Professional Documents
Culture Documents
T, SURAT GTU
The coat formed on the rough surface is called plaster when applied
inside of the building and it’s called as rendering when applied
outside of the building i.e. at outer wall exposed to direct
environmental condition.
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OBJECTS OF PLASTERING
1. To obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable surface.
2. To conceal defective workmanship and covers up and cheap
quality material.
3. To provide a satisfactory base for decorating the surface by
white washing, colour washing, distempering or painting.
4. External plastering known as rendering is done to protect the
external surfaces against penetration of rain water & other
atmospheric agencies.
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Requirements of good plaster
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Types of mortars for plastering
• Mortar
A mortar is a homogeneous plastic mixture, obtained by
process of uniform mixing of binding material, fine aggregates,
water to make a paste of required consistency & used to bind
a masonry unit.
The various types of mortars used for plastering are as follows:
a) Lime mortar
b) Cement mortar
c) Lime cement mortar
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a) Lime mortar: The mortar used for lime plaster is prepared by
mixing lime & sand in the proportion of 1:2, 1:3 or 1:4.
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METHODS OF PLASTERING:
There are basically three types of plastering i.e. lime plaster and
cement plaster or combination of both. Before plastering, however, the
back ground should be prepared since the adhesion of plaster is highly
affected by the back ground. Hence at first back ground is prepared.
•Preparation of Background:
•All mortar drops, dusts and freshly laid concrete or laitance should be
removed with the help of a stiff brush. Rendering is applied after any
existing unevenness is removed.
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•For a three coat finishes the local projection should not be more
than 10 mm and local depression should not exceed 20 mm. For two
coat plaster these limitations are reduced to 5 and 10 mm
respectively.
•During the application of plaster on old surface, all dirt, oil, paint etc
should be removed along with complete removal of all loose and
crumbling plaster to its full thickness. The back ground of the plaster
should be exposed clearly before new plaster is applied. The surface
should be kept damp to maintain optimum suction.
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LIME PLASTER
After preparation of back ground, lime plaster is applied in three
coats normally. However, two coats of plaster may be applied too.
They are discussed as follows:
Rendering coat: This is the very first coat applied to the back
ground and its thickness is normally of 12 mm. However, this
thickness may increase as per surface unevenness. This plaster
coat covers all the irregularities and is pressed against the wall
forcibly by the help of trowel. This coat is allowed to harden for
seven days and cured well. The surface is already made scratched
just after the work is over and the surface is little bit set.
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Floating coat: The rendering coat is cleaned and the floating is
applied. Then the patches of 15cm × 15cm or 10 cm wide strip is
made for acting as gauge followed by throwing of mortar with the
help of mason’s trowel which is later spread with the help of
wooden float. which is cured for 10 days approximately to obtain a
set surface.
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Two Coat Plaster:
This is nothing but combination of all three coats but the rendering
and floating coat is applied at a time with out any gap in between the
operation. Also the thickness of the combined coat is kept 12 mm
and the finishing coat is finished thereafter.
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CEMENT AND CEMENT-LIME PLASTER
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Three Coat Plaster:
Three coat plaster is quite similar to that of three coat plaster of lime
mortar. The procedure of applying the three coat plaster is same as two
coat plaster except one intermediate coat or floating coat is applied. Its
purpose is to bring the plaster surface in to more even and more
protection to the plaster surface. Hence it’s generally done on the outer
surfaces. The thickness of rendering, floating, and finishing coat is 9-12,
6-9 and 2-3 mm respectively which may be revised as per the
requirements. The floating coat is applied 4-7 days after applying the 1st
coat. The finishing coat may be applied after 6-7 hours of application of
floating coat.
• Suitability
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Rough Cast Plaster or Spatter dash plaster:
•This plaster is a mixture of sand and gravel in
specified proportion which is dashed over a
freshly plastered surface.
•The plaster base consists of two coats, under
layer 12 mm thick and top layer 10 mm
thick having the cement mortar ratio 1:3. In
the final coat of this plaster, concrete is used in
the ratio of cement : sand : coarse aggregate as
1:1.5:3 (M20). The coarse aggregate is of the
range 3mm to 12mm.
•The base is made more plastic, about 10% of
hydrated lime by volume of cement shall be
added while preparation of mortar.
•This finish is water proof, durable and
resistant to racking and crazing. Hence it may
be used for external renderings.
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Pebbled dash plaster:
It is similar to rough cast finish except clean pebble of size 10 mm to
20mm are dashed against the surface so that there are laid in position by
mortar applied already. The mortar is in the proportion of 1:3 as cement:
sand.
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Scrapped Finish
• Acoustic Plaster: This is plaster of gypsum mixture with plaster to obtain a sound
proof plastering which is applied as finishing coat in two layers of 6 mm each. The
sound insulation property is due to honey combing of the coat on undergoing
chemical reaction. These are used therefore in the interior walls of auditorium,
picture halls and conference halls etc.
•Barium Plaster: Barium sulphate is used for plastering in barium plaster with
cement and sand. This is X-ray resistive and hence protects the pathologists and
others working in the X-ray room frequently.
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•Asbestos Plaster: It’s the plaster where combination of cement, asbestos
and marble chips is used for plastering; resulting a marble finish which gives
an aesthetically attractive looking.
•Granite Silicon Plaster: These are costly plastering and superior in quality
due to the elastic nature of the plastering. This is aesthetically good looking
and eliminates any cracking too due to its elastic behavior. Hence in
superior finishing works, it’s used.
•Snowcrete and Colorcrete Cement: The first one is white cement while the
second one is colored cement which is used for giving a good looking
appearance to the buildings.
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DEFECTS IN PLASTERING
•Blistering of plastered surface: This is the formation of small patches
of plaster which swells out beyond the plastered surface, arising out of
late slaking of lime particles in the plaster. It may also arise due to
presence of un slaked particles in slaked lime.
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• Falling out of plaster
a. The adhesion of the plaster to the back ground may not be
perfect.
b. The suction of the backing materials may not be uniform.
c. Excessive thermal changes in plaster.
What is pointing in Construction?
The term Pointing in construction is applied to the finishing of mortar
joints in masonry (stone or brick). In exposed masonry, joints are
considered to be the weakest and most vulnerable spots from which
rain water or dampness can enter. Pointing means implementing the
joints to a depth of 10 to 20mm and filling it with better quality mortar
in desired shape.
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MORTAR:
•The pointing may be done by using different types of mortars:
I. The mortar for lime pointing may be done with lime mortar(1:2),
where 1 part lime & 2 part of sand or surkhi are mixed in a
grinding mill.
II. The mortar for cement pointing is made with CM by mixing 1
part cement & 3 part of sand.
METHOD OF POINTING:
The Mortar is pressed into the raked joints with a pointing
trowel & made flush, sunk or raised according to the type of
pointing required.
The pointing lines should be regular, truly horizontal & vertical.
In case of random rubble masonry, where the joints are
slanting, the lines should meet at or near the junctions.
The pointing should be kept wet for about a week.
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Types of pointing
•Flush pointing
•Recessed pointing
•Beaded Pointing
•Struck Pointing
•Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing
•Tuck Pointing
•V- pointing
•Weathered pointing
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Flush pointing:
In This type of pointing mortar is pressed hard in the raked joints and by
finishing off flush with the edge of masonry units. The edges are neatly
trimmed with trowel and straight edge. It does not give good appearance.
But, flush pointing is more durable because of resisting the provision of space
for dust, water etc., due to this reason, flush pointing is extensively used.
Recessed pointing:
In case of recessed pointing mortar is pressing back by 5mm or more from the
edges. During placing of mortar the face of the pointing is kept vertical, by a
suitable tool. This type of pointing gives very good appearance.
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Beaded pointing:
It is a special type of pointing which is formed by a steel or ironed with a
concave edge. It gives good appearance, but it will damage easily when
compared to other types.
Struck pointing:
This is a modification of flush pointing in which the face the pointing is kept
inclined, with its upper edge pressed inside the face by 10mm. struck pointing
drains water easily.
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Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing:
This pointing is also a modification of flush pointing in which groove is formed
at its mid height, by a pointing tool. It gives good appearance.
Tuck pointing:
In case of tuck pointing mortar is pressed in the racked joint first and
finishing flush with the face. While the pressed mortar is green, groove or
narrow channel is cut in the center of groove which is having 5mm width
and 3mm depth. This groove is then filled with white cement putty, kept
projecting beyond the face of the joint by 3 mm. if projection is done in
mortar, it is called bastard pointing or half tuck pointing.
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V- Pointing:
This pointing is formed by forming V-groove in the flush-finishing
face.
Weathered pointing:
This pointing is made by making a projection in the form of V-shape.
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PAINTING:
PAINT & PAINTTING:
• The paints are the liquid composition of pigments & organic-binders, when
applied on timber, metal & plastered surfaces, on drying, forms a thin film to
provide a decorative finish & protection o the painted surface.
• Painting on masonry & concrete surfaces may resist checking & disintegration,
which increase the life of structure.
• Painting on metal surfaces at suitable intervals may prevent the metal surfaces
from corrosion.
CONSTITUENTS OF A PAINT:
The various constituents of a paint are as follow:
I. A base
II. A colouring pigment
III. A binder or a vehicle
IV. A solvent or thinner
V. A drier
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1. Bases: It is a principal constituent of paint. It also possesses the
binding properties. It forms an opaque coating. Commonly used
bases for paints are white lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide,
titanium white, aluminium powder and lithopone. A lead paint is
suitable for painting iron and steel works, as it sticks to them well.
However it is affected by atmosphere action and hence should
not be used as final coat. While zinc forms good base but is
costly.
2. Vehicles: The vehicles are the liquid substances which hold the
ingredients of a paint in liquid suspension and allow them to be
applied on the surface to be painted. Linseed oil, Tung oil and Nut
oil are used as vehicles in paints. Of the above four oils, linseed
oil is very commonly used vehicles. Boiling makes the oil thicker
and darker. Linseed oil reacts with oxygen and hardens 41by
forming a thin film.
3. Pigment: Pigments give required colour for paints. They are fine particles
and have a reinforcing effect on thin film of the paint. The common pigments
for different colours are:
Black—Lamp black, suit and charcoal black.
Red—venedion red, red lead and Indian red.
Brown—burned timber, raw and burned sienna
Green—chrome green, copper sulphate.
Blue—prussian blue and ultra marine
Yellow—ochre and chrome yellow.
4. The Drier: These are the compounds of metal like lead, manganese, cobalt.
The function of a drier is to absorb oxygen from the air and supply it to the
vehicle for hardening. The drier should not be added until the paint is about
to be used.
5. The Thinner: It is known as solvent also. It makes paint thinner and hence
increases the coverage. It helps in spreading paint uniformly over the surface
Terpentine and neptha are commonly used thinners. After paint applied,
thinner evaporates and paint dries. 42
• CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD OR IDEAL PAINT:
The various characteristics of a good paint are as follows:
I. It should stick properly to the surface & seal the porous substrata.
II. It should provide adequate protection & decoration to the surface.
III. It should be readily available & economical to use.
IV. It should dry rapidly.
V. It should not possess cracks, flakes on drying.
• TYPES OF PAINTS:
I. Aluminium paint
II. Anti corrosive paints
III. Asbestos paints
IV. Bituminous paints
V. Bronze paints
VI. Cellulose paints
VII. Casein paints
VIII. Cement based paints
IX. Emulsion paints
X. Enamel paints
XI. Oil paints
XII. Plastic paints
XIII. Synthetic rubber paints 43
XIV. Silicates paints
1. Oil Paint: These paints are applied in three coats-primer,
undercoat and finishing coat. The presence of dampness while
applying the primer adversely affect the life of oil paint. This
paint is cheap and easy to apply.
9. Cellulose Paints:
Natural cellulose is chemical treated and converted to nitrate or acetate or
to methyl of ethyl cellulose. The resultant derivative of cellulose is
dissolved in petroleum or in coaltar hydrocarbon. Plasticizer which is an
organic compound of low volatility is added to cellulose paints to improve
adherence, toughness, smoothness and elasticity of the paint film.
Compared with ordinary oil paints, this paint can be easily washed, cleaned
as it has greater hardness, elasticity and smoothness and withstand
temperature changes and hot water better.
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Methods and Process of Painting on Different Surfaces
•New wood work
•Repainting Old wood surface
•New iron and steel surfaces
•Repainting of old steel and iron surfaces
•Galvanized iron surface
•Metals
•Plastered surfaces
•Painting on New Wood Work
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Following are the steps for painting new wooden surfaces:
Surface preparation
Knotting
Priming
Stopping
Under coating
Finishing
1. Surface Preparation of Wooden Works
The surface should be well cleaned without any dust, spots, greasy matter etc. The
nails used in the wood work should be punched up to 3mm below the surface. The
wood in wood work should be well seasoned and should not contain more than
15% of moisture content. The surface should be dry.
2. Knotting
Knots present in the wood may eject resins from wood. So, knots are killed or
covered in this knotting process. Knotting can be done by two ways as follows:
1. In this first method, two coats of solutions are applied on surface. First coat
consists 15g of red lead, 2 liters of water and 225 grams of glue.
After adding these three, mixture is heated and applied and left for 10 minutes.
After that second coat is applied this consists red lead ground in boiled linseed oil
and thinned with turpentine oil. 48
3. Priming of New Wooden Surface
Priming is nothing but applying prime coat or first coat on surface. In this case, the surface is
smoothened with abrasive paper and then first coat of paint is applied to fill all the pores in
the surface. The ingredients used in this prime coat are same as subsequent coats but the
quantity or composition ratio may vary.
4. Stopping
After filling all the pores of wooden surface in priming, it’s time to fill up nail holes, dents,
cracks, etc. Putty is used as the fill material. When putty is dried, then the whole surface is
rubbed with glass paper or pumice stone. This process of rubbing sown the wooden surface is
called stopping.
• Painting of iron and steel surfaces will resist the rust formation due
to weathering. Before painting the surface must be cleaned. If there is
any rust or scales, should be wiped off using steel brushes etc. stains
on surface can be washed with benzene or lime water.
• After that, two or more under coats are applied which consist 3 kg
of red lead in 5 liters of boiled linseed oil. After drying up, smooth
finishing coat of desired paint is applied.
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Repainting of Old Steel and Iron Surfaces
Repainting of steel and iron surfaces is as same as new surfaces but cleaning
of old paint is most important. Oxy acetylene flame is used to burn off the
paint surface and then it is scrapped with brushes.
• So, the preparation of surface depends upon the type of paint used
on the surface.
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DEFECTS IN PAINT WORK
The defects which are commonly found in paint work are as follow.
1. BLISTERING
Formation of bubbles like shapes on the painted surface is known as blistering. The
primary cause of this defect is water vapor. When water vapor trapped under the
paint layer, it creates bubbles under the film of paint.
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Flashing Defect of Paint
6. GRINNING
If the thickness of the final coat of paint becomes very thin, the background can be
seen clearly. This is known as grinning. Poor workmanship is the main cause of this
defect.
7. RUNNING
This type of defect is seen when the surface to be painted is very smooth. In case of
smooth surface the paint runs back and leaves small areas of surface uncovered.
9. WRINKLING
This type of defect is more prominent when a thick layer of paint is applied on a
horizontal surface.