TUTORIAL 1

A batch of wet solid was dried on a tray dryer using constant drying
conditions and a thickness of material on the tray of 25.4 mm. Only the top
surface was exposed. The drying rate during the constant-rate period was RC
= 2.05 kg H2O/h∙m2. The ratio LS/A used was 24.4 kg dry solid/m2 exposed
surface. The initial free moisture at the starting time of constant period was
x1 = 0.55 kg free moisture/kg dry solid. The critical moisture content xc = 0.22
kg free moisture/kg dry solid.
a) For how long does the constant period continue?
b) Calculate the time to dry a batch of this material from x1 = 0.45 to xc =
0.30?
TUTORIAL 2
An insoluble wet granular material is dried in a pan 0.457 x 0.457 m,
and 25.4 mm deep. The material is 25.4 mm deep in the pan, and the
sides and bottom can be considered to be insulated. Heat transfer by
convection from an air stream flowing parallel to the surface at a
velocity of 6.1 m/s. The air is at 65.6 ◦C and has a humidity of 0.010 kg
H2O/kg dry air.

(a) Estimate the rate of drying for the constant-rate period.

(b) Predict the new rate of drying if the gas temperature is raised to
76.7◦C and H remains the same.
TUTORIAL 3
You decided to spend your vacation time in small-scale dried-fish-chip or ‘keropok’
industry that dries the chips under the sun without any assistance of a flowing air
stream. The fish chips are 30 mm thick and each contains 0.40 kg H2O per kg dry solid.
The total amount of material you have is 15.86 kg of dry solid. The moisture is to be
reduced to 0.15 kg H2O per kg dry solid. The tray drier has the dimension 1 m x 1 m x
42 mm deep. The air stream travels at 4 m/s parallel to the chips and heated up to
62.5oC with humidity of 0.0135 kg H2O per kg dry air. The wet bulb temperature and
its latent heat are 29.4oC and 2430.7 kJ/kg, respectively.
(a) Calculate the drying rate and time for the constant-rate period when using the
tray drier.
(b) Discus your prediction if the air temperature is raised to 80 ◦C (Tw = 32 ◦C ) on the
drying rate for the constant-rate period.
 TUTORIAL 4
A granular insoluble solid material wet with water is being dried in the
constant rate period in a pan of 0.61 m x 0.61 m and the depth is 25.4 mm.
The sides and bottom are insulated. Air flows parallel to the top drying
surface at a velocity of 3.05 m/s and has a dry bulb temperature of 60oC
and wet bulb temperature of 29.4 oC. The pan contains 11.34 kg of dry
solid having a free moisture content of 0.35 kg H2O per kg dry solid, and
the material is to be dried in the constant-rate period to 0.22 kg H2O per kg
dry solid
(a) Predict the drying rate and the time in hours needed.
 Extra – PROBLEM 1
An entrepreneur has purchased a vacuum dryer to produce 500 kg of
lavender soap. Hot air from the built-in blower flows perpendicular to
the soap chips at constant drying rate to remove 20% of the initial free
moisture content. The vacuum dryer is considered to be insulated with
following operating conditions:
Parameter Value
Temperature, T 125˚C
Humidity, H 0.01 kg H2O/kg DA
Area, A 25 m2
Initial free moisture content, Xi 0.6 kg H2O/kg dry solid

Predict the rate of drying, R and air velocity if the entrepreneur has only
one hour to dry the soap.
Internal