L1 – HINDUISM
common word there for 'universal law'
ATMAN
 Sanskrit word that means inner self or
soul, true self of an individual beyond
identification with phenomena, the
essence of an individual.
 “It is the IMMORTAL ASPECT of our
MORTAL EXISTENCE”
THE REPRESENTATION OF A HUMAN BEING IN
FORM OF DIFFERENT SHEATHS OR “KOSHAS”
SHEATHS:
- -THE BODY
- -THE INTELLECT
- -THE MIND
- -ATMAN / SOUL
KOSHAS
 -energetic layers or sheaths that move
from the outermost layer of the skin to
the deep spiritual core.
DHARMA
 it means 'duty', 'virtue', 'morality', even
'religion' and it refers to the power
which upholds the universe and society.
 -revealed in the Vedas although a more
or 'righteousness' is rita.
 power that maintains society
*RITA IS THE DOCTRINES OF DHARMA ( DUTY )
AND KARMA ( ACCUMULATED EFFECTS OF
GOOD AND BAD ACTIONS)*
- RITA IS THE PHYSICAL ORDER OF THE
UNIVERSE, THE ORDER OF THE
SACRIFICE AND THE MORAL LAW OF
THE WORLD.
 universal but it is also particular and
operates within concrete
circumstances.
SVA – DHARMA
What is correct for a woman might not
be for a man or what is correct for an adult
might not be for a child.
SVA (OWN + DUTY, RIGHT )
ADHARMA
-unrighteousness or wickedness
-not to act according to one's own
dharma is wrong and called
SANATANA DHARMA
-Correct action in accordance with
dharma is also understood as service to
humanity and to God
ARJUNA – BATTLE ( TAGA PATAY )
KRISHNA - GOD OF COMPASSION TENDERRNES
AND LOVE IN HINDUISM
L2 – BUDDHISM
THE BUDDHA
 Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, was
born into a royal family in present-day
Nepal over 2500 years ago. He lived a
life of privilege and luxury until one day
he left the royal enclosure and
encountered for the first time, an old
man, a sick man, and a corpse.
 he became a monk before adopting the
harsh poverty of Indian asceticism.
Neither path satisfied him and he
decided to pursue the…
 ‘Middle Way’ - a life without luxury but
also without poverty.
 Buddhists believe that one day, seated
beneath the Bodhi tree (the tree of
awakening), Siddhartha became deeply
absorbed in meditation and reflected
on his experience of life until he
became enlightened.
 By finding the path to enlightenment,
Siddhartha was led from the pain of
suffering and rebirth towards the path
of enlightenment and became known as
the Buddha or 'awakened one'.
BUDDHISM: THE PATH TO TRUTH
 2,500 years old
 376 million followers worldwide
 Buddhism arose as a result
of Siddhartha Gautama's quest for
Enlightenment
 There is no belief in a personal God. It is
not centred on the relationship
between humanity and God
 Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed
or permanent - change is always
possible
 The two main Buddhist sects
are Theravada Buddhism
and Mahayana Buddhism, but there
are many more
 Buddhists can worship both at home or
at a temple
 The path to Enlightenment is through
the practice and development of
morality, meditation and wisdom
NIRVANA – PARADISE/ HEAVEN
TILAKHANA - Buddhists believe that life is both
endless and subject to impermanence, suffering
and uncertainty.
THERAVADA
• There are no beliefs. However, there is
a faculty of conviction to start their
practice. Initially, it has to be embraced
that the Buddha is fully enlightened,
thus actual investigation might follow.
• no worship in Theravada, though there
are monastic temples.
• Theravada means "teaching of the
elders". It refers to the pure or original
teachings of the Buddha
• Statues of Buddha are objects of
meditation
• Reincarnation, Heaven/Hell are both
temporary
MAHAYANA
• There is the belief that some celestial
beings exist in other realms but cannot
help people
• Becoming a Buddha, hence fulfilling the
destiny of a Bodhisattva, enlightenment
& inner peace.
• Temples and monasteries.
• Meditation, regularly visit to temples to
make offerings to the Buddha.
• Mahayana means "Great vehicle“
• Reincarnation
Greed and desire, represented in art by a
rooster
Ignorance or delusion, represented by a pig
Hatred and destructive urges, represented by a
snake
3.) CESSATION OF SUFFERING (NIRODHA)
-The Buddha taught that the way to extinguish
desire, which causes suffering, is to liberate
oneself from attachment.
-the possibility of liberation.
NIRVANA
 Nirvana means extinguishing.

 Attaining nirvana - reaching

THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS enlightenment
-contain the essence of the Buddha's teachings - means extinguishing the three
fires of greed, delusion and hatred.
1.) SUFFERING (DUKKHA)
 state of mind that humans can reach.
Suffering comes in many forms. The obvious
 state of profound spiritual joy, without
kinds of suffering correspond to the first
negative emotions and fears.
three sights the Buddha saw on his first
journey outside his palace: old age, sickness
and death. 4.) THE PATH TO CESSATION OF SUFFERING
(MAGGA)
2.) ORIGIN OF SUFFERING (SAMUDAYA)
the Buddha's prescription for the end of
that the root of our suffering is our desire, and
suffering. This is a set of principles called the
is represented in 3 forms known as the three
Eightfold Path.
poisons/fires/root of evil

The Buddha taught that the root of all suffering

is desire, tanhā. This comes in three forms,
which he described as the Three Roots of Evil,
or the Three Fires, or the Three Poisons.
 THE EIGHTFOLD PATH  Right Effort - Sammā vāyāma

-also called the Middle Way:  Cultivating positive states of

mind; freeing oneself from
-it avoids both indulgence and severe
evil and unwholesome states
asceticism
and preventing them arising
-the eight spoked wheel is known as the in future.
wheel of dharma that symbolizes the
 Right Mindfulness - Sammā sati
eightfold path
 Developing awareness of the
 Right Understanding - Sammā ditthi
body, sensations, feelings
 Accepting Buddhist and states of mind.
teachings.
 Right Concentration - Sammā
 Right Intention - Sammā san̄ kappa samādhi

 A commitment to cultivate  Developing the mental focus

the right attitudes. necessary for this awareness.

 Right Speech - Sammā vācā *The eight stages can be grouped into
Wisdom (right understanding and
 Speaking truthfully, avoiding intention)
slander, gossip and abusive
speech. Ethical Conduct (right speech, action and
livelihood)
 Right Action - Sammā kammanta
Meditation (right effort, mindfulness and
 Behaving peacefully and concentration).*
harmoniously; refraining
from stealing, killing and
overindulgence in sensual
pleasure.

 Right Livelihood - Sammā ājīva

 Avoiding making a living in

ways that cause harm, such
as exploiting people or killing
animals, or trading in
intoxicants or weapons.
L3 – CHRISTIANITY
St. Thomas Aquinas
 - philosopher and Theologician.
 -born in Italy a place called Roccasecca in
1274
ARGUMENT ON MOTION
 God is the unmoved mover
ARGUMENT DESIGN
 God is the governor of the world
 Supreme intelligent architect
ARGUMENT ON GRADATION OF BEING
 Hierarchy of being
ARGUMENT ON NECESSITY
 It may or may not exist (contingent
existence)
 It is necessary, doesn’t need anybody
for existence (necessary existence)
ARGUMENT ON CAUSE
 God is the uncaused caused
 Everything is cause and effect
Causation means that everything is caused by
something else
 Christians believe that Jesus was the
Messiah promised in the Old
Testament.
 Christians believe that Jesus Christ is
the Son of God.
 Christians believe that God sent his Son
to earth to save humanity from the
consequences of its sins.
 One of the most important concepts in
Christianity is that of Jesus giving his life
on the Cross (the Crucifixion) and rising
from the dead on the third day (the
Resurrection).
 Christians believe that there is only one
God, but that there are three elements
to this one God:
 God the Father
 God the Son
 God the Holy Spirit
 Christians worship in churches.
 Their spiritual leaders are called priests
or ministers.
 The Christian holy book is the Bible, and
consists of the Old and New
Testaments.
 Christian holy days such as Easter and
Christmas are important milestones in
the Western secular calendar
L4 –LOVE  LUDUS
(Playful Love)
Love is a single soul composed of two
bodies Ludus is the flirtatious and teasing kind
of love. It’s the child-like and fun kind of
Love is a combination of different chemicals love.
inside your body
 PRAGMA
3 STAGES OF LOVE DRUG
(Longstanding Love)
 LUST
-The everlasting love between a married
-Driven by sex hormones couple which develops over a long
period of time.
-TESTOSTERONE and ESTROGEN

 ATTRACTION - highest form of love; the true

-The release of NOREPHINEPRINE, commitment that comes from
DOPAMINE, and SEROTONIN in your understanding, compromise and
blood stream. Making you INSANE! tolerance.

 ATTACHMENT - is pragmatic this is why it is referred

to as “standing in love” rather
- VASOPRESIN and OXYTOCIN are key than “falling in love”
molecular elements in a long term
relationship  AGAPE
(Love of the Soul)

7 TYPES OF LOVE -selfless kind of love, the love for

humanity. It is the closest to
 EROS unconditional love. The love you give
(Love of The Body) without expecting anything in return
Eros was the Greek God of love and reflected in all charitable acts
sexual desire.
 PHILAUTIA
Eros is defined as divine beauty or lust. (Love of Self)
Eros is mainly based on sexual attraction and it
is where the term “erotica” came from. The ancient Greeks divided Philautia into
two kinds:
 PHILIA
(Love of Mind)
-There is one that is pure selfish and
seeks pleasure, fame, and wealth often
Also know as brotherly love, Philia
leading to narcissism and
represents the sincere and platonic love.
 -there is another healthy kind of love we
give ourselves.

 STORGE
(Love for Child)

This is the love parents naturally feel for

their children. It’s based on natural
feelings and effortless love.

love that knows forgiveness, acceptance

and sacrifice. It is the one that makes
you feel secure, comfortable and safe.

THE FIVE LOVE LANGUAGES

 WORDS OF AFFIRMATION
 ACTS OF SERVICE
 RECEIVING GIFTS
 QUALITY TIME
 PHYSICAL TOUCH

LOVE’S OPPOSITE IS NOT HATE, BUT

INDIFFERENCE