Sustainable Energy Sources -

General Introduction
David Smeulders

d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl
GZ 2.129

November 2016

PART A: General concepts, principles and methods

Common sustainable energy sources:

•solar energy
•energy from biomass
•geothermal energy
•wind energy

… and their utilization by:

1. energy conversion:
•heat into power (e.g. a steam power plant heated by biomass)
•solar energy into heat (e.g. solar-thermal panels)
•solar energy into power (e.g. photo-voltaic cells)

2. energy storage:
•heat storage (e.g. aquifiers or solar ponds)
•electro-chemical energy storage (e.g. batteries or fuel cells)

treated in lecture series A1-A12 and concluded by written exam (70% of grade)
11/20/2016 PAGE 6
 PART B: Design of a geothermal CHP plant

Design of a geothermal combined heat & power (CHP) plant:

•thermodynamic design of a CHP plant
•design of heat exchangers and steam generators
•economic analysis of the CHP plant

to be carried out in the form of a design project

Organization of Part B:
•introductory lecture on project
•support lectures B1-B3 => design & analysis of a CHP plant
•weekly feedback meetings => help and support for design project

Conclusion: individual report on individual plant design (30% of final grade)

11/20/2016 PAGE 7

Lecturers

prof.dr.ir. D.M.J. Smeulders

dr.ir. M.F.M. Speetjens – coordinator (GEM-Z 2.123, m.f.m.speetjens@tue.nl)

dr.ir. H.P. van Kemenade

dr. M. Creatore

prof.dr. H.A. Zondag

dr. D.L. Danilov

prof.dr.ir. W. van de Water

dr.ir. J.A van Oijen

11/20/2016 PAGE 8
Planning

refer to OASE for details, course material and up-to-date information

Content

• Course information
• The need for SES
• Energy use and fossil fuels
• Problems related to the use of fossil fuels
• Energy scenarios
• Is a transition to renewables possible?
• Renewables
• Geothermal energy (if time allows)
• The sun: the source of everything (if time allows)
 Course information (1)

• Course reader:
The lecture notes will be posted on OASE

• Course sheets:
The lecture slides will be posted on OASE
• Past exams:
The questions will be posted on OASE

Chart of crude oil prices since 1861

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012
long-term trends as per 2012
Energy consumption + 2.5%, emerging markets + 5.3%,
OECD – 0.8%
China’s share of global consumption + 71%, India + 13%
China overtook US as largest generator of power
Oil remains leading fuel but lost market share for 12
years in a row. US oil production at highest level since
1998 (shale liquids)
Coal consumption + 5.4%, gas + 2.2%. US remains
world’s leading producer of natural gas

What about renewables and CO2?

Production of biofuels stalled

For the first time, wind output (+ 25.8%) now makes up
the majority of renewable power generation
Solar power generation + 86.3%
All renewables together are at 2.1% of global energy use
CO2 emissions continue to grow (+ 3%), but at a slower
rate
 Increase of Atmospheric CO2:
2.22 ppmv /year ~ 17 Gt/year
Emission 30 Gt/year

Carbon balance: 9 C emission, 5 C natural

storage
 Carbon dioxide and temperatures in
geologic times

Primary energy demand per year (2010)

Mtoe Mboe PJ (1015 J)

World 12 000 90 000 500 000
NL 100 730 4 200

NL: 157 kWh per person per day

 NL: 100 Mtoe = 0,8 %
US: 2286 Mtoe = 19 %

World energy demand increases 36% by 2035

primarily in non-OECD countries (China: +75%)
Source: IEA WEO 2010, BP Stat. Review of World Energy 2010

Oil

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012
 Every day: 13 billion litres of oil
224 m
323 m

Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012
Unconventional oil estimates

30 years

Bron: IEA World Energy Outlook 2008 23

Natural Gas

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012
Gas production/consumption by region

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012

Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012
Towards a renewable - clean coal - gas society?

Source: BP Stat. Review of World Energy 2010

Find contributions of renewables (or MacKay) in W/m2 and

compare to Dutch energy demand (2.7 W/m2)
state of the art currently
maximum implemented

Wind 2 0.060
Offshore wind 3 0.030
Tidal pools 3 0.000
Tidal stream 6 0.000
Solar PV panels 5 0.003
Plants 0.5 0.036
Rain-water (highlands) 0.24 0.000
Hydro-electric facility 11 0.001
Solar chimney 0.1 0.000
Concentrating solar power 15 0.000
 LCA of natural gas

Equivalent CO2 emissions

The success of Dutch natural gas

22 July 1959: discovery Groningen gas field

(2600 m depth)

Artwork by Marc Ruygrok 2009, photograph by Jaap Elevelt

 Dutch gas reserves per 1-1-2011
Amount Produced Remainder
(billion m ) (billion m3)
3 (billion m3)
Slochteren 2873 1893 980

onshore 796 636 160

offshore 854 690 164

total 4523 3219 1304

Source: Delfstoffen en aardwarmte in Nederland, yearly report 2010

Cumulative gas revenues: 220 billion €

16
aardgasbaten (miljard euro)

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20
65

70

75

80

85

90

95

00

05

10

jaar

Source: Delfstoffen en aardwarmte in Nederland, yearly report 2010

Rapid decline in Dutch gas production
90
80
Aardgasproductie (bcm)

70
Groninger field
60
50
40
30
20
Small fields
10
0
20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20
01

04

07

10

13

16

19

22

25

28

31

34
Jaar

Exploration: seismic survey

source geophones
 Vibroseis truck ƒ< 100 Hz

Production: borehole and

cemented casing
 Shale gas – what it is

gas aquifer
gas

2000 - 4000 m
impermeable layer

sandstone

Gas shale

Shale gas – where it is

Bron: NRC 28 oktober 2011

 sandstone –
conventional gas

Porosity up to 20%
Permeability up to 200 md

Shale – shale gas

Porosity up to 10%
Permeability only 20 μd
 Solution: hydraulic fracturing

Shale gas - fracturing

Source: NRC 28 oktober 2011

Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Soultz, Frankrijk

Borehole
Liquefied Natural Gas instead of pipelines

Facts and figures LNG:

condensation at -162 C at 1 bar

density 0.5 g/cc
energy density 60% of diesel fuel
2004: 7% of world’s natural gas demand,
rapid demand increase
condensing contaminants H2S, H2O, CO2

Conventional large-scale offshore gas production

•Production
Shell Prelude (planning: 2017) •Cleaning
CO2/H2S/H2O
MEA
500 x 75 m
•Liquefaction
(-162 0C)
•Storage
•Offloading
 Carbon capture and storage
Our last line of defence

Sleipner project

Four basic questions | Question 1

1. Do they give a significant
contribution to the energy
budget?

Exergy = useful Energy

Four basic questions for viable alternative clean energy projects
 Four basic questions | Question 2
1. Do they give a significant
contribution to the energy
budget?
2. Is the output energy >> input
energy? ( Exergy analysis; we
propose to only account for
main contributors )

Exergy = useful Energy

Four basic questions for viable alternative clean energy projects

Four basic questions | Question 3

1. Do they give a significant
contribution to the energy
budget?
2. Is the output energy >> input
energy? ( Exergy analysis; we
propose to only account for
main contributors )
3. What is the carbon footprint
of the alternative energy
project?

Exergy = useful Energy

Four basic questions for viable alternative clean energy projects
 Four basic questions | Question 3
1. Do they give a significant
contribution to the energy
budget?
2. Is the output energy >> input
energy? ( Exergy analysis; we
propose to only account for
main contributors )
3. What is the carbon footprint of
the alternative energy project?
4. Can the efficiency be
improved?

Exergy = useful Energy

Four basic questions for viable alternative clean energy projects