Lydia | UiTM SA | Solid Waste Management

On site handling

Refers to the activities with the handling of the wastes until they are placed in the containers used for
storage before collection

On Site Storage
Factors that must be considered in the on-site storage of
solid wastes include
 Type of container used
o Depend on
 Characteristic of solid waste
 Collection frequency
 Space available for the placement of the container
o Types of waste storage bin in Malaysia
 Small Bin » household (16 – 210 L)
 Medium Bin » communal bin (0.8 – 9 m3)
 Large Bin » hauled communal (9 – 30 m3)
o household waste storage containers in Malaysia are:
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 Daily collection : Size 7 – 10 litres

 Weekly collection : Size 20 litres, 30 litres, 50 litres, 120 litres
 Container location
o Depend on
 type of dwelling – residential, commercial or industrial
 height of dwelling – low, medium or high rise
 accessible to collection service – truck or compactor
 available space – no obstruction
o Residential dwelling
 Container for municipal solid wastes usually are placed or locat ed:
i. Newer residential area: by the side or rear of the house.
ii. Older residential area: in alley.
iii. Low-rise multifamily apartment: special designed and designated enclosure.
iv. High-rise apartment : basement of ground-floor service area.
a) Curbs
b) Alleys / back-lanes
c) Special enclosures (apartment)
d) Basement
o Commercial and Industrial Facilities.
 The location of container at existing commercial and industrial facilities
depends on:
i. location of available space
ii. and services-access conditions.
Since the containers are not owned by the commercial or industrial activity the
location and types of container to be used for on-site storage are shared by
industrial, public and private collection agency.
 Public health & aesthetics
 Collection methods to be used.
On-site Processing
Method used to recover usable materials from solid wastes, to reduce the volume or to alter the physical
form.
 Manual Sorting
 Compaction
Collection
Definition
 gathering of the waste materials at the source of generation such as residential, commercial,
institutional, industrial areas and as well as public parks
 loading of the wastes onto the collection vehicle
 transport of the materials to the treatment or disposal site
Functional elements
 Types of collection services
1. Municipal Collection Services
Location – curb, alley, backyard collecton.
2. Commercial-Industrial Collection Service
Large movable and stationary containers and large stationary compactor
 Types of collection system
Hauled-container systems (HCS) Stationary-container systems (SCS)

It is the collection systems in which the

It is the collection systems in which the
containers used for the storage wastes are
containers used for the storage of wastes
hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal
remain at the point of waste generation except
site, emptied and returned to the original point
when moved for collection.
or to some other location.
Two main types forSCS:
Communal Bin
i. Self-loading compactor vehicles
Tilt-frame container trailer
ii. Manually loaded vehicles
Trash-trailer
Advantages: Advantages:
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• Useful when the generation rate is high and Vehicle does not travel to the disposal area
the containers are large. until it is full-yielding higher utilization rates
• Flexible. Need more capacity, use a larger
container.
• Requiring only one truckand driver to
accomplish the collection cycle.
• May eliminate spillage associated with
multiple smaller containers.
• The system is not flexible in terms of picking
up bulky good.
If the containers are not filled, low utilization
• Demolition waste » damage the compaction
rate.
mechanisms
• Not suitable for large generations of waste.

 Analysis of collection system

Determination of vehicle & labor requirements
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 Setting up collection route

Established by (a), trial & error (b) computer (c) Heuristic Methods
Factors for laying out routes
o Existing company policies and regulation
o Existing system conditions – crew size, vehicles
o Wastes generated at traffic congested locations should be collected as early in the day
as possible
o Sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are generated should be
services during the first part of the day.
o Scattered pickup points where small quantities of solid wastes are generated should,
o if possible, be served during one trip or the same day, if they receive the same
collection frequency
Transfer & Transport
Transfer and transport is defined as
 The means
o Motor vehicle transport
o Railroad transport
o Water transport
o Pneumatic Transport
 The facilities
 The appurtenances (accessories)
used to transfer wastes from one location to another, usually to a more distant location
The transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available processing
centers or disposal sites increase – no longer economical.
 Small vehicles to larger vehicle
Transfer Station
 Transfer stations are facilities where municipal solid waste is unloaded from collection
vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles for
shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities.
Transfer station is important:
 When hauled distance to available disposal sites or processing centres increased
 Most common in larger metropolitan areas.
 Direct hauling no longer economically.
Important factors in the design of transfer station:
 Type of transfer operation to be used
 Capacity requirements
 Equipment and accessory requirements
Environmental requirements
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Location of TS
 Near as possible to the individual solid waste production/ collection area served.
 Easy access of major haul routes.
 Where there will be a minimum of public and environmental objection to the transfer operation.
 Where the construction and operation will be most economical.
 Adequate land area to provide isolation (to handle traffic flow).
 Served by utilities (water, sanitary sewer, storm drainage, electricity).
Processing & Recovery
Processing techniques are used in solid waste management system to:
 Improve the efficiency of solid waste disposal system
 To recover resources ( usable material)
 Prepare materials for the recovery of conversion product and energy.
Factors to consider in evaluating on-site process equipment
 Capabilities
 Reliability
 Service
 Safety of operation
 Ease of operation Efficiency Environmental Effects
 Health Hazards
 Aesthetics
 Economics
Processing Techniques
 Mechanical and volume reduction/compaction
 Thermal volume reduction / incineration
 Manual separation of waste component/ Material recovery facilities
o where recyclable materials that are collected from households are sorted into different
types (e.g. plastics, cardboard, paper, metal) using a mixture of manual and automated
methods.
o When the materials have been sorted they are sent to reprocesses and manufacturers
where they are used to create new products.
o The process also helps to provide quality recyclables that manufacturers need to make
certain products and goods.
o If they could not rely on the quality of the recyclables they would need to usemore raw
materials.
Disposal
Landfill is the final destination of waste that
 are not recycled
 remain after processing at a material recovery facilities
 remain after the recovery of conversion products and/or energy
Definition
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“Physical facilities used for disposal of residual solid wastes inthe surface soils of the earth”
Common types of landfill
 Sanitary landfill
o An engineered facility used to dispose MSW. • Designed to minimise the impact on
environment and public health.
o Important aspect in the implementation of sanitary landfills include:
 Site selection
 Land filling method and operations
 Occurrence of gases and leachate in landfills
 Movement and control of landfills gas and leachate.
 Controlled dump
o A planned landfill that incorporates to some extent some of the features of a sanitary
landfill
 Open dump
o An unplanned "landfill" that incorporates a few of any controlled landfill characteristics.
Typically no leachate control, no access control, no cover, no management, and many
waste pickers
 Secure landfill
o An engineered facility used to dispose hazardous waste.
Engineered facilities
 Monitoring the incoming waste
 Placement and compaction of waste
 Installation of environmental monitoring and control facilities.
Factors in evaluating potential landfill sites
 Available land area • Should have a useful life > 1 year (min.)
 Haul distance • Operating costs impact
 Soil conditions • Availability of cover material at or near site
 Surface water hydrology • Impact drainage requirements
 Geological and hydrogeological conditions • Most important factor – related to site preparation
 Climatologic conditions • Provisions must be made for wet-weather operation
 Local environmental Conditions • Noise, odor, dust, vector and aesthetic factors control
requirements
 Ultimate use of site • Affects long-term management for site
Objective of final cover system
 Improve surface drainage
 Minimize infiltration
 Support vegetation
Land disposal site classification

Level Description
O Open dumpsite
I Controlled tipping/ controlled dumpsite
II Sanitary landfill with bund and daily cover
III Sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation system
IV Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facilities

Advantages
Can produce energy which obtained by the
conversion of landfill gas
Filled land can be reused for other community
purposes
Landfill is a specific location for waste deposition
that can be monitored.
On completion of the landfill it can be reclaimed
and it can be used as parks or farming land.
Disadvantages
Completed landfill areas can settle and requires
maintenance.
Landfills that are poorly designed or operated
share more problems that are faced at the
uncontrolled dumping areas
he areas surrounding the landfills become
heavily polluted and cause diseases or illness in
the communities living around the landfill
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