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Culture Documents
a.
SO3
____London
dispersion___
b.
CO2
___
London
dispersion
__
c.
PCl3
______Dipole-‐dipole_____
d.
H2O
________Hydrogen_______
e.
C2H6
____
London
dispersion
__
f.
NH3
_______
Hydrogen_________
2. For
each
pair
of
substance
identify
the
substance
that
is
likely
to
have
the
higher
boiling
point.
Explain
your
reasoning
along
with
the
Lewis
dot
structure
Acetic
acid
118oC
means
that
it
is
able
to
make
hydrogen
bonding
–
the
strongest
intermolecular
force.
It
needs
more
energy
to
boil.
56.9oC
only
has
dipole
–
dipole
attractions,
since
it
is
a
polar
acetate
molecule.
This
attraction
is
strong
but
weaker
than
hydrogen
bonding.
Less
energy
is
needed
to
boil
it.
b. Nitrogen
(N2)
is
a
gas
at
room
temperature,
while
phosphorous
(P4)
in
the
same
group
is
a
solid.
Both
nitrogen
and
phosphorus
molecules
are
nonpolar.
It
means
that
the
only
forces
of
attraction
exist
between
them
are
London
dispersion
forces.
Since
P4
are
bigger
molecules
(each
phosphorus
atom
is
one
energy
level
bigger
than
each
nitrogen
atom),
more
dispersion
forces
can
fit
between
them.
Stronger
attraction
=>
low
vapor
pressure
=>
more
energy
needed
to
boil
it
=>
higher
boiling
point
c.
It
is
easier
to
liquefy
butane
(C4H10)
with
a
small
pressure
than
propane
(C3H8)
Butane
molecules
are
bigger
than
propane
molecules.
It
means
that
butane
has
more
dispersion
forces
between
them.
Stronger
attraction
=>
low
vapor
pressure
=>
more
energy
needed
to
boil
it
=>
higher
boiling
point.
So,
it
is
harder
to
separate
butane
molecules
away
from
each
other
and
make
it
evaporate.
It
means
that
butane
turns
into
liquid
easier
and
stays
liquid
under
small
pressure.
d.
H2O,
HF
&
NH3
have
higher
boiling
points
than
the
expected
trend
All
these
compounds
are
able
to
make
hydrogen
bonding
(they
contain
FON).
Since
hydrogen
bonding
is
the
strongest
out
of
all
intermolecular
forces,
there
is
a
very
strong
attraction
between
molecules
in
these
compounds.
Strong
force
of
attraction
=>
low
vapor
pressure
=>
more
energy
needed
to
boil
it
=>
higher
boiling
point.
These
compounds
are
the
only
ones
in
their
group
that
have
hydrogen
bonding.
If
they
did
not,
they
would
have
the
lowest
boiling
point
in
their
group
because
they
have
the
smallest
molecules
and
do
not
have
large
amount
of
dispersion
forces.
4. Rank
the
following
substances
from
weakest
intermolecular
forces
to
strongest.
Justify
your
answers.
H2S
I2
N2
H2O
N2
<
I2
<
H2S
<
H2O
N2
and
I2
contain
nonpolar
molecules.
The
only
forces
that
attract
them
to
each
other
are
London
dispersion
forces.
I2
has
higher
porarizability
because
iodine
atom
is
much
bigger
than
the
nitrogen
atom.
So,
the
attraction
between
I2
molecules
is
much
stronger
than
between
N2
molecules.
Both
H2S
and
H2O
are
polar
molecules,
but
H2O
is
able
to
make
hydrogen
bonding
=>
much
stronger
attraction.
5. Rank
the
following
substances
from
weakest
intermolecular
forces
to
strongest.
Justify
your
answers.
H2Se
H2S
H2Po
H2Te
H2S
<
H2Se
<
H2Te
<
H2Po
All
of
these
substances
contain
polar
molecules.
The
strongest
force
of
attraction
between
them
is
dipole-‐dipole.
However,
the
bigger
the
central
atom
is,
the
bigger
the
molecule.
This
provides
more
space
for
London
dispersion
forces.
H2S
is
the
smallest
molecule
(S
has
only
3
energy
levels),
H2Po
is
the
biggest
molecule
(Po
has
6
energy
levels).
Existence
of
more
dispersion
forces
makes
the
whole
attraction
between
molecules
stronger.