ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

MENGENAL GEO EKONOMI

MESKIPUN BEBERAPA IDE DASAR DALAM
GEO EKONOMI DIAMBIL DARI EKONOMI,
TETAPI MASIH ESENSI DARI GEOGRAFI.
KARENA GEOGRAFI MENGKAJI HUBUNGAN
ANTARA RUANG-WAKTU-DAN PERILAKU,
SEHINGGA TERWUJUD PERBEDAAN
KENAMPAKAN FISIK-KENAMPAKAN BUDAYA
ANTARA WIL SATU DAN LAINNYA
 GEO EKONOMI UNTUK MENJAWAB

• WHERE IS THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY LOCATED?

• WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISITC OF THE
ECONOMIC ACT?
• TO WHAT OTHER PHENOMENA IS THE
ECONOMIC ACT RELATED?
 QUEATION LATER ADDED

• WHY IS THE ECONOMIC ACT LOCATED WHERE

IT IS ?
• WOULD IT NOT BE BETTER LOCATED
ELSEWHERE, TO BETTER SATISFY CERTAIN
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRITRIA?.
 AnalysisThe Structured content of
Place
1. Density (Kepadatan)
2. Dispersion (persebaran)
3. Pattern (pola)
 SUMMARY
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
1. Economic geography study the overt result
of economically oriented behavior as they
appear in the landscape
2. The subdicipline draws on the basic concepts
of two diciplines – geography and economics,
but in addition to spatial and economic
factors, physical, cultural, anad political
influensces are also taken into account.
 cotinued
3. Put in simple terms, economic geography in
the past have posed five basic queations
concerning the location, characteristics,
relationships, decision making, and nornative
conditions of economic activities
4. however, in the last thirty years a number of
changes have occured which modify and/or
advance these basic questions
5. Quantitative techniques have been
developed, for example which can aid the
empirical investigations involved if they are
used judiciously and carefully. Similary, the
use of a nondeterministic approach
(probability) has also widened considerably
the techniques available for describing the
overt result of human decisions.
6. The used of models-notions or ideas set in a
simple diagrammatic fashion- enable us to
hand on generalized information in a
compessed form, provides a simple working
picture in classroom, and the heightens
understanding by allowing a comparison
between the basic abstract features of the
model and real world conditions
7. To supplement the descriptive approach
(idiographic) so long used in geography,
nomothetic approaches have been utilized.
This latter format stresses generalization,
board principles, and basic conceptualization,
rather than the uniqueness of phenomena
8. Statistical representation, the search for law-
like principles, description, and the use of
models have been supplemented by
increasing interest in the concept and notion
of neighboring diciplines. One result of this
convergence has been a concern with
behavioral factors and the process of
perception
9. Finally, the adoption of systems analysis has
aided economoc geography. A system is
simply a set of identified elements so related
that together they form a complex whole. The
use of such a conception stresses the study of
the whole as well as of the parts. Thus the
world economy can be regarded as a set
interlocking parts and subsystems.
10. Two of these changes- the behavioral
approach and systems analysis- are utilized in
this book as frameworks for studying and
analysing economic activities.
• 11. Whitin those bound of study, emphases is
placed on man the satisficer, rather than
economic man. Hence, in analyzing the
decision making processes generated by
economic activities, we are dealing with man
bounded by his own inabilities to perceive all
of the environment, learning as he proceeds,
but groping forward in an uncertain and
“incomplete” invironment.
12. These frameworks and notions will be
developed in later chapters before they are
applied to the “core” of economic geography,
the sussystems of agrculture, manufacturing,
tertiary activities, and transportation ect.
PERBEDAAN AKTIVITAS EKONOMI DAN
AKTIVITAS NON EKONOMI
• Akticitas ekonomi perorientasi pada
keuntungan (komersial). Contoh TKI
• Aktivitas non ekonomi tidak berorientasi pada
keuntungan. Contoh ibu rumah tangga, SAR dll
 AKTIVITAS EKONOMI
1. PRIMER (aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan
eksploitasi sumberdaya alam langsung,
seperti pertanian, pertambangan, perburuan
2. SEKUNDER (aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan
pengolahan hasil/sumberdaya)
3. TERSIER (aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan
jasa)
 SEKTOR EKONOMI
1. Pertanian
2. Pertambangan
3. Industri
4. Perdagangan
5. Energi dan sumberdaya mineral
6. Konstruksi
7. Perbankan/keuangan
8. Pariwisata dan perhotelan
 PERTANIAN
Pertanian adalah budidaya tanaman atau hewan
untuk memperoleh hasil (buah, kayu, telur, dll)
sub sektor:
• pertanian pangan,
• hortikultura,
• Peternakan
• perikanan,
• perkebunan,
• kehutanan
Gambar pert.pangan
 PERTAMBANGAN
• Adalah eksploitasi sumberdaya alam baik
berupa mineral, minyak, atau gas (bersifat
given)
• Tipe-tipe pertambangan
• Peranan pertambangan dalam perekonomian
(negara2 OPEC, neg industri biasanya
didukung kekayaan sumberdaya mineral)
Aktivitas pertambangan
 INDUSTRY MANUFACTUR
• The different types of industry, industry
classifications
• The leading types of manufacturing
• Role in the construction and manufacturing
industries
 11. Klasifikasi industri berdasarkan Surat
Keputusan Menteri Perindustrian

a. Industri Kimia Dasar (IKD)

b. Industri Mesin Logam Dasar dan Elektronika
(IMELDE)
c. Aneka Industri (AI) (tekstil, sabun, keramik dll
d. Industri Kecil (IK)
e. Industri pariwisata
Industri otomotif
 CONSTRUCTION
• The definition of contract-construction
industries and the classifications of
production
• Levels of efficiency of production
• Intra-industry comparisons
• Interindustry relationship
• The housing problem and land-use planning.
Transportation and other public utility
industries

• Definition of transportation services

• Definition of information services
• The role of transport and information in
development
•
 GEO TRANSPORTASI

• TRANSPORTASI : adalah kegiatan

untuk memindahkan barang/orang
dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain
dengan menggunakan sarana dan
prasarana
 DASAR INTERAKSI

• 1. saling melengkapi (complementarity)

2. Intervensi kesempatan (intervening
opportunity)
3. Saling tukar menukar (transferability)
 Sistem transportasi

• 1. Sebagai sebuah inventarisasi

2. Sebagai sebuah jaringan
3. Sebagai sebuah arus
4. Sebagai sebuah sistem moda
5. Sebagai keterhubungan dari ke empat
diatas
Aktivitas transportasi
 Commerce sector
• 1. Classification of commerce industries
• a. wholesaling
• b. Retailing
• c. Finance, Insurance, and real estate
• 2. Localization of commerce industries
• a. intra-industry and inter-industry comparison
• b. the central business district
• 3. International trade
• a. the balance of trade of payment
• b. geographic distribution as international trade.
 PERBANKAN DAN KEUANGAN
• Perbankan dan jasa keuangan termasuk
aktivitas tersier
• Fungsi utama bank adalah untuk mengatur
kestabilan uang
• Bank adalah lembaga keuangan yang
mempunyai fungsi menyediakan jasa
intermediasi & jasa keuangan lainnya kepada
nasabah, dengan tujuan utamanya untuk
memaksimumkan kekayaan pemilik/nasabah.
 FUNGSI BANK SENTRAL (BI)
• tugas-tugas sebagai Bank Sentral Indonesia yaitu :
• Mengatur peredaran uang di Indonesia ( Bank
Sirkulasi )
• Sebagai tempat penyimpanan terakhir (Lender
of the last resort )
• Mengatur perbankan Indonesia ( Bank to Bank )
• Mengatur perkreditan
• Menjaga stabilitas mata uang
• Mengajukan pencetakan / penambahan mata
uang rupiah, dll
 TEORI LOKASI INDUSTRI
1. Teori lokasi biaya minimum (Weber)
2. Teori lokasi memaksimumkan laba (Losch)
ORGANISASI
PERDAG.REGIONAL
 WTO
 APEC
 AFTA
 AANZ-FTA (ASEAN-Australia-Selandia
Baru)
 ACFTA (ASEAN-China)
 MEA (masyrakat Ekonomi Asean)

DEFINISI GLOBALISASI
1. Globalisasi sebagai internasionalisasi
2. Globalisasi sebagai liberalisasi
3. Globalisasi sebagai universalisasi
4. Globalisasi sebagai westernisasi/
modernisasi yg bercirikan kapitalisme,
rasionalisme, industrialisme, birokratis
5. Globalisasi sebagai deteritorialisasi
(hilangnya konfigurasi geografis )
 KRITIK TERHADAP
GLOBALISASI (BY STIGLITZ)
1. Aturan main tidak fair (menguntungkan
negara kaya dan korporasi)
2. Globalisasi mengunggulkan nilai2 material
diatas nilai 2 lain termasuk lingk
3. Aturan perdagangan cenderung
menenggelamkan negara2 miskin
4. Pertumbuhan ekonomi berdasarkan hkum
pasar, menguntungkan segelintir org,
memperlebar kesenjangan.
lanjut
 Model atau resep yang ditawarkan AS
cenderung merusak tatanan sosial di
negara berkembang.
PRINSIP PERDAGANGAN
 TANPA DESKRIMINASI
 BEBAS HAMBATAN (NEGOISASI)
 DAPAT DI PREDIKSI
 LEBIH BERMANFAAT
 LEBIH KOMPETITIF
 Neraca perdagangan Indonesia
(miliar dolar)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
ekspor 116,51 157,78 203,50 190,02 182,55
impor 96,83 135,56 177,44 191,69 186,63
Surplus 19,68 22,11 26,06
defisit -1,67 -4,08
 PENGUASA DUNIA
 IMF
 WORLD BANK (WB)
 WTO
 10 LANGKAH PERBAIKAN
EKONOMI (konsesus washington)
1. Perdagangan bebas
2. Liberalisme pasar modal
3. Nilai tukar mengambang
4. Angka bunga ditentukan pasr
5. Deregulasi pasar
6. Transfer aset dari sektor publik ke
swasta (privatisasi)
7. Fokus ketat pada pengeluaran publik
lanjutan
 Anggaran berimbang
 Reformasi pajak
 Perlindungan pada hak milik dan hak
cipta