SHABNAM GANDHI TUTORIAL 2 12CSU105

Q1. (i) Explain distribution and variability.

Ans. The distribution of a variable is a description of the frequency of occurrence of each
possible outcome.
Variability refers to how spread out a group of data is. In other words, variability measures
how much your scores differ from each other. Variability is also referred to as dispersion or spread.
Data sets with similar values are said to have little variability, while data sets that have values that
are spread out have high variability.

(ii) Differentiate between discrete and continuous distributions.

Ans. *In discrete distributions, the variable associated with it is discrete, whereas in continuous
distributions, the variable is continuous.

*Continuous distributions are introduced using density functions, but discrete distributions
are introduced using mass functions.
*The frequency plot of a discrete distribution is not continuous, but it is continuous when
the distribution is continuous.
*The probability that a continuous variable will assume a particular value is zero, but it is
not the case in discrete variables.
(iii) Differentiate between variable and random variable.
Ans. A variable is an unknown quantity that has an undetermined magnitude, and random
variables are used to represent events in a sample space or related values as a dataset. A random
variable itself is a function.
• A variable can be defined with domain as a set of real numbers or complex numbers while random
variables can be either real numbers or some discrete non mathematical entities in a set. (A random
variable can be used to denote an event related to some object, actually the purpose of a random
variable is to introduce a mathematically manipulative value to that event)
• Random variables are associated with probability and probability density function.
• Algebraic operations performed on algebraic variables may not be valid for random variables.
(iv) Difference between Bernoulli, Binomial and Multinomial distributions.
Ans. Bernoulli Distribution:

This distribution best describes all situations where a "trial" is made resulting in
either "success" or "failure," such as when tossing a coin, or when modeling the
success or failure of a surgical procedure. The Bernoulli distribution is defined as:
f(x) = px (1-p)1-x, for x = 0, 1,
where
p is the probability that a particular event (e.g., success) will occur.
SHABNAM GANDHI TUTORIAL 2 12CSU105

Binomial Distribution

Suppose we repeat a Bernouilli p experiment n times and count the number X of

successes, the distribution of X is called the Binomial B(n,p) random variable.

Probability mass function:

where q = 1 - p, k=0, 1, 2, ..., n.

E(X) = np
Var(X) = np(1-p)