Lab - 12

Touch Sensor

Problem

You want to make a buzzing sound with the Raspberry Pi using touch
sensor.

Solution

These example programs show you how to use the capacitive touch
sensors with Python and the Raspberry Pi's GPIO. It is relatively
straightforward to adapt the programs to do different things. Just change
the lines with print "pressed".

Two versions of the code are provided. One will continuously print
output to the terminal while the touch sensor is pressed. The other will
only print output once, irrelevant of how long the pad is pressed. Both
pieces of code will work with the momentary and toggle boards.

Continuous Output:

This version of the code will continuously print output while the
pad is pressed.

import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

padPin = 23
GPIO.setup(padPin, GPIO.IN)

while True:
padPressed = GPIO.input(padPin)

if padPressed:
print "pressed"

time.sleep(0.1)

Single Output:

This version of the Python code will only print an output once each
time the sensor detects a touch.

import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

padPin = 23
GPIO.setup(padPin, GPIO.IN)

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 alreadyPressed = False

while True:
padPressed = GPIO.input(padPin)

if padPressed and not alreadyPressed:

print "pressed"

alreadyPressed = padPressed
time.sleep(0.1)

Running the Code:

Open a terminal. Move to the directory that you saved the code and
type in the following command (change the file name to whatever you
called your Python file):

$ sudo python touchsensor.py

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 Lab - 13
Send SMS from a Python Script on the Raspberry Pi

Problem

This exercise can be used to send text messages to either

individual numbers or entire contact groups.

Solution

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ nano mysms.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
uname = 'bhuvaneswaran@rajalakshmi.edu.in'
hashCode = '9890db2b86d4bf292adfc44fe0e19fc417e6f6a7'
sender = 'TXTLCL'
numbers = ('919791519152','919994940914')
message = 'Test message sent from my Raspberry Pi'
def sendSMS(uname, hashCode, numbers, sender, message):
data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'username': uname, 'hash': hashCode,
'numbers': numbers, 'message' : message, 'sender': sender})
data = data.encode('utf-8')
request = urllib.request.Request("http://api.textlocal.in/send/?")
f = urllib.request.urlopen(request, data)
fr = f.read()
return(fr)
resp = sendSMS(uname, hashCode, numbers, sender, message)
print (resp)

Running the python script:

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ python3 mysms.py

Discussion

If you have a promotional account, do not send this

parameter. If you have a transactional account, use
this field to specify the sender name for your message.
sender
Sender name must be 6 alpha characters and should be
pre-approved by Textlocal. In the absence of approved
sender names, use the default 'TXTLCL'

The message content. This parameter should be no longer

than 765 characters. See Helpful Information for
message
message length details. The message also must be URL
Encoded to support symbols like &.

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Login Parameters

username The email address used to log into Textlocal.

Your secure hash can be found within Messenger in the

main navigation under "Help->All Documentation".
hash
Alternatively you can use the password parameter
instead and use your Textlocal password in plain text.

This can be used instead of the username/hash/password.

You can create them in your Messenger Control Panel
apiKey
(click here) for each application, and limit the usage
of them by host IP Address.

Optional Parameters

Comma-delimited list of mobile numbers in international

numbers format (i.e. 918123456789). Maximum of 10,000 numbers
and error code 33 will be returned if exceeded.

This parameter can be used in place of

the numbers parameter in order to send to an entire
contact group. This parameter should contain the ID of
the relevant group, which can found either within
group_id
Messenger (in the "Reports" - "Advanced Reports" -
"List of Group ID's" section) or by running
the get_groups command. Additionally group 5 contains
"contacts" and group 6 contains "opt-outs".

This parameter can be used to specify a schedule

schedule_tim date/time for your message, which should be provided
e in Unix timestamp format. Times should be provided in
GMT.

Use this field to specify an alternative URL to which

receipt_url the delivery receipt(s) will be sent. See handling
receipts documentation.

custom This value will be set against the message batch and

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 will passed back in the delivery receipts. This allows
you to match delivery receipts to their corresponding
messages.

Can be set to true in order to check against your own

opt-outs list and Textlocal's global opt-outs database.
optouts
Your message will not be sent to numbers within these
lists. If not provided defaults to false.

Can be set, up to 72 hours in advance, to say after

validity which time, you don't want the message delivered. This
should be in a Unix timestamp format.

Set this value to true to specify that your message

unicode body will contain unicode characters.
See Encoding/Decoding Unicode Documentation

Set this field to true to enable test mode, no messages

test will be sent and your credit balance will be
unaffected. If not provided defaults to false

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 Lab - 14
Measure temperature and humidity with the sensor DHT22/AM2302

DHT.AM2302 is a sensor to measure temperature and humidity

and Adafruit has implemented a Raspberry Pi driver for the sensor.

Breadboard circuit

The circuit is very simple. Just attach the leftmost sensor pin to
the Pin 1 for 3.3V VCC, the second leftmost sensor pin to Pin 15 for data
transmission and the rightmost sensor pin to a ground pin like Pin 20 of
the Raspberry Pi (all in Board numbering):

Breadboard circuit for DHT22/Am2302

The assembled DHT22/AM.2302 sensor

The assembled circuit: temperature and humidity sensor dht22/AM2302

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Install sensor drivers

$ git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_DHT

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev
$ cd Adafruit_Python_DHT
$ sudo python setup.py install
$ cd ..

Test the installation in python

Open python with

$ sudo python

and enter

import Adafruit_DHT
# the sensors output pin is connect to board pin number 15
# which is GPIO numbering pin 22.
Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(Adafruit_DHT.AM2302, '22')

If everything is fine, this outputs the current temperature and

humidity with the first value being the humidity.

Update: Python 3

Execute the following commands for the Python3-version of the

Adafruit driver:

$ git clone https://github.com/JoBergs/Adafruit_Python_DHT

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential python3-dev
$ cd Adafruit_Python_DHT
$ sudo python3 setup.py install
$ cd ..

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 Lab - 15
Detecting Movement

Problem

You want to trigger some action in Python when movement is

detected.

Solution

Use a passive infrared (PIR) motion detector module.

To make this recipe, you will need:

 Female-to-female jumper wires

 PIR motion detector module

Figure shows how the sensor module is wired. This module expects a
power supply of 5V and has an output of 3.3V, making it ideal for use
with a Raspberry Pi.

WARNING

Make sure that the PIR module you use has a 3.3V output. If it has
5V output, you will need to use a pair of resistors to reduce this to
3.3V

Figure. Wiring a PIR motion detector

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 Open an editor (nano or IDLE) and type in the following code
pir.py.

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.IN)

while True:
input_state = GPIO.input(18)
if input_state == True:
print('Motion Detected')
time.sleep(1)

The program simply prints out the state of the GPIO input 18.

$ sudo python pir.py

Motion Detected
Motion Detected

Discussion

Once triggered, the output of the PIR sensor will stay high for a
little while. You can adjust this using one of the trimpots on its
circuit board. The second trimpot (if present) will set the threshold of
light level that will disable the sensor. This is useful when the sensor
is being used to control a light, turning it on when detecting movement,
but only when its dark.

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 Lab - 16
Send Email from a Linux Terminal on the Raspberry Pi

Problem

You want to send an email message from a Linux terminal.

Solution

Linux has a package for the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
that you can use to send emails:

Discussion

Install the following two packages:

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ sudo apt-get install ssmtp mailutils

Edit the following file:

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ sudo nano /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf

Set the mailhub:

mailhub=smtp.gmail.com:587
AuthUser=YourEmail@rajalakshmi.edu.in
AuthPass=YourPassword
UseSTARTTLS=YES
UseTLS=YES

Using Linux terminal type the following:

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ echo "Hello inbox" | mail -s "Test"

bhuvangates@gmail.com

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 Lab – 17
Sending Email from Python

Problem

You want to send an email message from a Python program.

Solution

Python has a library for the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
that you can use to send emails:

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ nano myemail.py

import smtplib
GMAIL_USER = 'your_name@gmail.com'
GMAIL_PASS = 'your_password'
SMTP_SERVER = 'smtp.gmail.com'
SMTP_PORT = 587
def send_email(recipient, subject, text):
smtpserver = smtplib.SMTP(SMTP_SERVER, SMTP_PORT)
smtpserver.ehlo()
smtpserver.starttls()
smtpserver.ehlo
smtpserver.login(GMAIL_USER, GMAIL_PASS)
header = 'To:' + recipient + '\n' + 'From: ' + GMAIL_USER
header = header + '\n' + 'Subject:' + subject + '\n'
msg = header + '\n' + text + ' \n\n'
smtpserver.sendmail(GMAIL_USER, recipient, msg)
smtpserver.close()
send_email('destination_email_address', 'sub', 'this is text')

To use this example to send an email to an address of your choice,

first change the variables GMAIL_USER and GMAIL_PASS to match your email
credentials. If you are not using Gmail, then you will also need to
change the values of the SMTP_SERVER and possibly SMTP_PORT.

You also need to change the destination email address in the last
line.

Discussion

The send_email message simplifies the use of the smtplib library

into a single function that you can reuse in your projects.

Being able to send emails from Python opens up all sorts of project
opportunities. For example, you could use a sensor such as the PIR sensor
to send an email when movement is detected.

Running python script:

pi@raspberrypi ~ $ python myemail.py

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 Lab - 18
Assigning Static IP Address

Problem

This tutorial will show you how to set a static IP address on your
Pi with the release of Raspbian Jessie. At the time of writing, the
latest release date of Raspbian Jessie is 18-03-2016 with Kernal version
4.1.

Solution

I recommend doing this on a fresh install, however if you have

attempted to set a static IP address already, you may have found yourself
editing the interfaces file (/etc/network/interfaces). I hope you made a
backup, because you’ll need to remove any edits you have made, and revert
it back to its original state!

Discussion

The following is done over SSH, but you could just as well plug
your Pi into a monitor, hook up a keyboard and mouse, and use the
Terminal instead.

Start by editing the dhcpcd.conf file

sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf

Scroll all the way to the bottom of the file and add one, or both
of the following snippets. Depending on whether you want to set a static
IP address for a wired connection or a wireless connection eth0 = wired,
wlan0 = wireless.

You’ll need to edit the numbers in the snippet so they match your
network configuration.

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 CODE

interface eth0

static ip_address=192.168.0.10/24
static routers=192.168.0.1
static domain_name_servers=192.168.0.1

interface wlan0

static ip_address=192.168.0.200/24
static routers=192.168.0.1
static domain_name_servers=192.168.0.1

interface = This defines which network interface you are setting

the configuration for.

static ip_address = This is the IP address that you want to set

your device to. (Make sure you leave the /24 at the end)

static routers = This is the IP address of your gateway (probably

the IP address or your router)

static domain_name_servers = This is the IP address of your DNS

(probably the IP address of your router). You can add multiple IP
addresses here separated with a single space.

To exit the editor, press ctrl+x

To save your changes press the letter “Y” then hit enter

Now all you need to do is reboot, and everything should be set!

reboot

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You can double check by typing

ifconfig

And checking the interfaces IP address

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 Lab - 19
Running a Program while Booting

Problem

Having a program start by itself when you boot your Raspberry Pi

can be very useful. There are a few ways of running a command at start-
up, but in this tutorial we will create a script within etc/init.d so
that when the system boots the program will start/stop automatically on
boot/shut-down.

Solution

For the purpose of this tutorial we will show you the method for an
arbitrary program created in python 'example.py' with its location
/home/pi/example.py. The following code will work for any script, just
replace 'example' with name of your program and replace
/home/pi/example.py to wherever you are actually keeping your script.

Discussion

First we need to create a script within /etc/init.d/. Type the

following command in the terminal but replace 'example' with the name of
your own program:

sudo nano /etc/init.d/example

This will open a text editor. Paste the following code into here
and replace the name and location of the program with your own. The parts
in black are the ones you'll need to change:

#! /bin/sh
# /etc/init.d/example

### BEGIN INIT INFO

# Provides: example
# Required-Start: $remote_fs $syslog
# Required-Stop: $remote_fs $syslog
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: start a program from boot
# Description: A simple script which will start a program
from boot and stop upon shut-down
### END INIT INFO

# Put any commands you always want to run here.

case "$1" in
start)
echo "Starting example"
# run the program you want to start

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 /home/pi/example.py
;;
stop)
echo "Stopping example"
# end the program you want to stop
killall example.py
;;
*)
echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/example {start|stop}"
exit 1
;;
esac

Once you've copied the above code and replaced the names with that
of your own exit and save with Ctrl+X.

Next you need to make the program executable:

sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/example

Check the program is working correctly from etc/init.d/example by

test starting it:

sudo /etc/init.d/example start

And the same again test stop the program:

sudo /etc/init.d/example stop

Next we need to register the program with the system so it knows to

run/stop the program at boot/shutdown.

sudo update-rc.d example default

And that's it! Now you can reboot your Raspberry Pi and the program
'example' should start up automatically.

If you ever wish to stop the program running from boot type the
following command:

sudo update-rc.d -f example remove

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