Additional English Task

Riky Hidayat / 27
DIII Manajemen Asset / 2-12
Summary of the materials

8th Meeting: Noun Clause

Clause is group of words containing a subject and a verb. Because clause just contain subject
and verb, it does not express a complete thought. As a result, it cannot stand alone as a
sentence. Dependent clauses can function either as noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb
clauses.

What is noun clause?

A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. noun is group of words that we use to
identify or describe place, name, things, people, idea, etc. Noun clauses can act as subjects,
subjects complement, direct objects, adjective complement, or objects of a preposition.

Noun Clause as subject

 What Harry wrote surprised her family

What Harry wrote is a noun clause. It contains the subject Harry and the verb wrote.
The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.

Noun Clause as subject complement

 Beatrix’s excuse for being late was that she forgot to set her alarm.
That she forgot to set her alarm is a noun clause. It contains the subject She and the
verb forgot. The clause acts as a subject complement.

Noun Clause as direct object

 Hermione studied what people consider as an international language

What people consider as an international language is a noun clause. It contains the
subject People and the verb consider. The clause acts as an object in the sentence.

Noun Clause as indirect object

 Harry hope whoever loved him always happy.

 Whoever loved him is a noun clause. It contains the subject whoever and the verb
loved. The clause acts as an indirect object in the sentence

Noun clause as adjective complement

 Ron is happy that his best friend is coming to visit.

That his best friend is coming to visit is noun clause. It contains the subject My best
friend and the verb is coming. The clause acts as an adjective complement in the
sentence.

Noun clause as object of preposition

 Professor Dumbledore not responsible for what Malfoy decided to do.

What Malfoy decided to do is a noun clause. It contains the subject Malfoy and the
verb decided. The clause acts as an object of preposition in the sentence.

9th and 10th Meeting: Adjective and Adverb Clause

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that, like an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun.
An adjective clause begin with words such as that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which,
and why.

An essential (or restrictive) adjective clause provides information that is necessary for identifying
the word it modifies. A nonessential (or nonrestrictive) adjective clause provides additional
information about the word it modifies, but the word’s meaning is already clear. Nonessential
clauses are always set off with commas.

Restrictive clause:

 The additional class that Mr. Potter takes focuses on herbal connoctions.
That Mr. Potter takes is an essential adjective clause. It contains the subject Mr.
Potter and the verb takes. The clause modifies the noun class, providing necessary
information about it.

Nonrestrictive clause:
  The persian cat, who belongs to Ms. Hermione, climbs onto the rooftop. Restrictive
Who belongs to Ms. Hermione is a nonessential adjective clause. It contains the
subject who and the verb belongs. The clause modifies the noun cat, providing
additional, nonessential information about it.

Adjective clauses example:

 Mr. Hagrid is the teacher who helped Harry with his math problems.
Who helped Harry with his math problems is an adjective clause. It contains the
subject who and the verb helped. The clause modifies the noun teacher.
 Hermione is the sibling to whom Lily is closest.
To whom Lily is closest is an adjective clause. It contains the subject Lily and the verb
is. The clause modifies the noun Sibling.
 Hogwarts is the school where Harry and his friends learn magic.
Where Harry and his friends learn magic is an adjective clause. It contains the
subject Harry and his friends and the verb learn. The clause modifies the
noun school.
 Harry Potter has an uncle whose daughter lives in China.
Whose daughter lives in China is an adjective clause. It contains the
subject daughter and the verb lives. The clause modifies the noun uncle.

An adverb clause is a dependent clause that, like an adverb, modifies an adjective, an adverb,
or a verb or verb phrase. Adverb clauses are used to show relationships between ideas. They
show relationships of time, cause and effect, contrast, and condition. List of words used to
introduce adverb clauses such as: time (before, after, when, while, as, as soon as, since,
etc.), cause and effect (because, now that, since, etc.), contrast (even though, though,
although), condition:(if, only if, unless, whether or not, even if, etc.).

Adverb clause example:

 Rose’s report was the best because she did the most research.
Because she did the most research is an adverb clause. It contains the
subject she and the verb did. The clause modifies the adjective best.
 After Lisa bought her new car, she took us for a ride on the old town road.
 After Lisa bought her new car is an adverb clause. It contains the subject Lisa and the
verb bought. The clause modifies the verb took.
 Jennie are going to study in the library now while she have the chance.
While she have the chance is an adverb clause. It contains the subject she and the
verb have. The clause modifies the adverb now.

11th Meeting: Reduced Adjective and Adverb Clause

Reducing adjective clause is summarizing by removing the conjunction and the be form
(conditional) of adjective clause, and producing the infinitive verb (participle phrase) and
infinitive phrase (to infinitive). To make it easier, reducing adjective clause is change the
adjective clause into adjective phrase.

Type I: Participle phrase

a. The subject is doing the action (active sentences), use V+ing. Example:
Adjective clause: The teacher who motivated us is really important
Reduced: The teacher who motivated us is really important
Result: The teacher motivating us is really important
b. The subject received the action (passive sentence), use V3. Example:
Adjective clause: The letter which is sent last week is important
Reduced :The letter which is sent last week is important
Result: The letter sent last week is important

Type II: Infinitive Phrase

To infinitive used after : “the first”, “the second”, “the last”, “the only”, ...etc., and sometimes after
superlative form. Example:
 Adjective clause: She was the only one who survived the crash.
Reduced: She was the only one who survived the crash
Result: She was the only one to survive the crash
 Adjective clause:The most diligent student who gets the scholarship is Tom
Reduced: The most diligent student who gets the scholarship is Tom
Result: The most diligent student to get the scholarship is Tom

Not all adjective clause can be reduced. An adjective clause can only be reduced if the
subordinate is also a subject.
Reduced adverb clauses refer to the shortening of an adverb clause to an adverbial phrase of
time, causality, or opposition. There are a number of adverb clauses in English such as adverb
clauses of time, causality, opposition, condition, manner, and place. Not all adverb clauses can
be reduced. Only adverb clauses of time, causality and opposition can be reduced. Adverb
clauses may be reduced only if the subject of both the dependent (the adverb clause) and
independent clause are the same. Example:
 Reduced Adverb Clauses of time:
Adverb clause: Before he bought the house, he did a lot of research.
Reduced: Before buying the house, he did a lot of research.
 Reduced Adverb Clauses of causality:
Adverb clause: Because she was late, she excused herself at the meeting.
Reduced: Being late, she excused herself.
 Reduced Adverb Clauses of opposition:
Adverb clause: Though he had a lot of money, he didn't have many friends.
Reduced: Though having a lot of money, he didn’t have many friends.

12th Meeting: Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition
(in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are four types of Conditional Sentences:

Type 0: General truth or habit

Main clause Subordinate/if clause
Simple present Simple present
Example: the grass gets wet if it rains.

Type II: Possibly/likely to happen in the present or future

Main clause Subordinate/if clause
will/can + infinitive (simple future ) Simple present
Example: If I have a lot of money, I will buy a lambo.
Type II: Unlikely to happen in the present or future
Main clause Subordinate/if clause
would/should + infinitive (past future tense) Simple past
Example: If I took her bag, she would not lose it.

Type III: Unlikely to happen now but happen in the past/always happen in the past
Main clause Subordinate/if clause
would/should + have + past participle
Past perfect tense
(past future perfect tense)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

13th meeting: Writing

Step and paragraph organization:
1. Invention / find the topic
Find an interesting topic and known topics to discuss in the paragraph, also narrow the
topic.
2. Compose
Compose contains two steps, outlining and start writing. In outlining, we should find the
main idea and additional topic/supporting sentences/supporting details depends on how
many paragraph that we need to write. Also, decide the type of the writing style such as
expository, decriptive, narrative, persuasive, etc. After decide the main idea and
additional topic/supporting sentences/supporting details, start writing the paragraphs.
3. Revising
Revising includes editing, proofreading, and writing lab. In editing, we need to add and
delete an information, check the grammars and structure, and etc. In proofreading, we
should read the whole text from the start to make sure each idea is connected. And the
final step, writing lab is to develop the skill of writing.