Derivation of Stiffness Method for Frames and beams

Sign Covention:-
Moments and Rotation = Clockwise (+ve)
Translation = Upward (+ve)
Kij = reaction produced at “I” due to unit deformation
at “j”

𝑤1 𝑘11 𝑘12 𝑘13 𝑘14 𝛿1

𝑤2 𝑘21 𝑘22 𝑘23 𝑘24 𝛿2
[ ]=[ ][ ]
𝑤3 𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33 𝑘34 𝛿3
𝑤4 𝑘41 𝑘42 𝑘43 𝑘44 𝛿4
By applying unit element deformation

By Using Moment Area Method

𝑘11. 𝐿 𝑘21.𝐿 𝑘22. 𝐿 𝑘12. 𝐿
− = 1.0 -----------------(1) − = 1.0 -----------------(3)
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

𝑘11. 𝐿 𝐿 𝑘21.𝐿 2𝐿 𝑘22. 𝐿 𝐿 𝑘12.𝐿 2𝐿

2𝐸𝐼 3
( ) − 2𝐸𝐼 ( 3 ) = 0 --------------(2) 2𝐸𝐼 3
( ) − 2𝐸𝐼 ( 3 ) = 0 --------------(4)
By solving eq. (1) & eq. (2) 6𝐸𝐼
𝑘41 = 2 𝑘3
𝐿 (1) & eq. (2)
By solving eq.
4𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝑘11 = 𝑘21 =
𝐿 𝐿
4𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝑘12 = 𝑘22 =
𝐿 𝐿

By using Equations of Equilibrium

⨊MB=0 By using Equations of Equilibrium

𝐾31. 𝐿 − 𝐾11 − 𝐾22 = 0 ⨊MB=0

𝑘11+𝑘21
𝑘31 = 𝐾42 × 𝐿 − 𝐾12 − 𝐾22 = 0
𝐿
𝑘22+𝑘12
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
+ 𝑘42 = 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
𝑘31 = 𝐿
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
+
𝐿 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 𝑘42 =
𝐿
𝑘31 =
𝐿2 6𝐸𝐼
𝑘42 =
𝐿2
⨊𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑘41 − 𝑘31 = 0 ⨊𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑘41 = 𝑘31 𝑘42 − 𝑘32 = 0
𝑘42 = 𝑘32

By Applying unit Vertical Deformation

𝑘23× 𝐿 2𝐿 𝑘13× 𝐿 2𝐿 𝑘24× 𝐿 𝑘14× 𝐿
(3)− ( 3 ) = 1.0 − = 1.0
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

By putting values in above equation

By putting values in above equation
𝑘14 = 𝑘24

6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 Moment of Bending Diagram about right end

𝑘23 = 𝑘13 =
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝑘24× 𝐿 2𝐿 𝑘14× 𝐿 2𝐿
(3)− (3) =
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
1.0

6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
By using Equations of Equilibrium 𝑘24 = 𝑘14 =
𝐿2 𝐿2
⨊MB=0

𝐾33. 𝐿 − 𝐾13 − 𝐾23 = 0

𝑘13+𝑘23
By using Equations of Equilibrium
𝑘33 =
𝐿
⨊MA=0
12𝐸𝐼 𝑘44 − 𝑘14 − 𝑘24 = 0
𝑘33 =
𝐿3
𝑘44 = 𝑘14 + 𝑘24
⨊𝐹𝑦 = 0
12𝐸𝐼
𝑘43 − 𝑘33 = 0 𝑘44 =
𝐿3
𝑘43 = 𝑘33
⨊𝐹𝑦 = 0
12𝐸𝐼
𝑘43 = 𝑘43 − 𝑘33 = 0
𝐿3
𝑘43 = 𝑘33

12𝐸𝐼
𝑘43 =
𝐿3

Element stiffness Matrix.

4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2
𝑤1 2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝛿1 2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑤2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝛿2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2
[ ]= [ ] [𝑘]𝑚 =
𝑤3 −6𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 𝛿3 −6𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼
𝑤4 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3 𝛿4
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3
6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼
[ 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3 ] [ 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3 ]
 Deformation Transformation Matrix
[𝐾]𝑚 = [𝑇]𝑇 𝑚 [𝑘]𝑚 [𝑇]𝑚

When 𝛥1=1 when 𝛥2=1 when 𝛥3=1 when 𝛥4=1 when 𝛥5=1 when 𝛥6=1

𝛿1 = 1 𝛿1 = 0 𝛿1 = 0 𝛿1 = 0 𝛿1 = 0 𝛿1 = 1
𝛿2 = 0 𝛿2 = 1 𝛿2 = 0 𝛿2 = 0 𝛿2 = 0 𝛿2 = 0
𝛿3 = 0 𝛿3 = 0 𝛿3 = 1 𝛿3 = 0 𝛿3 = −𝑚 𝛿3 = 0
𝛿4 = 0 𝛿4 = 0 𝛿4 = 0 𝛿4 = 𝛥4 𝛿4 = 0 𝛿4 = −𝑚
𝛿5 = 0 𝛿5 = 0 𝛿5 = 𝑚 𝛿5 = 0 𝛿5 = 𝑙 𝛿5 = 0
[𝛿6 = 0] [𝛿6 = 0] [ 𝛿6 = 0 ] [𝛿6 = 𝛥4] [ 𝛿6 = 0 ] [ 𝛿6 = 𝑙 ]

By using equation [𝐾]𝑚 = [𝑇]𝑇 𝑚 [𝑘]𝑚 [𝑇]𝑚

1 0 0 0 0 0 [𝐾]𝑚
0 1 0 0 0 0 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
[𝑇] = 0 0 𝑙 0 −𝑚 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2
0 0 0 𝑙 0 −𝑚
1 0 0 0 2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 0 𝑚 0 𝑙 0
[0 0 0 𝑚 0 𝑙 ] =[
0 1 0 0
] 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2
0 0 𝑙 0 −6𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼
0 0 0 𝑙 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3
6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼
[ 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3 ]

Structure Stiffness Matrix

4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼

.𝑙 .𝑙
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
.𝑙 .𝑙
[𝐾]𝑚 = 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2
−6𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 2 −12𝐸𝐼 2
.𝑙 .𝑙 .𝑙 .𝑙
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3
6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 2 12𝐸𝐼 2
[ 𝐿2 . 𝑙 𝐿2
.𝑙
𝐿3
.𝑙
𝐿3
.𝑙 ]