Pile Selection: Foundation Engineering

‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬
Foundation Engineering
Chapter 3
B
by
by
Prof.
Prof. Adel
Adel Ahmed
Ahmed Dif
Dif
Structural
Structural Eng.
Eng. Dept.
Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
El-Mansoura
El-Mansoura University
University
Pile Selection 3
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Pile Selection 3
Pile Selection 3

Pile Selection 3
Pile Selection 3

Pile Selection 3
Pile “Heave”
Heave” heave
g The upward movement of previously
driven piles due to soil displacement of
adjacent piles being driven
g High displacement piles increase potential
for heave
g Cohesive soils present increased potential
for heave S
“Rebound”
Rebound”
g The upward movement of a pile during driving
g High displacement piles increase potential for rebound
g Highly plastic and expansive soils present increased
potential for rebound
Pile Selection 3

Pile Selection 3
Structural Defect Produced by

Interruption in Concreting and
Low Slump
Pile Selection 3
Timber
Corrosion of steel H piles piles
Pile Driving Stress Problems

Pile Selection 3
Possible Defects of Uncased piles
Pile Selection 3
• If the boring data reveal that timber piles would

not be damaged by driving, such type may be
considered.
• Steel bearing piles may be desirable if boulders
or hard strata are present in the area of pile
driving.
• In deposits of sands, silts, and clays that are
relatively free of boulders, consideration should
be given to the use of concrete piles.
• However, considerable difficulty and problems
often occur in driving displacement piles in
granular soils such as sands, silty-sands, and
sandy silts.

Pile Selection 3
• The load-bearing stratum or strata can be

selected from a study of the soil profiles and
characteristics of the soil.
• By estimating the required length of penetration
into the load-bearing material, the lengths of
piles may be reasonably approximated.
• In designing friction pile foundations, advantage
should be taken of increased capacity with
greater depths by favouring fewer piles with
greater lengths.
Pile Selection 3
• In cases where piles are to be driven into or

underlain by cohesive soils, the foundation should
be investigated to determine the type and length
of piles and the size and shape of the structural
foundation which will result in a minimum of
ultimate settlement.
• In wide foundations, long, heavily loaded, widely

spaced piles will result in less settlement than
short, lightly loaded, closely spaced piles.

Pile Selection 3
Positional tolerances
• It is impossible to install a pile, whether by driving, drilling
or jacking, so that the head of the completed pile is always
exactly in the intended position or that the axis of the pile
is truly vertical or at the specified rake.
• Codes of practice specify tolerances in the position of pile
heads or deviations from the vertical or intended rake. If
these are exceeded, action is necessary either to redesign the
pile caps as may be required or to install additional piles to
keep the working loads within the allowable values.
Pile Selection 3
Positional tolerances
Some codes of practice requirements are as follows:
• BS 8004: Driven and cast-in-place, and bored and cast-in-
place piles should not deviate by more than 1 in 75 from the
vertical, or more than 75mm from their designed position at
the level of the piling rig.
• Institution of Civil Engineers: Positional—Maximum
deviation of centre point of pile to centre point on drawing
not more than 75mm, but additional tolerance for pile cut-off
below ground level. Verticality—pile to be made vertical
within tolerance of 1 in 100 at commencement of installation.
• American Concrete Institute Recommendations: The position
of the pile head is to be within 75 to 150mm for the normal
usage of piles beneath a structural slab. The axis may deviate
by up to 10% of the pile length for completely embedded
vertical piles or for all raking piles

Pile Selection 3
Pile Selection 3
TOLERANCES
1 Permissible Tolerances for Piles
i) Precast Concrete Piles:
a) Variation in cross-sectional dimensions : ± 5 mm
b) Variation in length : ± 25 mm
c) Surface irregularities measured : 5 mm
with 3 m straight edge
d) Bow for length in mm : Pile Length
in 1000 mm
ii) Driven Piles
a) Variation in cross-sectional dimensions : +50 mm, -10 mm
b) Variation from vertical or specified rake : 1 in 50
c) For vertical piles 75 mm at : 75 mm
piling platform level and tilt
not exceeding 1 in 150
d) Variation of level of top of piles : ± 25 mm

Pile Selection 3
iii) Bored Piles
a) Variation in cross-sectional dimensions : +50 mm, -10 mm
b) Variation from vertical or specified rake : 1 in 50
c) For vertical piles 75mm at : 50 mm
piling platform level and tilt
not exceeding 1 in 150
(iv) For raker piles : 1 in 25
2 Permissible Tolerances for Pile Caps
a) Variation in dimensions : +50 mm, -10 mm

b) Misplacement from specified position in plan : 15 mm
c) Surface irregularities measured : 5 mm
with 3 m straight edge
Advantages and Disadvantages 3
Wood piles :
Advantages
• The piles are easy to handle and relatively inexpensive.
• Sections can be joined together and excess length easily
removed.
Disadvantages
• The piles will rot above the ground water level. Have a
limited bearing capacity.
• Can easily be damaged during driving by stones and
boulders.
• The piles are difficult to splice and are attacked by
marine borers in salt water.

Steel piles (Rolled steel section) :
Advantages :
• The piles are easy to handle and can easily be cut to desired
length.
• Can be driven through dense layers and carry heavy loads.
• Can be driven hard and in very long lengths.
•Can be successfully anchored in sloping rock.
• Small displacement piles particularly useful if ground
displacements and disturbance critical.
• The lateral displacement of the soil during driving is low
(steel section H or I section piles) can be relatively easily
spliced or bolted.

Steel piles (Rolled steel section) :
Disadvantages:
• The piles will corrode.
• Will deviate relatively easy during driving.
• Are relatively expensive.

Prefabricated concrete piles (reinforced) and pre

stressed concrete piles :
Advantages:
•Do not corrode or rot and are easy to splice- Relatively
inexpensive.
• The quality of the concrete can be checked before driving.
• Stable in squeezing ground, for example soft clays and peat.
• Can be driven in long lengths. Can be carried above ground
level, for example, through water for marine structures.
• Can increase the relative density of a granular founding
stratum.
• Can be re driven if affected by ground heave. Construction
procedure unaffected by ground water.
Prefabricated concrete piles (reinforced) and pre

stressed concrete piles :
Disadvantages :
• Relatively difficult to cut.
• Displacement, heave, and disturbance of the soil during
driving.
• Can be damaged during driving. Replacement piles may
be required.
- Sometimes problems with noise and vibration.
- Cannot be driven with very large diameters or in
condition of limited headroom.

Driven and cast-in-place concrete piles :
Permanently cased (casing left in the ground) or
Temporarily cased or uncased (casing retrieved)
Advantages :
• Can be inspected before casting can easily be cut or extended
to the desired length.
• Relatively inexpensive - Low noise level.
• The piles can be cast before excavation.
• Pile lengths are readily adjustable.
• An enlarged base can be formed which can increase pile
capacity.
• Reinforcement is not determined by the effects of handling or
driving stresses.
• Can be driven with closed end so excluding the effects of GW

Disadvantages :
• Heave of neighboring ground surface, which could lead to
re consolidation and the development of negative skin
friction forces.
• Damage piles consisting of uncased or thinly cased green
concrete due to the lateral forces set up in the soil, for
example, necking.
- Limitation in length owing to lifting forces required to
withdraw casing, nose vibration and ground displacement
may a nuisance or may damage adjacent structures.
- Cannot be driven where headroom is limited.
• Relatively expensive and have limited length.
• Time consuming. Cannot be used immediately after the
installation.

Bored and cast in -place (non -displacement piles) :
Advantages :
• Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground
conditions - No risk of ground heave.
• Soil removed in boring can be inspected and if necessary
sampled or in- situ test made.
• Can be installed in very large diameters - End enlargement
up to two or three diameters are possible in clays.
• Material of piles is not dependent on handling or driving
conditions.
• Can be installed in very long lengths.
• Can be installed with out appreciable noise or vibrations.
• Can be installed in conditions of very low headroom.

Disadvantages :
• Susceptible to "necking" in squeezing ground.
• Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and cannot
be subsequently inspected.
• Water under artesian pressure may pipe up pile shaft
washing out cement.
- Enlarged ends cannot be formed in cohesionless materials
without special techniques.
- Cannot be readily extended above ground level especially
in river and marine structures.
- Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils
requiring base grouting to achieve economical base
resistance.
- Sinking piles may cause loss of ground I cohesion-less
leading to settlement of adjacent structures.

Large Diameter Piles Or Drilled Shafts

Disadvantages:
• Larger, heavier equipment is generally required for
construction.
• The quality and performance of drilled shafts are sensitive

to construction procedures, so both experienced
construction personnel and careful inspection are
required.
• Cylinder piles are sometimes quite difficult to drive.

Micropiles offer advantages over other types :
• Micropile pile rigs are small and able to get into places
other deep foundation rigs can’t and can be used in soil or
bedrock.
• Micropiles are installed in threaded sections of any length.
This makes micropiles ideal for low headroom installations.
• They can be installed for new construction or for existing
foundation remediation or enhancement.
• Micropiles cause minimal vibration and noise – cause
minimal disturbance to structures.
• Micropiles produce minimal amounts of spoil. The typical
micropile is five, seven or nine inches in diameter - much
smaller than other drilled foundations.

Displacement Pile 3
Advantage Disadvantages
Pile material can be inspected May break during driving
for quality before driving
Tend to compact surrounding Ground displacement may cause
loose soils thereby improving movement of, or damage to ,
bearing capacity and stiffness adjacent piles, structures, slopes
or utility installations.
Can be driven in very long Cannot be driven in condition of
lengths low headroom
Construction operation not Noise may prove unacceptable
affected by ground water Noise permit may be required
Soil disposal is not necessary Vibration may prove

unacceptable due to presence of
sensitive structures, utility
installation or machinery
Non-displacement Pile 3
Advantage Disadvantages
Less noise or vibration problem Concrete cannot be inspected after
installation
Equipment can break up Liable to squeezing or necking
practically all kinds of
obstructions
Can be installed in conditions of Raking bored pile are difficult to
low headroom construct
No ground heave Drilling a number of pile groups may
cause ground loss and settlement of
adjacent structures
Depth and diameter can varied Cannot be extended above ground
easily level without special adaptation

ADVANTAGES OF MULTIFORM STRIP PILES (Barrettes)

Due to their shape, the strip piles have several advantages :
• Resistance to horizontal stress and to bending moments

better than circular piles of the same section,
• Easy adjustment to structures, so that one single pile is
sufficient under each column or bearing unit,
• Better mobilisation of lateral friction than a circular pile of
the same section, because of a larger perimeter. The
preferential application field is that of high bearing
capacities : from 5 000 kN upwards.
The ability to enlarge their area easily makes their

possibilities almost limitless ;

‫‪Storing of Piles‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺇﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺭﺼﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﻋﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Splicing of Piles‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻭﺼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﺘﻘل ﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺏ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺼل ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﻜﺴﻴﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻗﻔﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺏ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﺨﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻟﻼﻀﻁﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﺘﺄﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺩﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﻬــﺎ )‪.(Jointed precast concrete piles‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺼل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ )‪.(Underpinning‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
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Splicing of Piles 3
Splicing of Piles 3

Splicing of Piles 3
Splicing of Piles 3

Splicing of Piles 3
Splicing of Piles 3

Breaking Down of Piles 3
• The breaking down of concrete piles is an essential part of

the construction process and a subject that is often not given
sufficient early thought in the planning of the piling works.
• Bored cast in place concrete piles should always be cast to
a level above the specified cut-off such that, after trimming,
a sound concrete connection with the pile can be made.
Continuous flight auger piles and any other type concreted
or grouted through the auger stem during extraction must
always be concreted to the commencing surface level.
Precast concrete piles should be driven such that the pile
head level will provide sufficient reinforcement projection
after trimming.
Typical ‘Light’ Breaker
Hydraulic Pile Breakers
Typical Hydro-demolition Pile Breaker

Hydraulic pile break

Commonly known as “munchers“

Concrete Pile Breaking
The “Muncher“ (pile breaker) – is usually suspended from an excavator or crane

over the pile.When activated the breaker makes a horizontal fracture with hydraulic
cylinders which drive opposing chisels into the concrete piles. The breaking force
seeks the shortest way through the concrete, resulting a horizontal fracture.
Function of Piles 3
Loads applied to Piles

Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment
loading may be applied at the soil surface from the
overlying structure
For the majority of foundations the loads applied to
the piles are primarily vertical
For piles in wharf, foundations for bridge piers, tall
chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the lateral
resistance is an important consideration
The analysis of piles subjected to lateral and moment
loading is more complex than simple vertical loading
because of the soil-structure interaction
Pile installation will always cause change of adjacent
soil properties, sometimes good, sometimes bad

Function of Piles 3
Function of Piles 3

Function of Piles 3
Function of Piles 3
Principal Situations Where Piles May Be Needed

Loading for Pile Foundation 3




Normal Skin friction

and end bearing
Uplift Due to High Groundwater
Uplift Forces Due to Wind





THANK YOU 3
Pile Foundations
by
by
Prof.
Prof. Adel
AdelAhmed
Ahmed Dif
Dif
Structural
StructuralEng.
Eng.Dept.
Dept.
Faculty
Facultyof
of Engineering,
Engineering, El-Mansoura
El-MansouraUniversity
University

Pile Selection: Foundation Engineering

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‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

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Structural Defect Produced by

Pile Driving Stress Problems

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Possible Defects of Uncased piles

• If the boring data reveal that timber piles would

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• The load-bearing stratum or strata can be

• In cases where piles are to be driven into or

• In wide foundations, long, heavily loaded, widely

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(iv) For raker piles : 1 in 25

2 Permissible Tolerances for Pile Caps

a) Variation in dimensions : +50 mm, -10 mm

Advantages and Disadvantages 3

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Advantages and Disadvantages 3

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Prefabricated concrete piles (reinforced) and pre

Advantages and Disadvantages 3

Prefabricated concrete piles (reinforced) and pre

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Advantages and Disadvantages 3

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Advantages and Disadvantages 3

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Large Diameter Piles Or Drilled Shafts

• The quality and performance of drilled shafts are sensitive

• Cylinder piles are sometimes quite difficult to drive.

Advantages and Disadvantages 3

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Soil disposal is not necessary Vibration may prove

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ADVANTAGES OF MULTIFORM STRIP PILES (Barrettes)

• Resistance to horizontal stress and to bending moments

The ability to enlarge their area easily makes their

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‫‪Splicing of Piles‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

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• The breaking down of concrete piles is an essential part of

Typical ‘Light’ Breaker

Breaking Down of Piles 3

Hydraulic Pile Breakers

Typical Hydro-demolition Pile Breaker

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Breaking Down of Piles 3

Hydraulic pile break

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The “Muncher“ (pile breaker) – is usually suspended from an excavator or crane

Loads applied to Piles

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Principal Situations Where Piles May Be Needed

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