Post Lab Discussion Chem 26.1

Experiment 7
Post-Lab Discussion
Quantitative Determination of Total

Hardness in Drinking Water by
Complexometric EDTA Titration
26 March 2019 | Chem 26.1

Mervin John C. Manguera, RCh | Institute of Chemistry, UP-Diliman
EXPERIMENT 7 POST-LAB DISCUSSION
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
- the study of the formation of
coordination compounds or
complexes, often accompanied by
color change
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

WATER BY COMPLEXOMETRIC EDTA TITRATION | 26 March 2019
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
- composed of a metal atom or ion
(coordination center) and anions with
one or more unshared electrons
(ligand)

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
- Lewis acid and base interaction
- held only by electrostatic interaction






CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY




Solutions containing [M(H2O)6]n+ ions with

M = Sc3+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+.



Other factors affecting Δ

1. Oxidation state of metal center
2. d-orbitals involved
3. Number and geometry of ligands

Water
Polymer
quality
industry
assessment
Ink industry Electroplating
Applications of
Coordination
compounds
Photography Mineralogy

COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION
- a type of titration based on complex
formation between the analyte and
titrant
- useful in the determination of
[Mn+] in the solution

Conditions for
Complexometric Titration
1. The reaction reaches equilibrium
rapidly as each portion of titrant is
added.

Conditions for
2. Interfering situations do not arise.
No other complex formed other than
that with the analyte

Conditions for
3. A complexometric indicator is
available.



EDTA
- a tetraprotic acid (H4Y)
- a hexadentate ligand
- used in complexometric titrations
- forms stable 1:1 complex with
many metals


METALLOCHROMIC INDICATORS
- organic dyes that form a colored
complex with metal ions that is
distinguishable from the free indicator
color

xylenol orange for gallium,

indium and scandium titration
eriochrome black T for calcium,

magnesium and aluminum
titration

WATER HARDNESS
- measure of total ions present in
water
- predominant ions: Ca2+ and Mg2+

Mg + HIn
2+ 2-
→ MgIn + H - +
Ca + HIn
2+ 2-
→ CaIn + H - +

MgIn + Y + H
- 4- +
→ MgY 2-
+ HIn 2-
CaIn- + Y4- + H+ → CaY 2-

+ HIn2-

pH dependence of titration
- in very low pH (< 3.0): H4Y
- at pH 3.0 – 10.0: H3Y & H2Y
- 2-
- at pH > 10.0: Y4-

At low pH, [H+] is high, so the

backward reaction is favored.

Minimum pH for effective

titrations of various metal
ions with EDTA.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

MASKING
- removal of interferences in an
analysis by formation of precipitates
or stable complexes

MASKING AGENTS
- CN-: Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, Co, Ni, Ag, Pt
- CN- + ascorbic acid: Fe
- Triethanolamine: Ti(IV), Fe(III), Al
- I : Hg
-
- NH4F: Al, Fe(III), Ti(IV), Sn(II)

- high pH (> 10.0): Mg
Guide questions:
1. What is water hardness and what
is the relevance of quantifying it?

Guide questions:
2. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of hard water?

Guide questions:
3. How does complexometric titration
work? What are the advantages of
complexometric titration?

Guide questions:
4. Why was EDTA employed as a
complexation agent in the
experiment?

Guide questions:
5. Why is eriochrome black T
necessary in the quantitation? How
does it indicate the complete reaction
of the analytes?

Guide questions:
6. Why were MgCl2·6H2O added in
the preparation of EDTA solution?

Guide questions:
7. Why is the addition of NaOH
allowed, but not really necessary in
the preparation of the EDTA titrant?

Guide questions:
8. Why was HCl added in the
preparation of CaCO3 solution?

Guide questions:
9. What is the importance of
maintaining the pH = 10 and
choosing NH3-NH4Cl as the buffer?

Guide questions:
10. What are the possible sources of
errors and their effects on the
calculated parameters? Rationalize.

Guide questions:
11. What improvements can be made
on the experimental design, probably
to be more specific on the analyte
titrated?


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Experiment 7

Quantitative Determination of Total

26 March 2019 | Chem 26.1

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

Solutions containing [M(H2O)6]n+ ions with

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

Other factors affecting Δ

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

Ink industry Electroplating

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

xylenol orange for gallium,

eriochrome black T for calcium,

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

CaIn- + Y4- + H+ → CaY 2-

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

- at pH > 10.0: Y4-

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

At low pH, [H+] is high, so the

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

Minimum pH for effective

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

- NH4F: Al, Fe(III), Ti(IV), Sn(II)

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRINKING

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