CHAPTER NO 1

The chapter one of book 3 deal with an explanation of government and executive
powers. According to Rousseau the will of the body politics/state are composed in
the shape of laws, but these can be enforced through the strength of executive
powers. because it is the government function to apply and enforced the laws. The
government is separate from sovereign. Government deal with general matters.
Whenever matters while sovereign. Government deal with the matters while
sovereign deal with General matters. Whenever the two confused with each other
the danger may raise.
There is no social contract between the government and society like
go state and rest of the people(society). Therefore, the people committee
surrender their power forwards government and can modify if it disobeys the
general will.
The government has to follow the will of sovereign while sovereign
has to follow the will of own ..which is actually the will of all people.
As everyone is considered a small part of the sovereign. But in large
territorial state the inclination of each individual decrease. Therefore, executive is
require to bring them on track.so as much power a government possess, it would
enable as much to put the people online. But it is also a problem that power make
mind corrupt.
Therefore rossue suggest a general formula, that the power ratio between the
government and people must be in proportion to the power Ration between
government and sovereign.

CHAPTER 3
It is about the different form of government and division of government. A
government in which the sovereign powers belong to all the citizens of the
society/state is called Democracy, the types of government in which the sovereign
power exercised by small number of individual is called “Aristocracy” and the form
of government in which the power possessed by a single individual called
‘’Monardo”. The placement or providing power to the people(Democracy),the few
people (In Aristocracy) and to the single individual(monarchy)are done by
sovereign.
The population of a state is also the most important factor. The size of
state increase, the willingness towards the states laws are decreases and thus the
preference to the private will over general will dominated. It is all because of poor
connect between people and government does enlargement of size.
Rossie suggest that small populated state would bitterly government .
Moreover we claimed that the democratic government is suited for the medium
size population and the monarchy in suited for the large population or large size
state. This is based on the inverse relationship between the size the government
and the size of state.
CHAPTER 4
In chapter 4 Rossouw discuss the democracy; According to him democracy causes
civil war ad internal conflicts, it is difficult for commoner to maintain it.only goods
could govern themselves democratically. He provide following conditionalities to
materialization of democractic form of government among the humans,
1. The size of state should be very small
2. The people must similar moral attitude and habits.
3. Every citizen would have equal economic assets.otherwise economic the
essence of democracy.
4. There would be no luxury because luxury also create rich and poor class.
These all are very hard,Therefore Rossuea is very skeptical aboutr the viability of
democracy.
CHAPTER 5
Chapter 5 is about Aristocratic form of government Aristocracy in that form
of government in which there is the rule of few.Rossuea preset and form of
Aristocracy;
a) natural Aristocracy
b) Heriditary Aristocracy
c) Elective Aristocracy
 a.Natural aristocracy in which is frequently found in printive civilization
where elders and cheads of families govern a village or tribe.
b.Heriditory aristocracy ;which Rossuea consider the worst of all forms of
aristocracy where certain family hold on governing others.
c.Elective Aristoracy, According to Roussea, the best A.

CHAPTER: 6
In chapter 6 Roussea present his view regarding monarchy. He has strong
observation regarding monarch govt form because it is the best suitable form of
govt to govern the large size of population (for which king monarch set the
subordinate rank within own supervision). But the problem is that concentration
of power moreover due such power a king can achieve absolute powerful position
by subjecting the rest of citizens through cooperative measures.
Rosseau also confused that monarchy should be elected on inherited based
because the election will prone towards corruption and inherited nature would
prone towards incorruptness of the successor. Therefore according to Roussea , it
is difficult to find out a good king.
CHAPTER: 7
In chapter 7, Rousseaa discuss mixed form of government because the above
discussed 3 form of government are hard to established therefore there should be
simple mix form of govt. In order to maintain balance of power.
CHAPTER:8
According to rousseau freedom is essential but it can not be acquired in all possible
environment. As the govt didn’t produced any good, it depends on the surplus
extracted from the people by loving taxes this depends on the relationship between
individual and state, therefore in democracy the surplus is very least than in
monarchy. Rousseau further added that climate also suggest/determinant upto
greater extend the form of govt. they cold northern areas have democratic govt
with least surplus generation but on other hand in the southern hot areas there is
monarchy with greater surplus. The people of hot area eat very little.
 CHAPTER: 9
In chapter is about good form of govt according to which it is impossible to find out
and determine which form of govt is ideal without knowing the condition of a
country. However the one measure of good governance, according to rousseau is
increasing population. Increase in population would ensure that good is promoting
prosperity of its member. Rousseau asserts that the govt under which the citizens
become popular and multiple is the best govt.
CHAPTER:11
It is about the friction between govt and sovereignty- this would result in
degeneration of govt either govt will contact from democracy to aristocracy or
aristocracy to monarch or the state would dissolve itself when the govt usurp the
sovereign power. Such usurpation would destroy the social conflict and thus the
citizen would become free from all social obligations of the contract.
CHAPTER: 12,13,14
The chapter 12,13,14 are about how sovereign authority is maintaining legislature
or law formulation is the best way the present and express the general will. It is
important that all citizen need in assemblies, but this is very difficult. This was
happened in the large city of Rome and Greek even today is also possible, but the
problem is that they become very lazy. It is not difficult to unite various cities and
assembled their citizen. The assembly should not be fixed in one city but oriented
in various cities.
CHAPTER: 15
Chapter 15 is about deputies and representatives according to rosseau, population
often doesn’t want to assemble to exercise legislative power, rather they elect
representative or deputies. They pay representatives or mercenaries rather then
serve the state themselves. Rousseau notes that the ancient Greek were able to
assemble regularly because slaves must do their works. In the modern world
people have enslaved themselves by electing representative to exercise power and
freedom on their behalf.
CHAPTER:16,17
The chapter tell about that they contract was not between the govt and people but
in between sovereign leader. The sovereign is the suppress power of state and it is
not obligated to the govt the contract between a leader and people would be a act
not a law.
The sovereign would appoint certain people to the govt to implement the laws. And
in the situation according Rousseau the sovereign delivers temporary base
executive power to the govt.
CHAPTER:14
The last chapter of book three is about how-to restraint the govt from usurping
according to Rousseau the problem can be solved through the assembled of people
to access the govt activities. The gathering of people would rise the questions.
 They approve the present form of govt?
 Do they approve the current officials of govt?

BOOK:4
CHAPTER :1 discuss that general will is indestructible i.e. general will cannot be
destroyed. According to Rousseau if the individual citizen considers themselves to
be a part of the collective body-the state. When the laws, need to be implemented
are according to the will of the public then there would be peace and stability. The
adverse situation emerged when the state will, or law contradict the public will.
Because in such case the private will would challenge the state will or law. And
thus, the private will would subordinate the general will, but the general will cannot
be destroyed even if it subordinate to the private will, and the general will would
be existed.
CHAPTER:2
This discusses the ‘suffrage’ means voting.
According to Rousseau voting show the general unanimousness. The social contract
itself an unanimous agreement among the people. And all those who are disagree
with this contract are excluded from the state. The other hand who agree with the
agreement all would decide unanimously all the actions of sovereign in common
matters vote should need something close to unanimity to pass it. While in
unimportant matters only a majority by one should require the losing side of the
war couldn’t be determined until it repair.
CHAPTER: 3
Chapter 3 is regarding election, according to Rousseau there are two different
types of election I.e. by lot or random election and election by choice. According
to Rousseau the later one (election by choice) is appropriate form of election for
aristocracy. since the government should be free to select or elect its own
members by own choice. The formal one type of election i.e. election by lot and
random election suits the democratic form of government or democracy where
only those who bear and able to take responsibilities are randomly elected.
Generally, election by lot and random election is held for filling the office. such as
political offices that require only common sense, justice and integrity of all citizen,
while election by choice is held for the offices e.g. bureaucratic offices that require
certain high degree of expertise.
CHAPTER: 4
Chapter 4 consists of discussion over the roman assemblies(comitia) and present
the fact that how the large city with large population maintain the sovereignty of
the people. According to Rousseau there were 3 different types of roman comatia
( roman assemblies)
(1) Comitia curiata
(2) Comatia tribunate
(3) Comatia centuriata
Comatia curiata is the assembly of only the inhabitant of the city and not including
the weather personal of outward country side.
The comatia tribunate was an assembly of the people that excluded senators and
wealthy personals.
The comatia centuriata was an assembly of all citizens but the vote was in favour .
CHAPTER:5
In this chapter of book 4 Rousseau discuss ‘the tribunate’ body to regulate and
maintain balance with in the civil society through its impartial judgment. Rousseau
recommend the tribunate to maintain balance between a sovereignty and
government and people. the tribunate will have non-executive nor legislative
involvement power. The basis and only purpose of this is to defend and only ensure
the safety of the laws.
CHAPTER:6
Chapter 6 discuss short term and immediate advantages of dictatorship is
necessary to save state from collapse. Laws in dictatorship is rigid but may be
suspended under some circumstances for the safety of all (citizens). As dictatorship
does not represent the public. therefore, he does not represent the general will but
will. Yeah it concerns with general will in cage when it is its interest to safe the all
citizens.
CHAPTER: 7
This chapter is about (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT) is regarding the censorship.
According to` Roussea censorship would create integrity and harmony between the
laws and public opinion.
Censorship office act as spokesman for public opinion is closely related to the laws.
Thus through censorship integrity would be created in public opinion by sustaining
public laws and public morality.
CHAPTER: 8
The final topic and chapter book 4 is ‘the civil religion’ it is very controversial issue.
In early societies the head of state were also the god and the citizen were
worshiped him. Each state believe that their respective is responsible for their
protection of property. But christainity swept out the above tradition.
Christanityintroduce divine kingdom which was different from earthly kingdom. In
christanity worship of god is not all with god with in the respective state. All citizens
of all state worship to a single common god. This put the church and state in
tension with each other because of no clear identification or demarcation between
two.
Roussea describe the following kinds of religion. First there is a ‘religion of man’
which is personal i.e. between god and individual. Roussea admire and professed
this kind of religion. But he further argued that it will hurt the state because in
divine devotion and worship one must focus and interested in spiritual and other
worldly happiness and ready 9to bear any kind of hardship for attainment heavenly
life. But a healthy state demands of citizens who will struggle and fight for to make
the state strong and safe.
Secondly is the religion of citizens which is also called officials religion of the state.
The religion is the combined interest of state and church deal with patriotism and
respect for laws. But also breed violent intolerance for other nations.