Classroom 1 PT Environment Class PDF

PT 365
Environment
Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert

Climate
Change
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Pollution gm
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Biodiversi hary
o ud
ty pa
kch
e
Conservat .de
d.c
ry(
ion
Sustainab u dh
a
ho
le p ak
C
Developm ee
forD
Disaster
ent ed
alis
Managem e rso
n
p
ent nt is
Geograph cu
me
o
y Th
is d
Miscellan
eous

IPCC Report ail . co m)
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• Global Warming of 1.5°C – IPCC (Intergovernmental uPanel dh
ary on Climate
o
Change) a kch
ep
• IPCC – By UNEP and WMO in 1988: Assessment c. de reports related to
d.
ry( th
climate change, adaptation and mitigation measures ou
d h a - 6 AR will come in
h
2022 p ak
C
e
• Doesn’t conduct its own researchd for De
e
• Finding n alis
rso e
o
t is p
Global warming ≈1°C above pre-industrial levels
o n
Risk transition from 1.5° to m2°e is very high
u
• Coral Bleaching: d oc 1.5° - 70-90% decline, At 2° - 99% (corals would be lost)
At
is
o As per Paris climateThdeal commitments carbon budget 1.5°C warming will be exhausted by 2030
o to limit at 1.5°C, reduce CO2 emissions by 45% by 2030 from the 2010 levels and reach net-zero
emissions by 2050.

Related Information ail . co m)
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• Hothouse Earth: natural processes trigger uncontrollable warmingdh(>2ary °C)
ou
• Paris Agreement k ch
pa e
.de
d.c
ry(
The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not dexceed ha 2 °C above pre-industrial level.
o u
If the global temperature increases beyond 3 °C above the pre-industrial C h level, what can be its possible
impact/impacts on the world? (2014) p ak
e
1. Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source r De
o
2. Widespread coral mortality will occur. e df
al i s
on
3. All the global wetlands will permanently rdisappear.
s
e
4. Cultivation of cereals will not be possible
t is p anywhere in the world.
n
Select the correct answer using the code
u me given below.
c
(a) 1 only
i s do
(b) 1 and 2 only Th
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Effect of climate change on the Ocean
o m)
. c
ail
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• oceans have absorbed ~90% of the d ha
ry
ou
temperature rise, atmosphere ~ 1% pa
k ch
d ee
• Oceans in the world are warming 60% ary(d.c .
faster than what IPCC had stated in its h ou

dh
5th Assessment report. ee

p ak
C
D
o Ocean temperature increase
d for
e
o Acidification n alis
o
o Sea level rise p ers
s
o Changes in ocean currents ent i
um
o Extreme weather eventsd oc
is
o Coral bleaching Th

Dead Zones ail . co m)
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• regions with low oxygen levels (hypoxic), occurring in water bodies such ha
ry as lakes and
d
oceans. ou
k ch
• Dead zones are reversible pa
. d ee
c
• Causes: Sea level rise, Eutrophication r y(d.
ha
• Consequences o ud
h
a kC
Which of the following best defines the termeeGlobal
p Warming Potential?
D
(a) measures the rise of potential energy of biosphere
d for due to increase in temperature due to global
warming e
n alis
(b) is an indicator of how much earth has o
p ers heated up due to rise in Green House Gases compared to pre
industrial levels is
e nt
(c) Provides a comparison among m countries as per their vulnerability profile due to rising temperature of
o cu
earth is d
(b)measure of how much Th heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere up to a specific time horizon,
relative to CO2

Land Degradation Neutrality . co m)
ail
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• LDN: the amount and quality of land resources, necessary to support ha ecosystem
ry
d
functions and services and enhance food security, remains stablechor ou increases within
k
specified temporal and spatial scales pa
. d ee
• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification d.c
ry( (UNCCD)
only internationally legally binding framework to address the problem ha
o
o udof desertification
o Adopted in 1994
k Ch
2010 to 2020 has been declared as United Nations Decade for a
o
e epDeserts and the Fight Against Desertification.
• LDN fund by UNCCD, managed by Mirova D
d for (a private Investment management firm)
• Global Land Outlook Report, Land se Life Programme: UNCCD
alifor
o n
• was launched at UNCCD p ers
is
e nt
• National Action Plan (NAP) um to combat desertification for 20 years (started in 2001)
d oc
• Desertification andTLand
his Degradation Atlas (2016) of entire country was prepared by
ISRO

Climate Engineering ail . co m)
gm
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• Climate Engineering or Geoengineering projects 0
hary
o to tackle the effects of climate change directly, o ud
o by removing CO2 from the air or kch
o limiting the amount of sunlight reaching the planet's surface e pa
.de
• Examples: y(d.c
r
o Carbon Capture and Storage
d ha
Carbon capture utilization storage u
o
ho
o
ak Cused in agriculture, can sequester carbon
Biochar making: Partly burn materials such as logging slash or crop waste,
• ep Methods
Solar Radiation Management or Sunlight Reflection
De r
o
o Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI): spraying e df into the stratosphere fine, light-coloured particles
designed to reflect back part of the solar a l i s
radiation before it reaches and warms the earth. Sulphur
n
Dioxide gas is used for the processperso
Cirrus cloud manipulation:eHere is the cirrus clouds are removed or thinned so that their long-wave
o nt
trapping capacity is reduced umand thus cools the surface.
d oc
o Marine cloud brightening:
is The low warm clouds which are highly reflective to sunlight are modified
Th
to increase their reflectivity.
o Space sunshade: Obstructing sunrays with space based mirrors.
o Using pale-coloured roofing material or growing high albedo crops.

Global Environmental Facility o m)
. c
ail
gm
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ry0
• GEF - financial mechanism established under the 1992 Rio Earth Summit ha
d
• 6th assembly in Da Namg, Vietnam ou
k ch
pa
• to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. . d ee
c
• Managed by World Bank r y(d.
ha
o ud
• Environmental Conventions under GEF Ch k
o pa
CBD, UNCCD, UNFCCC, Stockholm Convention on POP, eMinamata Conventionn, Montral protocol (provides support)
De
• Budget cut for the first time since its inception – dfund for cutting by USA
lise
• A new “index of development” for restricting o na countries from accessing funding
ers
• approved a grant of USD 15 milliont for is p the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) project,
n
started by the UN Food and Agriculture
u me Organization (FAO)
d oc
• GEF Gender Mainstreaming his Policy
T

Katowice COP 24 (1/2) ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• COP 24 in Katowice, Poland hary
o ud
• RIO Earth Summit, 1992 kch
o Conventions: UNFCCC, UNCCD, CBD e pa
c. de
Documents: Agenda 21, Forest Principles, Rio Declaration on Environment anddDevelopment
o .
ry(
• Funds: u dh
a
o
o GCF (COP 16, 2010, Cancun): mainly from developed countries, but
k Chalso from some developing countries, regions, and one
city (Paris) a
o Adaptation Fund (2001): adaptation projects and programmes e epin developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol that are
D
or
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate fchange
d
o Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) (2001, Marrakech):
alise is open to all vulnerable developing countries.
• Key Outcomes in Katowice on
ers
p
o Accounting mechanism n t is
e
o c um
Trading of Carbon Credits (Overachievement of NDCs)
o From CDM to SDM: willisbe dodiscussed in COP 25,
o Th
Overall Mitigation in Global Emissions: Beyond CDM, to deliver on cost-effectively reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, rather than creating carbon markets for their own sake.
o Loss and Damage

Katowice COP 24 (2/2) ail . co m)
gm
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• CDM: emission reduction projects in developing countries to dearn ha
ry certified
emission reduction (CER) credit equivalent to one tonne of ou
k chCO2. These CERs
can be traded and sold and used by industrialized countries pa
. d ee
c d.
o Main source of UNFCCC adaptation fund ry(
h a
• Talanoa Dialogue: Progress towards NDCs ud
C ho
o Virtual Climate summit: Heads of Government level conference k , organised by the Climate Action Network
e pa
(CAN) and the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF). De
r
• Climate Action Network (CAN): network doffoover 1300 NGOs
lise
• Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF): international
na partnership of countries highly vulnerable to a warming
planet: south-south cooperation ers o
p
• Global stocktake: to periodically n t is take stock of the implementation of the Paris
u me
Agreement s do
c
i
Th
• Kyoto Protocol: Entered in force in 2005, first commitment period (2008-12),
second commitment period (2013-20)

Suva Expert Dialogue ail . co m)
gm
8 @
• On loss and damage – COP 23, Bonn ry 0
d ha
• ou
Loss and Damage: Historic responsibility of developed countries. Developing countries demand finances for
loss and damage k ch
pa e
o Subsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI) Work Program on loss and damage c. de in Cancun (COP 16)
d.
o Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) under the Cancun Adaptation a ry( Framework at COP 19
• Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action dh
h ou
• Small Island Developing states (SIDS) C
p ak
e
• Slow Onset Process r De
o
e df
al i s
r son
e
t is p
n
u me
c
i s do
Th

Montreal Protocol ail . co m)
gm
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0
• Montreal Protocol: decrease in ozone-depleting substances d
ry
ha (CFC,
ou
HCHC, Halons, Methyl Bromide), Antarctic ozone pa
khole
ch is recovering
e e
• Vienna Convention ( d . c.d
ary
• Kigali agreement: ho
ud
h
Amended Montreal protocol to include HFCs C
o p ak
o Binding from 2019 ee
rD
fo
d
• Impact: Stratospheric cooling,nalsurface ise temperature and precipitation in
o
southern hemisphere i s pe
rs
t
• Brewer Dobson Circulation: m en tropical air has less ozone than polar air,
u
oc
even though the tropical
Th
is d stratosphere is where most atmospheric ozone is
produced

Black Carbon ail . co m)
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• Short lived climate pollutant (Few days to ~10 years) d ha
ou
• incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels k ch
pa
. d ee
• Emitted from gas and diesel engines, coal-fired power plants,(d.and c other
a r y
sources that burn fossil fuel dh
h ou
• Consists of particulate matter - Air pollutant epak C
e
• negative implications for both human health f r D our climate.
oand
d e
respiratory and cardiovascular disease, cancer, lis and even birth defects
o
o na
rs
o i s pe change causing changes in patterns of rain
Black carbon also contributes to climate
and clouds. nt
me
o cu
• As black carbon deposits
h is din the Arctic, decreases albedo
T
• travelling from Mediterranean countries during the western disturbances
and wind trajectories

Related topic ail . co m)
gm
8 @
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• Brown Carbon – During combustion of organic biomass d ha
ry
ou
• Blue Carbon – Carbon sequestered in coastal ecosystem k ch
pa
. d ee
• SLCP: O3 and its precursors CO, VOC and NOx, r y(d. CH4,
c
and some HFCs ha
o ud
h
kC
• CCAC ee
p a
D
• Global Air Pollution and Health or
e d f Conference (first such
lis
conference) o na
ers
o is p
By WHO organized in Geneva,t Switzerland.
n
e Combating Climate Change: Saving Lives.’
o Theme: ‘Improving Air Quality,
c um
o Geneva Action Agenda doto Combat Air Pollution
his T

Petcoke ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• India banned the import of petcoke for use as fuel d ha
ou
• allowed only for cement, lime kiln, calcium carbide and gasification k ch industries in
pa
manufacturing . d ee
c
y(d.
• Petroleum coke - carbon rich derived from oil refining ha
r
o ud
• Emits more GHG and Sulphur than coal h
a kC
p
• Dumping ground by USA Dee
or
df
• India largest consumer of Petcoke alis e
n
• Why petcoke: e rso
sp i
o nt energy cess on coal, zero ash content (favourable for cement industry)
Cheaper, Favourable tax, clean
me u
• Environment Protection oc
d(Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) for NCR –
i s
Th
constituted under Section 3(3) of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

GHG Emission from Shipping Industry
o m)
. c
ail
gm
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• IMO members will reduce their GHG emissions from shipping by at hleast ary 50% of 2008
d
levels by 2050 ou
k ch
• As a country goal shipping is 6th largest emitter of CO2 .deepa
c
• Shipping was not accounted for in the Paris agreement r y(d.
ha
• Mechanisms: o ud
Ch k
o Slowing down ships reduces GHG e pa
o Use Scrubbers or other ehhaust gas cleaning devices De
f or
d
o Use low sulphur fuels
a lise
n
o Alternative energy source rso e
p
• t is
MARPOL Convention - International
n Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
e
Ships (MARPOL) oc
u m
o d
Under IMO, India ahissignatory
T
• Heavy fuel oil (HFO) also known as residual fuel oil - residual waste from the oil
refining process

National Clear Air India Programme
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
r y0
• pollution control initiative to cut the concentrationhoof u d haparticles
k c
(PM10 & PM2.5) – 20 -30% by 2024 pa
. d ee
c
r y(d.
• implemented in 102 non-attainment cities o ud
ha by CPCB
h
kC
• Three components: De
ep
a
or
o Mitigation action: 7 components e df
al i s
o Knowledge and database augmentation r son
e
t is p
o Institutional Strengthening en
m
ocu
• CPCB: is d
Th
o Statutory under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
o Also derives power from the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

Clean Air India Initiative ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• a collaborative project between hary
ud
ho c
o ak
Get in the Ring (a platform for start-ups by the government of the pNetherlands),
e e
o Start-up India and d . c.d
(
o INDUS Forum (an online matchmaking platform of Indian h aryand Dutch businesses)
ud
C ho
• build a network of entrepreneurs working e ep
on business solutions for
ak
D
cleaner air. e d for
n alis
• #Startuplink: Indian ands pDutch ers
o government
t i
en
• Clean Air India Ring oc
u m is a critical component of the Indo-Dutch
d
#StartUpLink. This

SAFAR ail . co m)
gm
8 @
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• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And ou
d haResearch
ch
(SAFAR) ee
pa
k
c. d
• Regarding awareness and mitigation measures r y(d.
ha
o ud
h
• Implemented in Delhi, Pune, Mumbai p a k C and Ahmedabad
Dee
• monitors UV-Index, PM1, PM2.5, e df
or PM10, Mercury, Black Carbon,
a lis
Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone, Nitrogen p e rso
n Oxides, Carbon Monoxide,
i s
Benzene, Toluene and u m en Xylene
t
d oc
• developed by Indian
Th
is Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, and
operationalized by India Meteorological Department

National Air Quality Index . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
0 ry
• various pollutants into a single number (index hvalue) ou
d ha
k c
nomenclature and colour. . d ee
pa
c
(d.
• six AQI categories for eight pollutants o ud
ha
r y
(PM10, PM2.5, NO2,
h
SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) eepak C
D
for
• SAMEER app has been developed alis
e d to display AQI at a city
o n
and receive complaints is p ers
e nt
• National Ambient i s d
um
oc Air Quality Standards : SO
2,
NO2, PM10,
Th
PM2.5, O3, Pb, CO, NH3, Benzene, Benzo(a)Pyrene, Arsenic and
Nockel
CEPI and WAYU ail . co m)
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Comprehensive Environnemental Pollution Index – houdhar
kc
pa
• By CPCB for Monitoring Polluted Industrial.cAreas .de
e
( d
ary
• 0-100, Red, Orange, Green White ho
ud
h
k C
pa
WAYU (Wind Augmentation Purifying or
De
e Unit):
d f
se
• developed by CSIR-NEERI rso
n (Council of Scientific and Industrial
a l i
p e
Research – National Environmental
e n t is Engineering Research Institute)
u m
oc
• works on two principles
Th
is d
mainly Wind generation for dilution of
air pollutants and Active Pollutants removal

Toxicity in Indian Rivers ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• report titled Status of trace and toxic metals in Indian rivers 2018 by Central Water ha Commission
d
• 42 rivers have at least 2 toxic metals ou
k ch
pa
• Example: lead, arsenic, copper, cadmium, mercury and nickel . d ee
c
• Sources of River pollution: Natural, Agricultural, Industrial, Domestic, r y(d. Others
ha
o ud
• Impact: on health due to toxicity and non-biodegradabiltiy C affects
h vital organs, Affects species diversity
a k
• Remedial measures: p
Dee
or
o Controlling runoff pollution, e df
lis
o Chemical and biological treatment, rsona
e
o effective implementation of laws t is p
m en
o green remediation technique: c u Water hyacinth is used for cleansing polluted water by absorbing
i s do
pollutants especially
Th chromium

Composite Water Management Index
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• By NITI Aayog – For states and Uts regarding water management d ha
ry
ou
• in partnership with Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry k ch of Drinking
a
e ep
Water & Sanitation and all the States/ Union Territories ( d .c.
d
ry
• 9 broad themes and 28 indicators d ha
ou
k Ch
• water-scarce states have performedeebetter pa in the Index like Gujarat,
D
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, e d f Karnataka, Maharashtra and
or
Telangana. lis
o na
rs
pe
• Water Stressed Condition: en
t i s annual per capita availability <1700 cubic
m
meters. d oc
u
his
• Water Scarcity TCondition: annual per capita availability <1000 cubic
meters.

Guidelines for Ground Water Extraction
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
• By Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA): EPA 0
ry
d ha
• largest user of ground water in the world – India ou
k ch
• The Easement Act, 1882, provides every landowner with the right toeecollect pa and dispose, within his
own limits, all water under the land and on the surface. Not liable in
c. d case of damage by over
r y(d.
extraction. ha
o ud
Features: h
a kC
• For Industries: ee
p
o Water conservation fee – will increase progressively,fowater r D use efficiency measures
o Use of recycled and treated water e d
o Action against polluting industries n alis
o
o Mandatory requirement of digital flow meters,
p ers water level recorders
is
o Water audit e nt
o Roof top rain water harvesting cum
o
o is d
NOC: Online, renewed periodically
h
subject to compliance
T
• Flexibility to states: special criteria by states: will be reviewed by CWGA
• Monitoring
• Exemption to agriculture, defense, water supplying agencies, individual households

National Water Informatics Centre
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• repository of nation-wide water resources data – Under MoWRG, headed d ha by joint
secretary ou
k ch
pa
• web-based India Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS) . d ee on a GIS platform
( d .c
• component of National Hydrology Project and also in ry
d haconsonance with the National
Water Mission ou
k Ch
a
• ep
Benefits: Settling disputes, water resources rmanagement,
e will help in R&D
D
f o
• National Hydrology project: lise
d
an
o Central sector scheme
e rso
o Hydro-meteorological data will be stored p analyzed in real time basis
is and
nt
• me
Water Resource Information
cu System o
o CWC and ISRO
h is d
o T for all water resources data & information in a national GIS framework
Single Window solution'

Rainwater Harvesting in Metropolitan Cities
o m)
. c
ail
gm
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0
• Report by Parliamentary standing committee hary
o ud
• Techniques: kch
o Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting- e pa
.de
o Driveway Rain Off Harvesting
y(d.c
r
• Some Traditional Methods of Rainwater Harvesting d ha in states- In India, rainwater
harvesting has been in practice for more than 4000 ou
hyears.
kC a
o Himachal Pradesh- Kul, Kuhi e ep
D
o Rajasthan- Baoris, Jhalaras, Johad, Nadis, khadins, kunds
d for
o Maharashtra- Bhandaras e
o Bihar- Ahar-Pynes n alis
o
o Karnataka- Kere p ers
is
o
e nt
Madhya Pradesh- Bundela Tank, Chandela Tank, Katas, Pat
o Tamil Nadu- Eri, Ooranis m
cu
o Nagaland- Cheo-ozihi is do
o Th
Andhra Pradesh- Cheruvu
o West Bengal- Dungs

Nitrogen Pollution (1/2) ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• Indian Nitrogen Assessment Report ha
d
• Mains sources: Agricultural soil, waste water, residential and commercial activities ou
k ch
pa
• Nitrogen cycle: transferred from soil and water to the atmosphere through . d eedenitrification: Denitrifying
c
bacteria use nitrate instead of oxygen when obtaining energy r y(d.
ha
• Effects of Nitrogen pollution o ud
h Ck
o
e pa Vitamin A shortages
Health: Baby Blue syndrome, , reduced functioning of the thyroid gland,
o De crop yields
Agriculture: excess nitrogen bring down carbon content, diminishing
f or
d
o Eutrophication
ali se
• Gothenburg Protocol: to Abate Acidification, o n Eutrophication and Groundlevel Ozone, part of the
rs
i s pe
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary t Air Pollution
m en
• International Nitrogen Initiative u (INI): Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)
d oc
and from the International is
Th Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) to optimize nitrogen’s beneficial role in
sustainable food production

Nitrogen Pollution (2/2) ail . co m)
gm
8 @
• Steps taken: Which ofathe ry0 following acts as
h
ud
bothhoGreen House Gas and
o Soil health card, k c
o Neem coated Urea (to slow down disssolution of nitrogen in Ozone
ep
a Depleting Substance:
e
soil hence less nutrient requirements) d . c.d 1. N2O
(
o Bharat Stage Norms – CO, HC, NOx, PM (Vehicular h ary 2. NOx
u d
emission) o 3. CH4
k Ch
o National Air quality index p a 4. HFC
Dee
• Nitrogen Emission Hotspots: Greenpeace e df
or Select the correct answer using
lis the code given below:
o South Africa’s Mpumalanga province o naemits the highest
amounts of nitrogen dioxide and the r s (a) 1 only
pe largest number of
hotspots are found in China. nt is (b) 2 and 4 only
o Hotspot in India: Delhi-NCR, u me Sonbhadra in UP &
oc
dtaken
(c) 3 only
Singrauli in MP (both i s as one entity) and
Th
Talcher-Angul in Odisha (d) 1 and 4 only

Convention on Long range Transboundary Air Pollution
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
• implemented by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), 0 rdirected
y by
d ha
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). ou
k ch
8 Protocols: pa
. d ee
• Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals (d.
c
r y
• Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication haand Ground-level Ozone
o ud
• Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) h
a kC
• Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions p
Dee
or
• Geneva Protocol concerning the Control of eEmissions df of Volatile Organic Compounds or their
Transboundary Fluxes a lis
n
r so
• Sofia Protocol concerning the Control e
p of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary
Fluxes n t is
e
• Helsinki Protocol on the Reductionc um of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least
i s do
30 per cent Th
• Geneva Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and
Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe

Plastic Pollution (1/2) ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• India committed to eliminate all single-use plastic in theudcountry ha
ry by 2022.
o
• On 2018 World Environment Day (June 5, 2018)epwith ch “Beat Plastic
ak
e
Pollution” – India hosted ( d . c.d
ary
• Microplastics (<1mm): use in personal care ho
ud products like toothpaste,
h
C
body creams, clothing and industrial use e pa
k
De
• Impact: Bioaccumulation, Leaching d f or of chemicals, Vector borne disease,
l ise
Air Pollution, rso
n a
p e
• Plastic Waste (Management e n t is and Handling) Rules, 2016: Defines
m
minimum thickness,doresponsibility
cu of local bodies, waste generator, street
i s
vendors and retailers,
Th extended producer responsibility

Plastic Pollution (2/2) ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• UN Environment launches #CleanSeas campaign udhary
o
• Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary a kch Movements of
p
. d ee
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal ary(d.c
• Stockholm Convention on POPs Choudh
k
pa
• The Honolulu Strategy: for marine or
De
e debris worldwide.
d f
• Alliance to End Plastic Waste: o n a lise NGO includes companies from the
world, Reliance is a part rs
i s pe
t
en
• Taj Declaration: dphasing
oc
u m out of single use plastic in the 500 meters
of Taj Mahal This
• Ocean Clean up: NGO, directed at cleaning Great Pacific Garbage
Patch by half in next 5 years
Blue Flag Certification ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• established by Copenhagen-based Foundation forudhary
o
Environmental Education (FEE) ep
a kch
de
• environmental award for beaches, sustainable a ry(
c.
d. boating tourism
operators, and marinas. C h ou
dh
ak
• Chandrabhaga beach of Odisha's: De
e first in Asia to get blue flag
p
r
certification i se df
o
al
• Unified Coastal Areas sManagement r son Programme by MoEF to
i pe
improve aquatic habitat u m en and eco-tourism
t
oc
• Society for Integrated
Th
is d
Coastal Management (SICOM)
o Under MoEF&CC to support implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Pesticides Ban ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Banned 18 pesticides based on Anupam verma committee recommendations d ha
ry
ou
• Endosulfan not reviewed pa
k ch
ee
• Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (d.
c. d
r y
• UNEP led Stockholm Convention For Persistent o
ha
ud Organic Pollutants
h
• Rotterdam Convention: promotes open eexchange a kC of information and calls on
p
exporters of hazardous chemicals to use e
Dproper labelling, include directions on
d for
safe handling, and inform purchasers alis
e of any known restrictions or bans.
o n
• Grow Safe food Campaign:is ptoers create awareness about the safe and judicious use
nt
of pesticides among the various stakeholders
me
ocu
is d
Th

Convention on Biological Diversity (1/2)
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• CoP 14 of CBD: Sharm El-Sheikh Declaration ud
hary
o Investing in Biodiversity for People and Planet pakcho
ee
dCulture
o Launch of International Alliance of Nature and (d.
c. in collaboration
r y
with UNESCO ud
ha
h o
o called for UN General Assembly to designate
p a kC 2021 to 2030 as the UN
e
Decade of Ecosystem Restorationor De
f
• CBD ed
alis n
r so
o promote the conservation iof p biodiversity
e
n t s
o sustainable use of its ucomponents,
me and
o c
o d
fair and equitablehissharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resource
T
• Legally binding

Convention on Biological Diversity (2/2)
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• Protocols under CBD ud
hary
o
o Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: It seeks to protect biological a kch diversity from the
e p
potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting
c.d
e from modern
d .
biotechnology ary
(
h
• establishes an advance informed agreement for informed ud decision to countries
C ho
• Biosafety Clearing-House to facilitate the exchange
pa
k of information on LMOs
e
o Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit De Sharing: It aims at sharing the benefits
f or
ed
arising from the utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way.
alis n
o
• India submitted 6th National is p ersReport (NR6) to the CBD – mandatory
nt
• progress in achievementoc
um of 12 National Biodiversity
e
d
Targets (NBT): Tin
his line with the 20 global Aichi biodiversity targets

Asiatic Lion Conservation Project
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0 ry
• CSS - MoEF ou
d ha
k ch
pa
• Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 c. d ee
r y(d.
• Appendix-I of CITES, while h o ud
ha
a kC
• IUCN lists it in endangered category or
Dee
p
e df
• 5 Protected areas: Gir National r so na
lis Park, Gir Sanctuary, Pania
e
Sanctuary, Mitiyala t sp
iSanctuary and Girnar Sanctuary.
m en
u
oc
• 23 Lions died:Thisdue to Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) and
d
tick-bore Babesiosis

Tiger Conservation ail . co m)
gm
8 @
• IUCN: Endangered ry 0
d ha
• Schedule 1 of WPA, Appendix 1 of CITES ou
• a female cub was shifted from Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (BTR) in Madhya k ch
Pradesh to Satkosia Tiger
e pa
Reserve (STR) in Odisha. d e
.c.
• conceived by the MoEFCCC, NTCA and Wildlife Institute of India ary(d
• Conservation efforts in India dh
ou h
o Project tiger: CSS
a kC
p
o NTCA: under WPA, 1972
Dee
Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection or and Ecological Status (M-STrIPES)
o
e df
o Critical tiger habitat: WPA lis
o na
• Global efforts: rs
i s pe
o Global Tiger Initiative (GTI): includes t various stakeholders: World Bank, GEF, also includes Snow leopards
m
o Global tiger forum: inter- governmentalen international body
o cu
is d
o TX2: St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation was adopted under the GTI and the Global
Th
Tiger Recovery Programme or TX2
o Conservation Assured Tiger Standards CA|TS: a set of criteria which allows tiger sites to check if their
management will lead to successful tiger conservation part of TX2

Elephant Conservation ail . co m)
gm
• Elephant – National heritage animal, schedule 1 of WPA, Endangered under IUCN 8 @
0
• Land scale approach: holistic approach to conservation, concerned with biodiversity and h ary
d
local economies, agriculture, eco-tourism, health and social benefits of the environment. h ou
c
ak
• Gaj yatra: At securing 100 elephant corridors across India e ep
.d
o By MoEF, Wildlife Trust of India, International fund for Animal Welfare y(d.c
r
o Started in Garo Hills Meghalaya d ha
u
ho
o Elephant corridors in India: linkages between forest patches ak C
p
• Singphan Wildlife Sanctuary as an Elephant Reserve in Nagaland Dee
or
• Project Elephant: To protect elephants, their habitat & corridors e df
lis
• Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) o naProgramme: Under Resolution to
rs
CITES
i s pe
t
• Asian Elephant Alliance: Five NGOs:mElephant en Family, International Fund for Animal
Welfare (IFAW), IUCN Netherlands, c u
World Land Trust (WLT) and Wildlife Trust of India
i s do
(WTI). Th

Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
ary
• CSS ch
o ud
h
k
o Project Tiger (CSS-PT), e pa
c. de
.
o Development of Wildlife Habitats (CSS-DWH) and ary(d
dh
o Project Elephant (CSS-PE). h ou
C
pak
ee
• Implementation – States ed
for D
n alis
e rso
p
nt is
me
ocu
is d
Th

Cheetah Reintroduction Project o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• Reintroduce Cheetahs in Nauradehi d ha
ry
ou
sanctuary in MP pa
k ch
ee
• NTCA is nodal agency (d.
c. d
r y
• flagship species of the grasslands, ha
o ud
h
scrublands and open forests a kC
p
Dee
• Declared extinct in India in 1952 e df
or
lis
• Project Cheetah – reintroduction o na of
p ers
Cheetah e nt
is
um
• Asiatic Cheetah: Critically
is d oc Endangered
h
• African Cheetah:T Vulnerable

Asian Rhinos ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Asian Rhino Range Countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia u d ha
ry and
o
Malaysia a kch
ep
• New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019. c. de
d.
a ry(
• Javan and Sumatran rhinos are currentlyhoclassified ud
h as critically
C
endangered e pa
k
De
• Indian Rhino: Vulnerable, d f or
a lise
• found in Assam – KazirangaersNational on Park, Manas National Park,
p
Pobitora Reserve Forest, e nt Orang National Park, Laokhowa Reserve Forest
is
etc. um
d oc
is
Th
• Indian Rhino Vision 2020 – implemented by Assam State Government
with the Bodo autonomous council as an active partner and supported
by WWF- India
Great Indian Bustard ail . co m)
gm
8 @
y0 r
• Critically Endangered, ch
ou
d ha
k
pa
• Schedule 1 of WPA (d.
c. d ee
a r y
dh
• Covered under Bonn Convention:k CConservation h o u of migratory
p a
species Dee
or
e df
lis
• Indicator species of grassland, pe
rso na
t i s
en
• endemic to Indian d oc
usub continent,
m
is
Th
• state bird of Rajasthan
o Project Godawan: desert National Park

Dolphins ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Ganges Dolphin: hary
o Endangered, freshwater, blind oud
a kch
o Never enters the sea ep
o National Aquatic Animal c. de
(d.
o Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) in Bihar onlyhin aryIndia
ud
• Indus Dolphin (Bhulan): C ho
k
o State aquatic animal of Punjab e pa
De
o Punjab in collaboration with WWF organised census f or
o Endangered, freshwater and blind dolphin lised
a
on
• Irrawady Dolphin: e r s
t i sp
o Endangered n
u me
o live in both freshwater and osaltwater,
c
o South and South East Asiai s d
Th
• Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphins
o Indian Ocean, Endangered, Schedule 1

Banni Grassland ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Near Rann of Kutch – largest natural grasslandhouin ary
dh Indian
kc
subcontinent e e pa
d . c.d
(
• Formed of ocean clay – elements of osalt ud
h ary
C h
• 22 ethnic communities living inDeethe pa
k
area called Maldhari
o r
pastoralists: Leaving grassland e df due to water scarcity
al i s
o n
ers
• Chari-Dhand Wetland nt
is (Shallow) Conservation Reserve - most
p
e
important bird areas um in the desert ecosystems of India.
d oc
is
Th

Natural Capital ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• Envistats India 2018 report by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ha
d
• India’s economic growth took a toll on its natural assets like forests, food andkclean ou air
ch
pa
• Natural capital: ements of the nature that provide valuable goods and services . d ee to humans
d . c
(
• Natural capital accounting: h ary
d
o to gain an understanding of the interaction between theCheconomy ou and the environment
a k
o to measure the state of ecosystems, p
Dee
or
o flows of ecosystem services e df
o changes in stocks and flows of natural alis
nresources in relation to economic changes.
o
p ers
• is
System of Environmental-Economic
e nt Accounting: the contribution of the environment to the economy
and the impact of the economycuonm the environment
d o
• Natural Capital Accounting is and Valuation of Ecosystem Services: United Nations Statistics Division,
Th
UNEP, CBD, and EU – India is a participant country

Legal Entity Status for Animals o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
y0 r
• By Uttarakhand high court ch
ou
d ha
a k
• entire animal kingdom - legal entities (d.c.deep
ry
ha
• Distinct identity, legal personality,k Cduties ho
u d
and rights
p a
ee
• Ganga and Yamuna as living e df
oentity
r D – Uttarakhand High Court
lis
na
• Fraternal Ties with tree
is p
er–
s Sikkim
o
e nt
um
oc
h is d
T

Access and Benefit Sharing . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
y0 r
• Uttarakhand High Court has directed DivyachPharmacy ou
d ha – as
ak
per Biodiversity act, 2002 .c.
d e ep
( d
ry
ha
• Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Ch
ouLaw: India and Norway
d
a k
in the National Biodiversity Authority or
De ep (NBA)
d f
lise
• Biodiversity Act, 2002:erNBA, so
n a SSBs, BMCs
p
t is
• PIC and MAT cume n
is do
Th

National REDD+ Strategy (1/2) o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• UN Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest aryfollowing statements is/are
Which ofdhthe
Degradation (REDD) in Developing Countries was launched in ou
ch
correct?
k
2008 pa
. d eeProper design and effective
c
o FAO, UNDP, UNEP r y(d. implementation of UN-REDD+
h a Programme can significantly contribute
• COP 19: agreed on Warsaw REDD+ framework o ud to (2016)
k Ch
• UN-REDD Programme supports nationally led REDD+ p a processes
Dee 1. protection of biodiversity
• REDD+ goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, d for and
2. resilience of forest ecosystems
includes the role of conservation, sustainable e
lismanagement of forests
n a 3. poverty reduction
and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. e rso Select the correct answer using the code
t is p
• a climate change mitigation solutionme
n that has many initiatives given below.
c u (a) 1 and 2 only
including the Forest CarbondoPartnership Facility (FCPF) and
i s (b) 3 only
Forest Investment ProgramTh (FIP), hosted by The World Bank.
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

National REDD+ Strategy (2/2) o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry0
Important Provisions: ha
d
• Coverage - Forests, trees outside forest, Research on ou
k ch
pa
potential of grassland, salt marshes etc regarding Carbon . d ee
c
sequestration r y(d.
ha
• Phased Approach: National Strategy, Implementation, o ud
h
Result based action and verifiable outcomes a kC
p
Dee
• Sub National Approach: 14 physiographic zonesfoby r the
e d
FSI, role of state governments lis
o na
• REDD+ Activities: Conservation and enhancement rs of
i s pe
forest carbon stocks n t
u me
• Capacity building, Appointing c
i s do targets
• Funding: FC – 7.5% weighatgeTh to forest cover, CAMPA,
GCF and other external sources

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0 ry
• world’s only Intellectual Property Rights legislation ou
don
ha plant
ch
varieties that recognised and protected the rights ee
pa of both breeders as
k
c. d
well as farmers maintaining traditional landraces ha
r y(d.
o ud
• Landraces: a domesticated, locallyakadapted, Ch traditional variety of a
e p
species of animal or plant that has o r Dedeveloped over time
e df
i s
• Objectives e r son
al
o is p of farmers
To recognize and protect thentrights
e
o To accelerate agricultural c umdevelopment
do
is of
o Facilitate the growth
Th seed industry

Recovery programme for Wildlife Species (1/2)
o m)
• NBWL added 4 species to a Recovery a il.c
Programme for Critically Endangered gm
8 @
0
Species h ary
d
o the Northern River Terrapin – h ou
c
ak
Riverine turtle, Critically endangered, e ep
d
( d .c.
o Clouded Leopard – Himalayn ry
d ha
foothills, Vulnerable ou
k Ch
o Arabian Sea Humpback Whale - a
e ep
Endangered D
d for
o Red Panda – Endangered, Sikkim, nalise
o
Arunachal Pradesh and West bengal p ers
is
• NBWL: Statutory under WPA, Chaired e nt by
c um
PM, responsibilities do is
Th

Recovery programme for Wildlife Species (2/2)
o m)
. c
ail
gm
@
• 17 other species – o Nicobar Megapode,
0 8
d ha
ry
ou
o Snow Leopard, ch
o Manipur pa Brow-antlered Deer,
k
. d ee
o Bustard (including Floricans), d.c
o aVultures,
ry(
dh
o Dolphin, C h oou Malabar Civet,
p ak
o Hangul, r De
e
o Indian Rhinoceros,
d fo
o Nilgiri Tahr, n alis
e
o Asiatic Lion,
r so
o Marine Turtles, e
t is p o Swamp Deer and
m en
o Dugongs, d oc
u
o Jerdon’s Courser.
h is
o T
Edible Nest Swiftlet
o Asian Wild Buffalo

Species in News ail . co m)
gm
8 @
• Western Hoolock gibbon • Elephant Bird (Vorombe ary
0 Titan
d h
• Black Panther • Blue Sheep or Bharal h ou
c
ak
• Nilgiri Tahr • Red Panda e ep
d
( d .c.
• Hog deer • Sangai
ha
ry deer
d
• ou
• Euarasian Otter
k ChAmur Falcon
• Mugger Crocodile e p•a Indian Leopard
e
f o rD
• Ghariyal d • Olive Ridley Turtle
a lise
• Sarus Cranre n • Northern River terrapin
e rso
is p
• Chrysilla Vollupe nt • Vultures in India
m e
• Red Sanders u • Kashmiri Stag
d oc
i s
• Th
North Indian Rosewood/Shisham • Ganges Shark
• Arabian Sea Humpback whale

Migratory Birds and their Habitats
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
• National Action Plan for Conservation of ry0
d ha
Migratory Birds and their Habitats along ou
k ch
Central Asian Flyway pa
. d ee
c
• Central Asian flyway: migration routes over 30 r y(d.
ha
o ud
countries, one of the nine h
a kC
• Six Inter related components of action plan: r Deep
o
o Species conservation e df
al i s
o Habitat conservation and sustainable management
r son
e
o Capacity Building
t is p
n
o Communication and Outreachume
c
o Research and Monitoringis do
o Th
International Cooperation

Community Forest Resource o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• Report by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) ha
d
• Rights of traditional forest dwellers ou
k ch
pa
• Joint Forest Management under National Forest policy 1988 . d ee
c
• Forest Rights Act 2006: r y(d.
ha
o ud
o Individual forest rights h
a kC
o Community rights: p
ee D
•ownership, use and disposal of minor forestd fproduceor or non-timber forest produce (NTFP).
i se
•rights of grazing, collection of firewood, al fish and other such products from water bodies, as well as rights to
r son
biodiversity and intellectual property,
e including those related to traditional knowledge
t is p
o Community forest resource:mefor n protection and conservation of forests
c u
o do
gram sabha, or villageis assembly, will initially pass a resolution recommending whose rights to which
Th
resources should be recognised
o Gram Sabha Control over forest governance and CFR management committees

‘Cultural Model’ of Conservation
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• respect for the rights of indigenous peoples and other bearersudof ha traditional
o
knowledge a kch
ep
c. de
• Kinshasa Resolution under IUCN recognizes the model ry(
d.
a
dh
• Idu Mishmi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh protest: h ou is declaration of Dibang Wildlife
C
p ak
Sanctuary (DWS) as Tiger Reserve De
e
o r
• Existing conservation in India using df
cultural
e conservation
al i s
n o
o Bishnoi Tribe of Rajasthan: Bishnois p ersconsider trees as sacred and protect the entire ecosystem
is
o Chenchu Tribe of Andhra Pradesh: e nt tiger conservation at Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR).
u m
c
Maldhari Tribe in Junagadh(Gujarat): lion conservation in Gir forest area
o
i s do
o Th
Bugun Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh: protect the critically endangered bird Bugun Liocichla.
o Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh in conserving hornbills in the Pakke/Pakhui Tiger Reserve

Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
o m)
. c
ail
gm
• included in the UNESCO’s World Network of Others MAB -WNBR site 8 @
in India
a r y0
• Nigiri – Tamil dNadu, h Kerala and Karnataka
Biosphere Reserve (WNBR) under the Man and h o u
• Gulf of Mannar-
kc Tamil Nadu
Biosphere Programme (MAB) e pa
• Sundarban-
e West Bangal
. c.d
• Trijunction of India (Sikkim), Nepal and China d
• ry( Nanda Devi-Uttrakhand
a
h
d• Nokrek- Meghalaya
• The site is among 34 biodiversty hotspots o u
C h
k • Pachmarchi-Madhya Pradesh
• Mixed Heritage site under UNESCO e pa
De • Simlipal- Orisa
f or
• Fauna: Red Panda, Snow Leopard, Musklisedeer, d • Achanakmar-Amarkantak- Madhya Pradesh
n a • Great- Nicobar- Andaman and Nicobar
Himalyan Tahr o
p ers Island
• MAB n t is
e • Agasthyamala- Kerala and Tamilnadu
c umthe improvement of relationships
o do
aims to establish a scientific basis for
his
between people and theirTenvironment

Indian Sundarbans ail . co m)
gm
8 @
ry0
• Sundarban Reserve Forests as the wetlands of d ha
ou
International Importance k ch
pa
. d ee
• Largest Ramasar site, Chillika lake first r y(d.
c
ha
Ramasar site o ud
h
a kC
p
• largest tidal halophytic mangrover Dforest ee
o
df
• Ganga- Brahmaputra delta region al i se
r son
e
• UNESCO World Heritage n t is p Site
me
• the only mangroves dhabitat
oc
u which supports a
i
Th
significant population of tigers

India Biodiversity Awards ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Government of India and UNDP hary
o ud
• About NBA kch
e pa
• Bungun Liocichla: .de
d.c
o Singchung Bugun Village Community - Arunachal
a ry(
o only new bird discovered after 1947 u dh
o In Arunachal Pradesh named after Bugun tribe C ho
o Critically endangered pak
ee
• Amur Falcon forD
d
o Lemsachenlok Organization - Nagaland
a lise
o n
Longest travelling raptors (Mongloia to Southsoafrica via India)
e r
o Rest at Doyang lake, Nagaland s p
n ti
• Kharai Camels ume
c
o Kutch Unt Uchherak Maldhari
i s do Sangathan - Gujarat
o Swimming camels of Bhuj Th Gujarat
o Grazes on mangrove trees
o Live in both coastal and Dry ecosystem
• Kalden Singhi Bhutia (Sikkim) for Tibetan Sheep

Kaziranga National Park ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Split in two divisions with Brahmputra in between :udhary
o
o Eastern Assam Wildlife kch
e pa
.de
o Biswanath Wildlife park ry(
d.c
a
dh
• UNESCO World Heritage Site Ch
ou
a k
• Important bird area by Birdlife International
De ep
d for
• One Horned Rhino, Elephants,
o n alis Wild water Buffalo, Swamp Deer
e
pers
t is
men
cu
is do
Th

Ecotourism Policy ail . co m)
gm
8 @
y0 r
• It will be developed in Protected Areas (PAs-chowildlife u d ha
k
pa
sanctuaries, national parks, conservation .reserves c. d ee and
( d
community reserves) h ary
ud
C ho
k
pa
• areas outside designated PAs oincluding rD
e e forests, mangroves,
f
ed
sacred groves, mud flats,sonwetlands alis and rivers.
e r
is p
• Eco-Tourism Development u me
n t Board to be established by
c
do
State/Union Territory
Th
i s

Wildlife Conservation – Private Participation
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• Karnataka drafted Private Conservancy Rules ou
d
ry
ha - to increase
k ch
forest area through private land . d ee
pa
c
y(d.
• a minimum of 100 acres of land bordering h o ud
ha
r
a national park can
kC
convert it to a “Wildlife PrivateDeeConservancy”.
p a
or
df
• Amazon Region Protected o na Areas Program (ARPA) in Brazil
lise
rs
pe
funded by WWF ent i s
m
ocu
is d
Th

National Policy on BioFules-2018 (1/2)
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• A hydrocarbon fuel produced from organic matter in a shorter d ha period.
h ou
• Types: kc
e pa
e d
o Bio Ethanol (alcohol produced from fermentation of carbohydrate), used ( d .c. as an additive to increase octane
ry
number i.e. fuel can withstand more compression before ignition d ha
ou
o Bio Diesel: Methyl ester of fatty acids obtained from plants.
k ChDirectly used as fuel
o Bio Gas: methane produced by anaerobic digestion of pa
eorganic material
De
o Bio Jet: used for or blended with air turbine fuel o r
e df
l
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum,naSpice i s jet Flight
e rso
• Generation: t is p
m en
o First: from food crops suchcasu wheat and sugar
d o
o Second: non-food crops is and feedstock such as wood, grass, seed crops
Th
o Third: Engineered algae whose biomass is converted into biofuel. Low GHG emission
o Fourth: Will capture and store CO2 apart from being a source of sustainable energy

National Policy on BioFules-2018 (2/2)
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
Salient Features hary
• Categorisation of biofuels ud o
a kch
o Basic Biofuels: First Generation (1G) bioethanol & biodiesel eep
d
o Advanced Biofules: Second Generation (2G) ethanol, Municipal ( d .c. Solid Waste (MSW) to drop-in
ry
fuels, third Generation (3G) biofuels, bio-CNG, algae based d ha fuels etc
u
• Expands the scope of raw material for ethanol productionk Cho
a
• Allows use of surplus food grains for production of ethanol e ep
D
• Thrust on Advanced Biofuels – VGF d for
e
• Encourages setting up of supply chain mechanisms n alis
o
• Synergising efforts p ers
is
• nt
National Biofuel Coordination Committee
e (headed by the Minister, Petroleum and Natural Gas).
u m
• Overall Coordinating Ministry c
i do - Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
s
Th
Technology Collaboration Programme on Bioenergy
• IEA under OECD, IEA published World energy Outlook

Pradhan Mantri Ji-Van Yojana o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0 ry
• Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool Fasal Awashesh NivaranYojana d ha
ou
• under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) pakch
. d ee
• financial support to Integrated Bioethanol Projects d. c
a ry(
• mandatorily supplied to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) dh
h ou
C
• Centre for High Technology (CHT): implementation p ak Agency
Dee
• Lignocellulosic biomass: plant biomass, epotential or for bio-fuel production
df
al i s
• SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards r son Affordable Transportation) initiative: Bio
p e
CNG by (MoP&NG) is
e nt
• um Organic Bio-Agro Resources) scheme: To convert cattle
GOBAR-DHAN (Galvanising d oc
is
dung and solid waste Tinh farms to CBG and compost, Under Swachh Bharat, by M inister for
Drinking Water and Sanitation

SCHEME FOR BIOMASS BASED COGENERATION PROJECTS
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• By Ministry of new and renewable energy d ha
ou
ch
• Cogeneration: obtain both heat and electricity fromeethe k
pa same fuel at same
c. d
time r y(d.
ha
ud
• Main aim of scheme: kC
h o
a p Sugar mills and Other Industries for power
a) to support Biomass based Cogeneration Projectseein
D
generation in the country. or
e df
b) alis
To provide Central Financial assistance(CFA) for projects utilizing biomass
on
rs
• e
Municipal Solid Waste is not covered under the programme.
is p t
en
• New National Biogas Organicoc
u m Manure Programme (NNBOMP)
d
is fuel, to improve organic manure system based on bio slurry from biogas plants
o provide clean cooking
Th
in rural and semi urban areas by setting up of biogas plants
o By State rural Development Department of States and State offices of Khadi and Village Industries
Commission (KVIC).

Off Shore Wind Power ail . co m)
gm
8 @
y0 r
• 1GW Offshore wind project – Gulf of Khambat: hMNRE ou
d ha
k c
pa
• use of wind farms constructed in bodies of water, .c. d ee usually in the
( d
ry
ocean on the continental shelf ou
d ha
k Ch
• No commercial production as of now De
a
ep in India, two regions being
for
investigated – Gujarat and Tamil n alis
e d Nadu
rso
• MNRE – Medium term i s pe
target: 5 GW by 2022, Long term target: 30
e nt
m
GW by 2030 his docu
T
• National Wind Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015 – National
Institute for Wind Energy
Global Solar Council ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• international non-profit association hary
o ud
• founded at the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. kch
e pa
• National Solar Energy Federation is a founding member .de
d.c
o umbrella organization of all solar energy stakeholders of India
a ry(
o first Indian to be appointed chief of Global Solar Council. u dh
C ho
Related Information p ak
Dee
• International Solar Alliance or
e df
• World’s largest solar plant: Laddakh (5000MW), lis
o na
• Others Bhadla Solar Park (2255 MW rs
i s pecapacity in Rajasthan); Kurnool (2000 MW capacity in Andhra
t
Pradesh). m en
cu
oEnergy
• Solar Park Scheme: by Solaris d Corporation of India (SECI), CPSU under MNRE
h
• Solar Charkha Mission:T Ministry of Micro Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) initiative and Khadi &
Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is implementing agency.

Waste to Energy Plants ail . co m)
gm
8 @
r y0
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has WtE component ch
ou
d ha
k
pa
• Techniques (d.
c. d ee
ry
o Incineration: uses MSW as a fuel, burning it with ha
o udhigh volumes of air
h
o Gasification converts organic or fossil fueleinto a k C carbon monoxide, hydrogen and
p
De
carbon dioxide at high temperatures (>700’C), or without combustion, with a controlled
e df
amount of oxygen and/or steam. nalis
e rso
o Pyrolysis involves application p
is of heat with no added oxygen in order to generate oils
e nt
and/or syngas um
d oc
is
o BiomethanationThorganic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic
conditions to biogas.

Electric Vehicles ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Y S Mailk Panel: 15 point plan to switch to EVs oudhary
kch
• Government Steps: .de
ep
a
c
o National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020a-ryto (d. achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid
and electric vehicles year on year from 2020 onwards. dh
h ou
o Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid &paElectric kC Vehicles in India (FAME)
e e
• FAME India Phase 2: 2019-20 to 2021-22 D
d for
e
• Target of more than 30% electric n alisvehicles by 2030
o rso
Automotive Mission Plan 2026:peGovernment and SIAM
t is
o Green Urban transport Scheme: n Eco friendly transportation system, Ministry of Housing and
u me
Urban Affairs c
do is
Th
• Charging Infrastructure Guidelines for EVs

Minimum Rive Flow for Ganga o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0
• Under National Mission for clean Ganga by Central water commission d ha
ry
u
• Mimics the natural pattern – sufficient water to be released k ho downstream for
cin
pa
protecting ecosystem . d ee
c
y(d.
• For all projects – existing project need to comply ud
a r
hwithin 3 years
o
• Namai Gange: National Mission for CleanakGanga Ch (NMCG) & State Programme
e p
Management Groups (SPMGs), States rand De ULBs and PRIs will be involved in
f o
this project lise
d
a
• 5 Tier Structure under EPA for on
rsGanga
p e
is
National Ganga Council under chairmanship of PM
o
e nt
o m
Empowered task force undercuchairmanship of MOWR
o
o h is d Ganga: registered as a society
National Mission for Clean
o T
State Ganga Committees
o District Ganga Committees

Ganga Vrikshropan Abhiyan . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
0
• National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) d ha
ry
ou
• in five Ganga basin states – Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, pa
k ch Jharkhand and
e
West Bengal . c.d
e
( d
• Importance of afforestation h ary
ud
ho
• Ganga Praharis: ak
C
o Wildlife institute of India and and National Mission ep Clean Ganga under the “Biodiversity Conservation
efor
D
and Ganga Rejuvenation or
e df
o conserve the biodiversity of River Ganga and s
lireduce the direct dependency of local communities on the river
o na
o Self Motivated and Trained volunteers ers
• Ganga Gram: transformmethe is p
nt villages on the bank of river Ganga by Ministry of
Drinking Water and cu
oSanitation
is d
• Asita Project (Yamuna): Th River front development, NMCG
•

Earmarking Eco-sensitive Area
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
• ESA/ESZ – notified under EPA ry 0
d ha
• National Board for Wildlife guideline (wildlife conservation strategy 2002, u well as SC order
oas
ch k
o pa areas
10 km boundary of NP and WL as ESZ - Shock absorber for the protected
ee
• 3 category of activities: c.d
(d.
o Prohibited: commercial mining, major hydel projects h ary
o Restricted: Felling of trees, roads, exotic species etc. oud
Ch
o Permissible: rain water harvesting, organic farming etc. pak
• the government looks at Dee
for
topography, d
lise
o
o climate and rainfall, n a
e rso
o land use and land cover,
t is p
o roads and settlements, e n
o human population, c um
do
o his d
biodiversity corridorsTand
o ata of plants and animal species.

Green Bonds ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Debt instruments - proceeds are used in green activities hary
ud o
o Clean energy a kch
ep
o Sustainable transport and urban development c. de
d.
o Green land use and forest management a ry(
h
o ud
o Building climate resilience C h
p ak
o e
Strengthening climate change adaption and mitigation policies, governance, and institutions.
De
for
• Greenex by BSE – Yes Bank issued ed
first Green bond
n alis
rso
• SEBI Guidelines i s pe
t
m en
u
• Sovereign Blue Bond:
is d oc Republic of Seychelles
o Th investors to finance marine and ocean-based projects
to raise capital from impact
o Supported by World Bank and GEF

PARIVESH ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
ry
• Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous ou
d ha and
kc h
Environmental Single-window Hub e e pa
d . c.d
• an integrated environmental management h ary
(
ud
ho
• developed for online submission and monitoring
pa
k C of the proposals submitted
e
by the proponents for seeking De
f or
d e
o Environment, Forest, Wildlife and CRZ is
alClearances from Central, State and district level authorities.
on
pers
• will improve the entire process
en
of appraisal and environmental clearance
t is
m
ocu
is d
Th

CRZ Notification, 2018 ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• Under Environment Protection Act, 1986 d ha
ry
ou
• Shailesh Nayak Committee report pa
k ch
ee
• relaxation of development controls to encourage construction
(d.
c. d of buildings and
r y
launch tourism closer to HTL ud
ha
o
• Main Points: Ch
ak p
o Easing FSI norms Dee
or
o Areas: CRZ I – A and B, CRZ II (Urban), CRZ III
e d f – A and B (Rural), CRZ IV – A and B
CRZ Clearances streamlined: CRZ-II and lis
o
o naIII have been delegated at the State level, CRZ-I (Ecologically
Sensitive Areas) and CRZ IV (area covered ers between Low Tide Line and 12 Nautical Miles seaward) by MoEFCC
o sp
Densely populated rural areas to bet iafforded greater opportunity for development
e n
o Tourism infrastructure for basicum amenities - permissible in the "No Development Zone" (NDZ) of the CRZ-III
o A No Development Zone d oc
(NDZ) of 20 meters has been stipulated for all Islands
h is
o T
All Ecologically Sensitive Areas have been accorded special importance
o Defence and strategic projects have been accorded necessary dispensation

State Energy Efficiency Index . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
• Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE) ry 0
d ha
• under the leadership of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE) and NITI u
oAyog
ch k
o BEE a statutory body under Energy Conservation Act, 2001 epa
o Under Ministry of Power c. de
y(d.
r
• Frontrunners: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab d haand Rajasthan
u
• Major parameters: ho
kC
Building Sector pa
o ee
o Industry sector forD
o Municipal sector ed
Transportation n alis
rso
o
o Discoms p e
t is
• en
Energy Efficiency Services Limited
um c market-related activities of the National Mission for Enhanced Energy
o do
Collaboration of four isPSUs,
Efficiency Th
o Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA)

Related News ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency ud
hary
one of the 8 missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). o
o
a kch
o PAT (perform, achieve & trade) ep
c. de
o Other 7 d.
a ry(
• National Solar Mission dh
h ou
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat C
p ak
• National Water Mission De
e
• National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan o r Ecosystem
e df
• Green India Mission al i s
r son
• National Mission for Sustainable e Agriculture
t is p
• National Mission on Strategic
en Knowledge for Climate Change
m
cu
• Eco Nivas Samhita,
h
2018 is d
o
o to promote energyTefficiency in design and construction of homes and generate awareness towards
conservation.
o implemented by Bureau of Energy Efficiency

NCAFMPA ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management h ou
d ha and
c
Planning Authority ak
e ep
d
( d .c.
• created under the Compensatory Afforestation ou
d ha
ry
Fund Act
C h
2016. e p ak
r De
fo
• Compensatory Afforestation
al i se d Fund Act 2016
n o
o established National Compensatory p ers Afforestation Fund (NCAF) under the Public
t is
account of India n
u me
o NCAFMPA c
i s do
Th
o State Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
o Audit by CAG

National Disaster Risk Index . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
0
• MHA with UNDP hary
o ud
kch
• In line with SENDAI framework e pa
.de
o Voluntary, non-binding for 2015-30 d.c (
o successor to Hyogo framework (2005-15) h ary
ud
o UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) has been tasked C ho to support the implementation
k
e pa
• State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) f or
De
d
o Central Government enhanced its Contributionliin
a se SDRF from 75% to 90%.
n Act, 2005
o NDRF and SDRF under Disaster Management
e rso
o drought, hailstorms, pest attacks and s p wave /frost – MoA
t icold
e n
o Rest of the disasters – MHA cum
o
is d
• NDMA – Under Disaster Th Management Act 2005, Chairman – PM
• National Disaster Response Force (under Ministry of Home Affairs)

Repeated Earthquakes in Palghar
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
r y0
• In Maharashtra, Zone III ch
ou
d ha
a k
ep
• Zone II, III, IV and V by Bureau of Indian (d.
c. d eStandards
a r y
dh
• Earthquake Swarm: kC
h o u
a
o series of low magnitude earthquakes r Deep
fo
o Reservoir Induced Seismicity alised
on
rsgets
o large amount of seismic energy e concentrated in a small area due to the weight of the
t is p
large structure and the uwater n that it hold
me
c
o not limited to the i do
Peninsula
s
Th
o Himalayan swarm: attributed to low strength of the earth’s crust

Drought declaration in India . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
0
• Manual for Drought Management, released in 2016 by d
ry
hathe Union
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare pakchou
e
• State Governments declare drought c. de
d.
a ry(
• National Commission on Agriculture thehou3dh types of droughts are:
o kC
Meteorological drought: actual rainfall in an area ispasignificantly less than the climatological mean of
that area. e e
f o rD
o Hydrological drought: A marked depletionedof surface water causing very low stream flow and drying of
lakes, rivers and reservoirs. lis
o na
o rs moisture resulting in acute crop stress and fall in agricultural
Agricultural drought: Inadequatepesoil
productivity. i s
nt
e
um
• IMD can define a meteorological drought, but agricultural and
d oc
i s
Th
hydrological droughts are different and states are better equipped to
declare them.

Rat Hole Minning ail . co m)
gm
8 @
y0
ar
• digging of very small tunnels, usually only 3-4 c h ou
d hfeet high,
ak
without any pillars .c.
d e ep
( d
ry
ha
• NGT banned it in 2014 Ch
ou
d
a k
ep
• mining activities are a state subject, for
De but safety of mine
e d
workers is a central subject n alis
o
ers
t is p
m en
ocu
is d
Th

Kerala Flood ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
Reasons hary
ud
ho kc
o Incessant rainfall; pa
e e
o Dam Mismanagement (sudden releases of water from the Mullaperiyar d . c.d dam - located in Kerala,
r y(
but operated by Tamil Nadu); ha
o ud
o Stone quarrying, h
a kC
Deforestation, p
o Dee
or
o Uncontrolled sand mining; e df
lis
o Large expanse of low-lying areas rsona
is pe
• Operation “Madad”uby me
the Southern Naval Command (SNC) and
nt
c
Operation Sahayogi s do by Army
Th
• Dam Rehabilitaton and Improvement Plan (DRIP)
o Ministry of Water Resources with assistance from the World Bank (80%).

Glacial Lake Outbursts Floods o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
• Sikkim has installed a Lake monitoring and information ry0
System at South Lhonak lake d ha
ou
• high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes have been installed to k ch
pa
siphon off water from the glacial lake. . d ee
c
• release of meltwater from a moraine- or ice-dam glacial lake r y(d.
due to dam failure ha
o ud
• Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal are the most vulnerable h
a kC
• Causes: p
ee
o Rapid slope movement into the lake and melting offoice rD
e d
o Retreat of glaciers in the wake of global warming
n alis
Decreased albedo – radiative balance o
ers
o
o increasingly erratic and unpredictable p
is monsoon rainfall pattern
e nt
o roads and hydropower projects; umand the practice of slash and burn
type of farming d oc
is
o Black Carbon Th
o Earthquake, Dam degradation etc.

Landslide Warning System
o m)
. c
ail
• Real time landslide warning system - set up in the Sikkim-Darjeeling gm
8 @
0
belt h ary
d
• world's top two landslide hotspots exist in India: the southern edge of h ou
c
ak
the Himalayan arc, and the coast along south-west India in Western .deep
c
Ghats r y(d.
ha
• Landslides: downward and outward movement of slope materials o ud such
h
as rock debris and earth, under the influence of gravity pak C
e
• Natural Causes: Earthquakes, build up of water pressure r De between soil
o
e df
layers, cyclones during monsson al i s
r son
• Anthropogenic causes: removal of vegetation, e interference with natural
t is p
drainage, leaking water of sewer pipes, n modification of slopes due to
u me
c
construction activities, illegaldomining
i s
• Geological Survey of India:Th landslide data repository, studies, Works
under Ministry of Mines

ACROSS and NAFAR . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• Continuation of ACROSS and establishment of NFAR by CCEA d ha
ou
k ch
• Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing ee
pSystems
a & Services
. d
(ACROSS) d.c
ry(
ha
o atmospheric science programs of the Ministry of Earth Sciences o(MoES) ud
h
o Implemented by a kC
p
• India Meteorological Department (IMD), Dee
or
• Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology s(IITM),e df
li
• National Centre for Medium RangesWeather o na Forecasting(NCMRWF)
p er
• Indian National Centre for Ocean is Information Service (NCOIS)
e nt
• National Facility Airborne um Research (NFAR) under Indian Institute of Tropical
d oc
is
Management (IITM), Th Pune
o used for atmospheric research
o measurements of aerosols, trace gases, cloud microphysics and large scale meteorological parameters

Large Forest Fire Monitoring Programme
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
y0 r
• By Forest Survey of India ch
ou
d ha
k
pa
• by disseminating specific Large Fire alerts (d.
c. d ee with the
r y
ha
objective to identify, track and report h o udserious forest fire
a kC
incidents or
Dee
p
e df
• Forest Fire Preventioners& alis
on Management Scheme: CSS
p
t is
• FSI: MoEFCC, Releases
cu
me
n State of Forest report
is do
Th

Indian Ocean Wave Exercise 2018
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
0 ry
• Indian ocean-wide tsunami mock drill: 23 countries ou
d ha
k ch
participated . d ee
pa
c
(d.
• organised by the IntergovernmentaloudOceanographic ha
r y
h
Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO). a kC
p
Dee
or
• Indian Tsunami Early Warning alis
e df Centre (ITEWC) of the
n
Indian National Centre rso Ocean Information Services
efor
is p
e nt
(INCOIS), Hyderabad,d oc
um participated: Ministry of Earth
is
Sciences Th

Titli Cyclone ail . co m)
gm
8 @
y0 r
• Odisha ch
ou
d ha
k
pa
• the rarest of rare in terms of its characteristics ( d .c. d ee such as
ry
ha
recurvature after landfall and retaining Ch
ou
d its destructive
a k
potential after landfall and recurvature or
De ep away from the
d f
coastal areas n a lise
e rso
p
• Naming of Cyclones: um
e n t is WMO and the United Nations
o c
is d
Economic andThSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP)

Dust Storm gm
ail . co m)
8 @
• In hot and dry climate when dust is in ry0
d ha
excess and there is a strong wind ou
k ch
• Occurs with thunderstorm before rain, pa
. d ee
however rain evaporates before reaching c
r y(d.
to the ground ha
o ud
h
• Cold air above warm air on the ground p a kC
and when it cold air comes down it Dee
or
splashes against the surface kicking dust e df
upwards lis
o na
rs
• Now Cast services: a free SMS i s peservice
t
m en
sent on extreme weathercconditions is
u
d o
provided every three ihours by IMD
s
Th

India’s first soil Moisture map o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
y0 r
• By IMD and IIT Gandhinagar ch
ou
d ha
k
pa
• provides soil moisture forecast (d.
c. d ee
a r y
dh
• Benefits: irrigation requirements, Better kC
h o u planning, Farmer’s
p a
income, Understanding crop pattern Dee
or
e df
lis
• Variable infiltration capacity
pe
rso na model: Hydrological model
nt is
me
ocu
is d
Th

Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment Report
o m)
. c
ail
gm
8 @
ry 0
• By International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development’s
d ha
ou
(ICIMOD) k ch
a
ep e
o more than one-third of the glaciers in the region could retreat d . c.d
(
o Eastern Himalaya glaciers have tended to shrink faster than h aryglaciers in the central or western
ud
Himalaya C ho
k
o glacier areas in the Karakoram have not changed e pasignificantly – Karakoram Anamoly
e D
or
• ICIMOD i se df
nal
o intergovernmental learning and knowledge
rso sharing centre based in Kathmandu
p e
o t isunderstand the influence climate change
aims to assist mountain peoplento
m e
o Afghanistan, Bangladesh, cu Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
is do
• Elevation-dependent warming: an enhancement of warming rates with
Th
elevation, snow albedo feedback

Kelp Forests ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• large brown algae seaweeds. ou
d ha
k ch
pa
• grow in "underwater forests" (kelp forests) c. d eein shallow oceans.
r y(d.
• kelps live further from the tropicshouthan dh
a
coral reefs,
k C
mangrove forests, and warm-water De
e pa seagrass beds
f or
• few species have been known o n a lise
d
to occur exclusively in tropical
rs
deep waters t i s pe
m en
u
• kelp forest grows is d ocin nutrient-rich waters while corals can
Th
develop in low nutrient waters.

Polar Vortex ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0
• US mid-west experienced sub-zero temperatures due to a ha
ry
d
breakdown in the polar vortex ou
k ch
• low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North.deepa
c
and South Pole. r y(d.
ha
• counterclockwise flow over north and clockwise over o udsouth
h
pole a kC
p
ee
• two polar vortexes in each hemisphere:foOne r D in
troposphere, another in stratosphere alis e d
n
• two polar vortexes line up just right, e rso very deep freeze
p
conditions may occur n t is
e
c um
• Polar front Jet Stream: oshifting boundary between the
h is d
cold polar air to the north,
T and the warmer sub-tropical air

Ensemble Prediction Systems . co m)
ail
gm
8 @
y0 r
• Weather forecast upto 10 days ch
ou
d ha
k
pa
• By IMD (d.
c. d ee
a r y
dh
• 12 km resolution kC
h o u
p a
ee
• developed jointly by the IMD, e df
or National Centre for Medium
D
alis
Range Weather Forecasting pe
rso n (NCMRWF) and the Indian
t i s
Institute of Tropical
oc
u m en Meteorology.
is d
Th

Deep ocean Mission ail . co m)
gm
8 @
0 ry
• For deep sea mining ha
u d
• Offshore tidal energy desalination plant that will work with tidal energy. kcho
pa
• Developing a submersible vehicle to explore depths of at least 6000 Meters . d ee with three people on board
c
• EEZ – UNCLOS: coastal State assumes jurisdiction over the exploration r y(d. and exploitation of marine
d ha
resources extending 200 miles from the shore. ou
k Ch
• India has been allotted in the Central Indian Ocean Basin a
e ep (CIOB) by the UN International Sea Bed
D
Authority for exploitation of Poly-Metallic nodules
d for(PMN)
e
• ISBA – Under UNCLOS: to regulate the exploration n alis and exploitation of marine non-living resources of
r so
oceans in international waters e
t is p
• n
Poly-metallic nodules: u me
oc
o Manganese nodules,hiare s d rock concretions formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese
T
hydroxides
o formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides

Meghalayan Age
o m)
• New Phase in Earth’s geological history ail . c
gm
• descending order of duration—eons, eras, ry0
8 @
periods, epochs, and ages. h a
d
h ou
c
• based on sedimentary strata that have e ep
ak
d
accumulated over time. ( d .c.
ry
• Meghalayan age by International Union of houdha
Geological Sciences, an international NGOpak C
e
o Last 4200 years De
f or
o subdivision of the Holocene Epochalised
n
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The FAO accords the status of ‘Globally Important 8 @ Agricultural
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methods and financial support.c. to local communities of identified
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Agriculture; Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System.

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Capital Public Markets Alternate Strategies
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healthy living ry
d ha
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South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation
k Ch changes on living standards – published by
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established at Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered
d for
Species (LaCONES) e
n alis
o o
LaCONES is a dedicated laboratory of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
p ers
o rescued Indian Mouse Deer from extinction
is through successful conservation breeding programme
e nt
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o cu
d
Bay of Bengal fed South-WestisMonsoon
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over the Indian Ocean for movement of air and monsoon winds

Reports ail . co m)
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• Emissions Gap Report,, Global Environment Outlook u–dhaUNEP
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Inclusive Wealth = Manufactured Capital + Human Capital+ Naturalde
o .c. Capital
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ry(
• Greenhouse Gas Bulletin: World Meteorological h a
ou
d Organization
h
(WMO) p ak
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Institute and the Climate Action on
al Network
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me
• Living Planet Report,do
c 2018: World Wide Fund for Nature
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is Atlas
o Th
Global Soil biodiversity
o It is a joint venture of the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and the European Commission Joint
Research Centre

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faster than what IPCC had stated in its h ou

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