International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

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“A Case Study Construction Waste

Management in Infrastructure Projects In
Jammu And Kashmir State”
Basharat Hamid, Anuj Sachar, Sandeep Singla

developing countries, which are entering or already entered
Abstract: Construction is a vital connection to the in construction boom era. According to the annual report of
infrastructure and growth of industry in Ghana. Building Dubai municipality's Waste Management Department, a
roads, bridges and other constructed facilities play an total of 27.7 million tonnes of construction waste were
important role in shaping society’s future. Consequently, the removed from various construction sites in the city in 2007,
construction Industry produces a vast quantity of waste which recording growth of 163 % in comparison to the waste
is environmentally unfriendly, and costly to project budgets. generated in 2006, just 10.5 million tonnes.
This thesis aimed to find out how much construction waste is C and D WASTE IN INDIA:
costing construction project budgets, and attempted to make
recommendations to the industry on how profits can be
maximized and how the waste can be minimized. For the
empirical investigation, a mixed methodology was used which
combined questionnaire and interview data from stakeholders
in the road construction sector, together with documentary and
observational data, to examine the issue of construction waste
and cost management. The research revealed that a number of
construction companies in Jammu and Kashmir do not adhere
to international best practices and standards. Practices such as
site waste management plan, waste minimization strategies
were found to be non- existent in these companies. A number of
recommendations were made to improve the practices of the
construction firms in Kashmir. For example, the need to train
every construction employee on waste management, the need of
government agencies to monitor and enforce rule of waste
management in the construction industry.

Index Terms: Waste Management, Construction, Factors,

Develop framework, Recycling

I.INTRODUCTION
U.S environmental protection agency (EPA) defines
construction and demolition (C&D) waste as waste
materials consist of the debris generated during the Figure 1. Percentage Distribution of C & D waste in India
construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings,
roads, and bridges. C&D materials often contain materials Table 1. Quantity of various constituents generated per year.
that include: concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum,
plastics and salvaged building components. It is a
Constituent million tonnes/year
challenging task to handle C&D waste because it is bulky,
heavy and inert and also mixture of various materials of
different characteristics. it is also difficult to choose any Soil, Sand and gravel 4.20 to 5.14
suitable disposal method, for example, it cannot be
incinerated due to its high density and inertness. With the Bricks and masonry 3.60 to 4.40
advent of sustainable practices in the construction industry,
C&D waste generation and handling issues have been in Concrete 2.40 to 3.67
focus to achieve the sustainable goals for our common
future. Reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) philosophy is Metals 0.60 to 0.73
highly useful in handling of C&D waste. The better practice
to handle C&D waste is to minimize generation of C&D Bitumen 0.25 to 0.30
waste, but sometimes it is unavoidable due to various issues
such as change-orders or demolition requirements for Wood 0.25 to 0.30
redevelopment. Globally, building waste production of 2 to
3 billion tonnes per year is estimated, of which 30-40 % is Others 0.10 to 0.15
concrete. C&D waste issues are more important for the

Basharat Hamid, Department of Civil Engineering, RIMT University,
Mandi-Gobindgarh, Punjab, India. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES:
Anuj Sachar, Department of Civil Engineering, RIMT University, Mandi-  Recyclable waste:
Gobindgarh, Punjab, India.
Sandeep Singla, Department of Civil Engineering, RIMT University, Steel, Plastic, Bricks, Glass
Mandi-Gobindgarh, Punjab, India.

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 Non- recyclable waste:
Concrete, Timber, Sanitary Works
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The construction and demolition waste management is
one of the vast aspects of the construction industry. The
main aim of this project is to reduce the construction and
demolition waste generated by reusing and recycling the
construction and demolition waste our approach is to fulfill
the increasing demand of the resources by providing the
recycled materials and to minimize the earth pollution. The
main objectives of the project are as follows:-
• To study construction and demolition waste
management policies in Jammu and Kashmir state
• To study the role of regulatory authorities in
demolition waste management.
• To study the C and D waste generation, its sources and
streams.
• To understand the recycling of C and D waste for
reutilization.
• To study the feasibility of C & D waste in terms of
reuse, recycle and reduce disposal.
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III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Effie Papargyropoulou et al. (2011) focused on Malaysian
construction sectors current status of waste management
and level of sustainable practices on construction sites of
waste management and examined attitudes and response of
Malaysian contractors towards waste management by
interviews were conducted with Malaysian contractors.
Concluded industry’s level of awareness and commitment
on waste management very low and disappointing.
Al-Hajj A. et al. (2012) identified from data collection from
two case studies of construction projects construction
practices to reduce construction waste generation in the
UAE construction sitesby a literature review of research.
and concluded that of people are lack of awareness, less
importance towards the waste management on sites and
showed that contractors are consider that waste
management is extra cost of the project.
Mansi Jain et al. (2012) focused on the economical aspects
of waste minimization of construction waste materials in
terms of cost savings of construction projects of India. And
found that Due to lack of site waste management systems,
lack awareness of waste minimization in Indian
construction industry cause of generation of large quantities
of material waste. This affect not only at environmental but
also in terms of economically as waste materials handling
cost. And found various causes for the waste generation like
lack of awareness among owners and contractors, lack
knowledge of labor, lack of proper training and education
towards waste minimization system.
NitishBagdi et al. (2013) used secondary data for the
implementation of waste management practices in
construction sector in India. Data based upon results from
interviews of stockholders which focused on some of the
significant issues and challenges and connected with the
implementation of waste management system of India. And
found that lack of awareness of contractors and the
construction workforces are major challenges connected
with the implementation of waste minimization practices in
Indian construction industry.
Job Thomas et al. (2013) enlightened the waste
minimizations 3R System of reduces, reuse and recycle for
the construction waste management in India. and the
resources from construction and demolition (C&D) wastes
is yet another benefits for recycle materials for the
construction industry of India. And also identified that the
some wastes are reduce by proper design in early stage .it
can possible to minimize the some level of C&D waste
generated taking proper construction and demolition
methods.
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Manal S. et al. (2014) developed a detailed process for to
calculate construction and demolition waste management
approaches by use of Decision Matrix technique. And
introduced procedure helps the decision maker such as the
C&D contractor or Transportation firms as well as the
policy maker on strategic level to take the different
influencing factors. Provided data, when planning;
changing or implementing C&D waste management
systems and approaches. And recommended to make a cost
and benefit analysis for each stakeholder in the CDWM
system considering weighing the discussed pros and cons of
every approach.
Shishir Bansal et al. (2014) concluded that there are less
amount of natural construction resources so It is necessary
to reduce C&D waste generation and increase
reuse/recycling as the construction industry .in view of
international experiences, shortage of aggregate from
natural sources being discovered in many parts of the
country, so now recycled aggregate can use in constructions
processes. The government Municipal waste laws are
required to modify and prepare effective plans and strict
rules and regulations are important forget out of this
problem. And recycled products are important to promote
the use.
NuriaCalvo et al. (2014) described a system based on rules
measures which key factor in order to create a 3Rs model
(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) for incorporate universities in the
C&D waste management for costs savings. By main
objectives like restraint of idle wastes, reduction of
unnecessary landfills and imitation of recycled C&D wastes
and found a broad understanding of the socioeconomic
factors implications of waste management over time and
policies in the recycled aggregates market and got the goal
of 30% C&D waste aggregates in 12 years or less then it.
Abhijith Harikumaret al. (2014) suggested the reusing of
the material waste is very good and helpful especially when
it will be useful in minimizing demolition of earth’s stone
crust and green forest cover by aim of reduced mining. By
proper reduce, reuse and recycling, these waste materials
will not addition of wastes at dumping and disposal sites.
Showed that Construction industry can help by encouraging
use of recycled concrete stones and bricks. Towards its
commitment to protection of environment.
Sadhan K Ghosha et al. (2015) proposed a model for
transportation rates and resale value of recyclable materials
which makes use of easily available data that can provide
an intuitive and simple optimization model for the basic
principles of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle into action.
Identified the most common causes of waste on site. And
identified the advantages of construction waste
management.
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Sumit Arora et al. (2015) slated that natural resources are
limited in nature and will be depleted with time. In order to
conserve the natural resources, unnecessary wasting of
natural resources should be restricted and regulated.
Formulation and implementation of proper waste
management plan throughout the life cycle of the projects
can minimize C&D waste. With an integrated resource
management scheme, most of the construction and
demolition material can be recycled or reuse and more
natural resources can be conserved for our next generations.
The success of recycling requires promotion by means of
education and information, in addition to judicial rules
from the concerned governing body.
Harish. P. Gayakwad et al. (2015) concluded that it is
difficult to manage Construction and Demolition waste in
the future. Data should be generated On the basis of
Construction and Demolition waste generation on sites.
And promote the. Separation of Construction and
Demolition waste. The method for collection of waste
should be discovered and modified it suitable for future.
Reuse and recycling of waste materials also should be in
method thus charges should be applied on generation of
Construction and Demolition waste.
Nur Najihah Osmana et al. (2016) slated that Improvement
in construction waste management among industry
stakeholders especially in Malaysia is crucial in ensuring
the industry continues to remain relevant. In addition,
developing countries like Malaysia are still lack of
awareness of the importance of good waste management
practices due to the issue of monetary profit that becoming
main target to the industry stakeholders. Awareness of
industry stakeholders are seems important in order to
minimize the gap between developing countries and
developed countries.
Thangjam Somchand Singh et al. (2015) reviewed on
systematic investigation on the management of construction
materials and construction wastes are presented. Review
revealed the requirement of a change in management
processes of construction materials. Introduction of
mechanized handling of construction materials will
improve efficiency and cost effectiveness on the
construction site. It revealed that minimization of wastage
of construction materials during the construction phases is
helpful for reduce the cost of the project.
Sawant Surendra B. et al. (2016) slate the management of
construction waste plays important factor in the cost of
project. And it can estimate the cost of construction waste
and its impact on cost of project. and also observed that by
the generation of construction waste not only the cost of the
project get increased but also high amount of valuable land
is got occupied by waste generated in construction industry
and it had negative impact on environment. And suggested
that by reducing construction waste can help decrease the
cost of project.
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Noor zalikhasaadiet al. (2016) reviewed on current
situation of construction waste management in Malaysia
construction industry by literature. And invented that that
have been implemented in the Malaysian construction
industry is not serious on the construction waste
management. And concluded that, a effective support by the
government is needed and providing a most effective policy
in managing and reducing construction waste. Otherwise,
the sustainability of resources and environmental problems
will not be reduced and eliminated effectively.
RoselineIkauet al. (2016) defined a better understanding of
the sources, causes and factors affect construction
demolition wastes by current waste minimization practices
on construction sites in Malaysia by determining various
factors causing construction waste generation in the
Malaysian construction sector And concluded that Lack of
knowledge, lack of experience, poor supervision, improper
inventories, lack of storage leading to damage and Rework.
Concluded that Malaysian construction need world level
awareness to construction waste management.
Saheed O. et al. (2016) suggested that site construction
waste management practices could be important for reduce
waste generation. Like strict construction waste
management, project drawings, no design changes during
construction process. And concluded poor knowledge, poor
design documentation and lack of awareness towards waste
minimization would increase construction waste
generation. Site supervisors should be with the knowledge
of waste minimization which could reduce of waste
generation on sites.
R. Shreena Shankari et al. (2017) highlighted the
importance of waste management in construction, amount
of waste generated in construction project, methods of
minimizing waste and best methods involved in
construction industries for minimize waste. Identified the
factors that can contribute to materials that are minimum
wasted. which is a need to concentrate even on materials
that are least wasted as any small improvement in reduction
of waste generated adds to the advantage in improving the
overall efficiency of the project and enhance the
construction industries performance with cost saving
benefits. And suggested waste management plan which only
minimizes the material waste but also improves the
profitability and decreases the cost overrun.
Eyong O. P.et al. (2017) assessed the perception of
construction operatives, Tradesmen and Artisans on
materials waste generation in the construction industry,
with a view to encouraging better performance of
construction projects in Nigeria by employed questionnaire
survey. And analyzed that Design, Poor materials storage
system and Theft and vandalism are the most important
factors that influence material waste generation during
construction and Proper site supervision and management
techniques, adequate storage of material, and Staff training
and awareness on waste management are the measures of
minimizing construction material waste. Recommended
that site operatives and craft men should be carried along in
every management decision regarding waste management
plan development as they constitute the major stakeholders
on sites.
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IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A survey should be designed in accordance with the
following stages:
V. Stage one: Identify the topic and set some objectives.
VI. Stage two: Pilot a questionnaire to find out what
people know and what they see as the important issues.
VII. Stage three: List the areas of information needed and
refine the objectives.
VIII.Stage four: Review the responses to the pilot.
IX. Stage five: Finalise the objectives.
X.Stage six: Write the questionnaire.
XI. Stage seven: Re-pilot the questionnaire.
XII. Stage eight: Finalise the questionnaire.
XIII.Stage nine: Code the questionnaire.
The survey design to be used in this instance is both the
quantitative and qualitative methods.
SELECTING THE CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AND
AREA OF STUDY:
Collis and Hussey (2003:56), define a population as “any
precisely defined set of people or collection of items which
is under consideration”. Collis and Hussey (2003:155-160),
define a sample as made up of the members of a
population” (the target population), the latter referring to a
body of people, or to any other collection of items, under
consideration for the research purpose. For this survey, the
population is building construction companies.
JKERA (Jammu & Kashmir Economic Reconstruction
Agency) and JKPCC (Jammu & Kashmir Project
Construction Company) were the two companies selected
for this study. These companies are SMEs in nature and
will relate significantly to the study, especially the idea of
reducing cost by employing waste minimisation tools.
Srinagar which is the first urban agglomeration in Kashmir
formed the area for this study. I was motivated to focus on
Srinagar because it represented a large city in the Kashmiri
context and so provided an opportunity to investigate the
problem of waste because of the numerous ongoing road
construction projects.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
After carefully considering the research questions, the
nature of the data needed for the analysis and the prevailing
conditions on the research field, it became evident that the
best way to collect adequate data for the research would be
a combination of the methods of both quantitative and
qualitative approaches. This is because some of the data
required were qualitative in nature and could best be
obtained through interviews while others were quantitative
and thus, could be elicited by means of questionnaires.
Furthermore, aspects of the data were physically observable
and could be gathered through direct field inspection or
observation. There was also a range of published
information including newspaper articles and other
publications that could yield useful data for the study.
In view of this, I became convinced of the usefulness of
combining different methods from both qualitative and
quantitative approaches in my attempt to gather the data
needed for this investigation. The study, therefore,
employed interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, field
observation and documentary analysis, drawing upon the
strengths of these different methods to improve the quality
or validity of the data.
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XIV.ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

A. Waste detection and waste rate
Although both companies don’t have any waste detection
mechanisms, they seem to have an idea of their current
rates of waste. JKERA estimated their waste rate at 10%
while JKPCC valued their waste as 9%. Both firms believe
that their acceptable waste rate is 5%.

Figure 1.1: Cause of excess material

Figure 1.1: waste rate

The researcher has difficulty in the reliability of this

statistics because the firms’ evaluation of their current rate
of waste is arbitrary since they have no waste detection
mechanism in place. The absence of a clear waste rate and
the lack of detection systems indicate the problems of the
accuracy of most project costs. It is an accepted practice
that certain percentage of the cost is allocated to waste but
since there is not system of measuring waste the proposed
allocations could either be less than the actual waste
produced or could be more than the waste produced.

B. Company Practices:
After a careful evaluation of the responses from the
questionnaires, the researcher observed similarity in the
responses gathered therefore the analysis will not show a
comparison between the two firms.
 The forms waste take in these firms:

Figure 1.2: infestation &spoilage of material figure

XV. SOME COMMON MISTAKES

The word “data” is plural, not singular. The subscript for
the permeability of vacuum µ0 is zero, not a lowercase letter
“o.” The term for residual magnetization is “permanence”;

the adjective is “remanent”; do not write “remnance” or

“remnant.” Use the word “micrometer” instead of
“micron.” A graph within a graph is an “inset,” not an
“insert.” The word “alternatively” is preferred to the word

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“alternately” (unless you really mean something that
alternates). Use the word “whereas” instead of “while”
(unless you are referring to simultaneous events). Do not
use the word “essentially” to mean “approximately” or
“effectively.” Do not use the word “issue” as a euphemism
for “problem.” When compositions are not specified,
separate chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example,
“NiMn” indicates the intermetallic compound Ni 0.5Mn0.5
whereas “Ni–Mn” indicates an alloy of some composition
NixMn1-x.
Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones
“affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun),
“complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and
“discrete,” “principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and
“principle” (e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not
confuse “imply” and “infer.”
Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and
“"ultra” are not independent words; they should be joined to
the words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is
no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” (it
is also italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that is,”
and the abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example” (these
abbreviations are not italicized).
An excellent style manual and source of information for
science writers is [9].
XVI. EDITORIAL POLICY
The submitting author is responsible for obtaining
agreement of all coauthors and any consent required from
sponsors before submitting a paper. It is the obligation of
the authors to cite relevant prior work.
Authors of rejected papers may revise and resubmit them
to the journal again.
XVII. PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES
The contents of the journal are peer-reviewed and
archival. The journal INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ENGINEERING AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
(IJEAT) publishes scholarly articles of archival value as
well as tutorial expositions and critical reviews of classical
subjects and topics of current interest.
Authors should consider the following points:
1) Technical papers submitted for publication must
advance the state of knowledge and must cite relevant
prior work.
2) The length of a submitted paper should be
commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to
the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious
extension of previously published work might not be
appropriate for publication or might be adequately
treated in just a few pages.
3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the
editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper;
the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or
unexpected results are reported.
4) Because replication is required for scientific progress,
papers submitted for publication must provide
sufficient information to allow readers to perform
similar experiments or calculations and use the
reported results. Although not everything need be
disclosed, a paper must contain new, useable, and fully
described information. For example, a specimen's
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chemical composition need not be reported if the main
purpose of a paper is to introduce a new measurement
technique. Authors should expect to be challenged by
reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate
data and critical details.
XVIII. CONCLUSION
A conclusion section is not required. Although a
conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not
replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might
elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest
applications and extensions.
APPENDIX
It is optional. Appendixes, if needed, appear before the
acknowledgment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is optional. The preferred spelling of the word
“acknowledgment” in American English is without an “e”
after the “g.” Use the singular heading even if you have
many acknowledgments. Avoid expressions such as “One of
us (S.B.A.) would like to thank ... .” Instead, write “F. A.
Author thanks ” Sponsor and financial support
acknowledgments are placed in the unnumbered footnote
on the first page.
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2. W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style).Belmont, CA:
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3. H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
4. B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work
style),” unpublished.
5. E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays (Periodical style—Accepted for
publication),” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published.
6. J. Wang, “Fundamentals of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers arrays
(Periodical style—Submitted for publication),” IEEE J. Quantum
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7. C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Lab., Boulder, CO, private
communication, May 1995.
8. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate
interfaces(Translation Journals style),” IEEE Transl. J. Magn.Jpn., vol.
2, Aug. 1987, pp. 740–741 [Dig. 9 Annu. Conf. Magnetics Japan,
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1982, p. 301].
9. M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.
10. (Basic Book/Monograph Online Sources) J. K. Author. (year, month,
day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Volume(issue). Available:
http://www.(URL)
11. J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available:
http://www.atm.com
12. (Journal Online Sources style) K. Author. (year, month). Title. Journal
[Type of medium]. Volume(issue), paging if given. Available:
http://www.(URL)
13. R. J. Vidmar. (1992, August). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as
electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3). pp.
876—880. Available: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-
vidmar
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