissemination with regards to the

importance of health and sanitation practices among the admin and the students.

With a weighted mean of 2.27 with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree.

This implies that there is a failure in educating the students regarding the proper

information about the importance of health and sanitation consequently.

The teacher-respondents believed that the food vendors/owners failed to

present the health sanitary permit of the food stall issued by the city or municipal

office. Moreover, the teachers also assessed that the students lack of educational

information about the health and sanitation practices. These are both attained a

weighted mean of 2.22 verbally interpreted as moderately agree. It is stated in

the study of Flavier (2003) that no person should be employed in any food

establishment without the sanitary permit issued by the city or municipality

health office. Nearly, all food establishments have a quality control assurance

department that evaluates the sanitary requirements of the food establishments.

Teacher-respondents assessed that there is an absence of campus’s health

clinic and personnel. With a weighted mean of 2.04 and a verbal interpretation

of moderately agree. It implies that only few schools have concern with regards

to the absence of health clinic, this may also mean that the students’ health in the

division of Batangas, in secondary school specifically, receives enough effort

and attention from their respective administrators.

 52

To sum up, with a composite mean of 2.33 the teacher-respondents

moderately agree that those are the problems met in the implementation of health

and sanitation in the secondary schools in the division of Batangas. It means that

most of the secondary school in the division of Batangas doesn’t give more

attention on educational information about health and sanitation practices, and

also doesn’t give high support to implement a rule that no such vendor can

develop a food stall without any sanitary permit from the local health office. And

health clinics in every school in the said division should be mandated.

Introduction

With regards to the different concerns of secondary schools in division of

Batangas about health and sanitation practices the proposed activities will be of

great contribution to successfully resolve their concerns and present tribulations.

Likewise, these activities is a great opportunity to promote healthy living and

awareness.
 53

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendation of the study.

Summary

This study aimed to determine the school-based health and sanitation

practices among secondary schools in division of Batangas.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following question.

1. What are the health and sanitation practices of secondary schools?

2. To what extent are the health and sanitation practices being manifested?

3. Is there a significant difference between the assessments of the groups

of respondents?

4. What are the problems met in the implementation of health and

sanitation practices of schools?

 54

5. What school-based health and sanitation activities may be proposed?

Findings

After the data been presented and statistical treated, analyzed and

interpreted data are been drawn, the following findings were presented:

1.Health and Sanitation Practices

The students rated the health and sanitation practices in secondary school,

they agreed that it is being observed with a composite mean of 3.34. They

strongly agreed that sufficient numbers of cleaning materials such as broomstick,

dustpan and garbage can/bag are provided in every classroom to sustain

cleanliness and teacher, student and maintenance observes proper segregation of

biodegradable, non-biodegradable and recyclable waste with weighted means

ranging from 3.52 to 3.54.Furthermore, they agreed in terms of the practice of

trash and waste are far from the food stall to avoid contamination; disinfecting

and sanitizing of cooking and eating utensils is being done; in the absence of

dump site , proper ways of decaying solid wastes are implemented; the vendors

are in proper uniform including apron, hand gloves, mask, and hair net;

disinfectants are used to clean school facilities; approved sanitation permit is

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posted for public information; food stall owner has the sanitary permit from the

local health office; students receive vaccination such as anti-TB and Anti-

Measles; health clinics are present inside the school campus with on-call health

personnel; the provision of OL Trap as prescribed by the DepEd is being

monitored; daily morning exercises is being done before the beginning of the

classes; proper grooming of the students is being observed; dental check-up is

being done; school holds a deworming program for students at least once a year;

school’s cafeteria serves nutritious foods ( vegetables, fruits, etc.); monitoring of

physical growth and development of the students is done and alcohol or hand

sanitizers are made available for the teachers and students were also being

observed in secondary schools and got the weighted means ranging from 3.14 as

the lowest rank and 3.45 as the third to highest rank.

As to MAPEH teachers, with a composite mean of 3.38 they also agreed that

the listed health and sanitation practices were observed. Ranking the highest

among the twenty items with weighted means ranging from 3.58 to 3.60 were

the school conducts feeding program; sufficient numbers of cleaning materials

such as broomstick, dustpan and garbage can/bag are provided in every

classroom to sustain cleanliness; monitoring of physical growth and

development of the students is done and the food stall owner has the sanitary

permit from the local health office implies that they strongly agree.

On the other hand, they agree that the remaining items are being observed in

secondary schools with a weighted mean ranging from 2.95, 3.33 to 3.55.
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2. Extent of manifestation of Health and Sanitation practices.

The students of different secondary schools in division of Batangas rated

and assessed the extent of manifestation of health and sanitation practices. One

out of ten items that was manifested to the very great extent was cleanliness of

every room is being observed by the teacher-in-charge, students and janitors with

a weighted mean of 3.66. The remaining nine items assessed to a great extent

with weighted mean ranging from 3.21 to 3.47 were adequate supplies for

hygiene practices is provided; frequent washing and disinfecting of all food

contact surfaces and utensils in the cafeteria are being observe; the provision of

facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces is observed;

school utility personnel regularly use disinfectant when cleaning the school

facilities ( e.g. comfort rooms); toiletries are made available at all times;

satisfactory number of Hand-washing area are present to prevent the exposure of

the students to pathogens; drinking water containers provided in the cafeteria are

covered and sanitized daily; monitoring of physical growth and development is

done and roper segregation of solid waste materials is being observed and

implemented inside the campus. The composite mean of 3.38 is an indication

that these practices are evidently manifested to a great extent.

The MAPEH teachers assessed the manifestation of the practices to a

great extent having the composite mean of 3.39. Three items has been manifested

to a very great extent those were : cleanliness of every room is being observed

by the teacher-in-charge, students and janitors with a weighted mean of 3.82 and

was ranked as the top most manifested practice; proper segregation of solid waste
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materials is being observed and implemented inside the campus with 3.56

computed weighted mean and monitoring of physical growth and development

is done with a weighted mean of 3.53. On the other hand, according to teachers

assessment the following practice were greatly manifested : drinking water

containers provided in the cafeteria are covered and sanitized daily, the provision

of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces is

observed, school utility personnel regularly use disinfectant when cleaning the

school facilities ( e.g. comfort rooms), frequent washing and disinfecting of all

food contact surfaces and utensils in the cafeteria are being observe, satisfactory

number of Hand-washing area are present to prevent the exposure of the students

to pathogens, toiletries are made available at all times and adequate supplies for

hygiene practices is provided with computed weighted means ranging from 3.47

to 3.13.

3. Significant difference between the assessments of the groups of

respondents.

With regards to Health and Sanitation practices p-value 0.55 together with

the t-value of 0.596 failed to reject the null hypothesis with results as not

significant. Moreover, the p-value 0.82 in terms of the extent of manifestation of

health and sanitation practices is similar that failed to reject the null hypothesis

with the t-value of 0.229

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Since health and sanitation practices and extent of manifestation reject

the null hypothesis it therefore concludes that the assessment of student and

teachers does not have any significant difference.

4.Problems met in the implementation of health and sanitation practices.

Based on students’ response, they agreed that absence of disinfectants and

cleaning materials due to lack of budget, lack of understanding and proper

information dissemination with regards to the importance of health and

sanitation practices among the admin and the students, absence of mandated rule

regarding the wearing of proper working clothes. (e.g. apron, hairnet, and hand

gloves), sanitary tissues are being wasted because of improper use, toiletries are

being brought home by the students, food vendors/owner fail to present the

health sanitary permit of the food stall issued by the city or municipal office,

failure in providing potable water, students lack of educational information about

the health and sanitation practices, absence of campus’s health clinic and

personnel were the main problems met in the implementation of health and

sanitation practices in secondary school with weighted means ranging 2.79, 2.66

and 2.55 On the other hand, students moderately agreed that the problem in

collection of garbage/wastes is met with a weighted mean of 2.42. This findings,

attained the composite mean of 2.65.

According to teacher, with the composite mean of 2.33 they moderately

agree that the main problems met in implementation of health and sanitation

practices were absence of disinfectants and cleaning materials due to lack of

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budget and sanitary tissues are being wasted because of improper use with

weighted means of 2.56 and 2.51. While the remaining items were assessed with

weighted means ranging from 2.22, 2.29, 2.33and 2.47.

5.Proposed school-based health and sanitation activities.

School-based health and sanitation activities were proposed to help

improved the current practices of secondary schools in division of Batangas. The

researchers also proposed new ideas to resolve the problems met by the school.

Conclusions

Based on the finding of the study, the researchers come up to the following

conclusions:

1. Students and Teachers agreed that the health and sanitation practices are being

observed in Secondary schools in the Division of Batangas.

2. Health and Sanitation Practices were manifested to great extent in secondary

schools to ensure students’ and teachers’ safety.

3. The students’ assessment has no significant difference on the assessment of

MAPEH teachers.

4. The main problem met in the implementation of health and sanitary practices

is the absence of disinfectants and cleaning materials due to lack of budget.

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5. The proposed school-based health and sanitation practices if properly

implemented and done could improve the current health and sanitation state of

secondary schools.

Recommendation

The foregoing findings and conclusions leads the researchers to offer the

following recommendations:

1. The suggested set of activities must be adopted to enhance and upgrade the

current practices implemented in secondary schools.

2. Schools should seek government organization for funding health and

sanitation materials and facilities.

3. Further studies may be conducted focusing on the outcome of this study that

would suggest other activities to address the health and sanitation concerns of

secondary schools.
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