Vz )

Chaptqr.
6.:.
PjploFacJandDetenence thereare othercausesof
However, between
causeis differences
in valuesand beliefs.
How are confliclsbetweencountriescausedby comp€tition
over scarcenatural
resources?
Explain youranswer. Countriespursuingdifferentideologiescan come into conflictif they
see thattheirideologicalbeliefsarelhreatened.
One exampleis the conflictbetweendemocracy and communism.
Onecauseof conflict overscarcenaturalresources.
wascompetition The USA had a democraticpoliticalsystemwhile the US$R had a
communislsyrtem.
The natunl resourcesof theworldsuchas land,walel oil, andfish are Theirpoliticalsystembecamecompetingmodelsto countriesthat had
unevenly distributed. becomeindependent afterthewar.
Sornecountrieshavemoreof suchresourceswhileothershaveless. The result was a world dividedbetweencommunislcountriesand
One examplewas the conflictover fishinggroundsbetweenlc€iand democraticcountries..
andBritainin the 1970s. The communist and democratic countries became increasingly
lcelanddependedheavilyon its fishingindustryfor its survival. suspiciousof eachother.
Fresh fish anC fish productsmake up about 79% of lceland'stotal Each side claimedthat its sys{emwas superibr,and that it would
export. evenluallyovercomethe other.
The survivalof the fish stocksin the seasaroundlcelandis therefore Theywere eachconvincedthat the olherwantedto deslroytheir way
of life.

As a result,a grealdeal of fear and suspicionexistedbetw€enthe USA and

thb USSRalthoughno directwar was foughibetweenthem- This createdthe i
lcelandthus suggestedto the UntiedNationsConferenceon the Law opportunityfor conflictsto happen.
i ofthe Seaseveralwaysofregulalingfishing.
\ ] - ln October1975, lcelanddecidedto extendits zone of controlover
fishinggroundsfro 50 nauticalmilesbeyondils shoresto 200 naulic€l Another
cause is competing
claims
overtenitory
miles.
Britain did not recognise lceland's authority in this matter and Control
overcertaintractsof landcanm€ana lol of counlryespecialty
continued to fishinsidethedisputed area. if the landis importantto its defenceandnationaipride.
ln November1975,Britainand lcelandhad a seriousdisagreement Sometimes,countries try to extend their control by taking
overfishingrights. territories whichdo not belongto them.
Bothcountnescouldnot resolvetheirconflictin a peacefuland friendly Oneexampleis conflictoverborderbetweenChinaandIndia.
manner. tn 1947,whenIndiagainedits independence from Britain,it inheritedI
Eventually,lcelanddecidedto breakoff diplomaticties with Brjtainin the frontierdrawnby the Biltish. I
February1976. It was difficultto havea clearborderbetweenIndiaand Chinabecausei
Fortunately,the conflicldid not worseninto an armedconflicl. of theirffontiorti€sin the inaccessible Himalayas. I
It u/as resolvedin June 1976 with the signingof an agreement ln the late 1950s,Chinabeganto contestIndia'spresencein several]
bgtv/eenthetwo countries. localitiesaiongthe frontier.
The ChinoEewerealso unwillingto n€goti€,te seriousiyoverthe mafter
As a result,thosewith fewerresources mightuse torceto gain more, anddid notwantto committhemselves to a definiteboundary.
especially
whentheyare necessary for survival
andeconomic growth.This In 1958,Chinaannounced that it had buiila roadon the AksaiChin
giverisetoanopportunity
wouldeventually forconflicts
toarise. plateau.TheIndiangovernment protestec,
It arguedthatthe roadviolatedits territorialrights,
In 1959, tensionbetweenIndia and Chlna worsenedwhen fighting
brokeout in the NorthEast FrontierAgency(NEFA)and in the Aksai
Chinplateau.
- In 1962,war brokeout belweenChinaanClndia.
- Fortunately the war endedalmostas guicklyas it began,

As a result.if the tenitorythat is invadedis claimedby two countriesor more,

it can resultin conllictamongthesecountries,
 -.:I

The mostimportantway throughwhichdelenenceis practiced

is lhroughmililary Another
wayis throrqhSingapore's industry
defence
Doyouagree?Explain
withothercountries.
cooperation youranswer.

The most waythrcughwhich practiced

is through usethe latesltechnologyand equipment.
military withothercountries.
cooperation - Singaporedoes this by building up its own defence industry to
enable SAF to be selt-relianlin essentialdefenceweapons and
- Thislostersfriendlytieswitharmedforcesof othercounhies as they equipment.
conductbilateralandmultilaterai militaryagreements, joint military - The defence industrywa$ started in 1967 when the Chartered
exercisesandtrainingprogrammes. Industriesof Singapore(ClS)was established to pmducesmallarms
- Singapore hasbilateralmilitaryagreements withvariouscountries ammunition.
thatallowedSingapore totrainin theircountries. - The DefenceScienceand TechnologyAgency(DSTA)was formed
- In addition,Singapore condqctsregulartrainingexerciseswith in 2000to producecost€ffectiv€and modernteshnologyto the $AF
neighbouringcountries whichservesto strengthen tiesamongthe andthe Ministryof Defence.
participating
countries. - lt alsoconductsdefence-relaled
researchand developmentaciivities
- Besidesthis, Singapore is also involyedin multiJateral military withothercountriesandlocaltertiaryinstilutions.
agreements andexercises withothercountries for e.g.FPDA(Five
PowerDefence Agreement). As a result,the defenceindustryimprovesthe capabilities
and effectiveness
- Jney eonduct-ercrcises eaoh )€ar to enhancecooperation and of the SAF. lt has'alsoenabledSingaporeto developa powerfuldefence
cooreiinatiort- force.
I

I As a resultof such bilateraland multi-laterai

cooperation,
Slngapore
I continues
its militarycapability
andfostersgoodrelationships
withlhese
i countrieswhichcouldhefpSingaporedeterpotentialaggressors

However.there are also other ways detenencecould be

practised.Onesuchwayis ihrougha citizens'armedforce.

- ln 1965.Singaporehad a popuialionof only 2 million. They were

neededto developtheeconomy,so a citizenarmedforcewas set up
and in 1967,NationalService(NS)was introduced.
youngcitizens
Able-bodied werecalleduplo servefulltimeNS. I
Through-{his,
there,vas-$onding-among"Singaporean menand it i
helpedto develgp:lpthem,asenseof loyatty",.patristism
and a shared l' hu"'
destinyfor Singapore.
- Upon completionof theirfull-timeNS, thesemen wouldcontinueto
servein the citizenarmedforceas -Operationally
Ready"NS menfor
l^r"'
r another10 years.
- Duringtheir training,lhey maintainedtheir competenceby tearning
new tacticsof war and also leam to handlenewweapons.This has
helped to sustainand maintainour abilifyto deter any potential
aggressors.

As a resultof this shongforceof Operationally

ReadyNS men, Singapore
has a strongcitizenarmedforceandcan deterwouldbe invaoers,