C HAPT E R 1

General Introduction

Introduction 1-1

The popularity of mobile communication systems has increased remarkably during

the lastdecade and the market demand still continues to increase. As a fundamenta
l part of thesesystems, antenna is one of the most important design iss
ues in modern mobiecommunication units. Although there are several simil
ar definitions, an antenna can bemainly described as a device, which transforms
the electromagnetic waves in an antenna toradiating waves in an unbounded mediu
m such as air in transmitting mode and vice versain receiving mode. Because ant
ennas are dependent on frequency, they are designed tooperate for certain frequ
ency bands.
The rapid growth of mobile communication systems has forced to the use of novel
antennafor base and mobile station applications (mobile phone, notebook computer,
personal digitaassistants (PDA), etc.) Earlier mobile systems were designed to
operate for one of the Frequency bands of 2G (second generation) systems,
which are Digital Cellular System Mobile several frequency bands such as
GSM 900/1800/1900 bands (890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 Universal
Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and UMTS 3G expansionbands
(1 900-2200 MHz and 2500-2700 MHz and WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) /Wireless
LocalArea Networks (WLAN) bands (2400-2500 MHz and 5100-
5800 MHz) where the list frequently used frequency bands is given in TablConv

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General Introduction

entionally, because a single antenna can not operate at all of these frequency band
of mobile communication multiple
different antennas covering these bands
separately shouldbe used. However, usage of many antennas is usually limite
d by the volume and costconstraints of the applications. Therefore, multiband an
d wideband antennas are essential toprovide multifunctional operations for mobile
communication. A multiband antenna in amobile communication system can be d
efined as the antenna operating at distinct frequencybands, but not at the intermed
iate frequencies between bands. For example, a triple bandantenna for GSM 90
0/1800/1900 bands can cover the frequency bands 890-960 MHz and 1710-
1990 MHz.
however, it does not operate properly at the frequencies such as 1200 MHz or
2500 MHz. On the other hand, a wideband antenna operates at everyfrequency po
ints within a given frequency band. For example, a wideband antenna covering
UMTS, extended UMTS and WLAN 2400 bands functions
at every frequency poin

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1-2 Problem statement

Because of the evolution of technology and the expansion of the world of

electronics floury , trouble -sized electronic devices had to be disposed of by the
desire of the user that owns a new generation of mobile phone or other devices that
are easy to carry and use of parts
mobile device task that must be appropriately sized to the size of the mobile is the
antenna .
We next to the antenna design of an appropriate size for the development of mobile
devices , and has the following properties

 Because of the small size of the mobile, need for small and effective
antenna is appear.

 Because of many application of mobile need for many bands to cover

this applications.

 Because of a huge amount of information this need for high range of BW.

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General Introduction