Indonesia is essentially an equatorial country that stretches from 11° S

to 4° N, a location that gives its climate a certain unity. It is a very large country,
spanning from west to east more than 4,800 kilometers between 95° E and 141° E.
Of its myriad islands at least 6,000 are inhabited by people we call "Indonesians".
They have also been called "Maylay Islanders," "Malaysians," or "East Indians."
The term "Indonesian" was invented by James Richardson Logan in his studyThe
Languages and Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago(1857). Although this name is
applied today to any of the 195,300,000 citizens of the Indonesian nation-state
(1992 estimate) and not to any one culture, there is a certain unity to the Indonesian
people, which can be recognized in physical features, language, economy, and
religion. (What follows, on the other hand, hardly applies to the approximately
1,600,000 Papuans on the half-island of Irian Jaya, also called Irian Barat or western
New Guinea. These people, being Melanesiane, were more appropriately covered
under various headings in volume 2,Oceania).

Indonesia is a country full of diversity, home to numerous different

ethnic groups, languages and religions. Indonesians are typically short in stature
(males being in the range of 1.5-1.6 meters), with wavy black hair and medium-
brown complexion. As their location at the southeastern tip of Asia suggests, the
present population must represent an earlier mingling of southern Mongols, Proto-
Malays, Polynesians, and, in some areas, Arabs, Indians, or Chinese. All speak
languages related to Malay (i.e., the Austronesian Family), except in New Guinea
and the northern half of Halmahera. The economy of most Indonesian cultures is
based on intensive cultivation of irrigated rice, although for many communities
plantation crops or trade are also very important pursuits. Some 87 percent of
Indonesians are Sunni Muslims, a widespread religious adherence that presents
another unifying factor. About 9 percent are Christians, and there are some Hindus
(mainly Balinese) and Buddhists (mainly some 3 million Chinese).
Indonesia has had a long history of colonial contact. After some early
intercourse with the Portuguese, Spanish, and English, the entire area of Indonesia
fell under Dutch colonial rule from 1627 to 1942. Throughout this very long period
the Dutch were interested primarily in developing commerce and plantation crops,
and did relatively little to modernize society or propagate Christianity. The
Japanese invasion in 1942 ultimately led to national independence in 1949. Up to
that time the country had variously been known in the literature as the Netherlands
Indies, Dutch East India, the Malay Archipelago, Malaysia, or the East Indies (also
Hinterindien, Insulinde, Malaiischer Archipel, or Niederländisch-Ostindien in
German; Nederlandsch-Indië or Tropischen Holland in Dutch); the name
"Indonesia" was favored by anthropological writers because it paralleled the names
given the neighboring culture areas of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
 The small adjoining islands of Java, Madura, and Bali, which together
make up barely 7 percent of Indonesia's land area, are disproportionately
prominent in the country, both politically and economically, because together
they are home to more than 63 percent of the total national population, contain the
national capital and the most intensive area of rice production, and are the center of
the modern tourist industry.
One might very loosely categorize the cultures of Indonesia under three
headings: Hinduized societies practicing rice cultivation, Islamized mercantile
cultures on some coasts, and remote tribal groups that engage in a variety of
economic activities. Several dozen distinct Indonesian cultures are discussed in
separate articles in this volume. A total enumeration of such cultures would
probably exceed 300, depending on the ethnolinguistic criteria employed.
QUESTION AND ANSWER
Scanning

1. Where is the location of Indonesia?

- Indonesia is located at 11°S to 4°N and 95°E to 141°E
2. What factor that influences Indonesia as a full of diversity country?
- The factor is geographic condition of Indonesia
3. How many category of culture of Indonesia?
- There are 3 categories
4. How many Indonesian people in 1992?
- 195,300,000 people
5. When the entire area of Indonesia fell under Dutch colonial rule?
- The entire area of Indonesia fell under Dutch colonial rule from 1627
to 1942.
6. Why the name "Indonesia" was favored by anthropological writers?
- Because it paralleled the names given the neighboring culture areas of
Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia
7. What is the characteristic of Indonesian?
- The characteristic of Indonesian are 1.5-1.6 meters height, have wavy
black hair and medium-brown complexion.
8. Why are the small island of Java, Madura, and Bali known as
disproportionately prominent in the country?
- Because they are home to more than 63 percent of the total national
population
Skimming

1. What is the topic of the article?

- The article is about Indonesia
2. What does the first paragraph tell about?
- Where Indonesia is located
3. What does the second paragraph tell about?
- The diversity of Indonesia
4. What does the third paragraph tell about?
- The history of Indonesia
5. What does the fourth paragraph tell about?
- Disproportionately prominent in Indonesia
6. What does the last paragraph tell about?
- The culture of Indonesia
7. What is the purpose of the article?
- The purpose is to describe about Indonesia
 8. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
- Indonesia has had a long history of colonial contact

PARAGRAPH ANALYSIS
Indonesia has had a long history of colonial contact. After some early
intercourse with the Portuguese, Spanish, and English, the entire area of Indonesia
fell under Dutch colonial rule from 1627 to 1942. Throughout this very long period
the Dutch were interested primarily in developing commerce and plantation crops,
and did relatively little to modernize society or propagate Christianity. The
Japanese invasion in 1942 ultimately led to national independence in 1949. Up to
that time the country had variously been known in the literature as the Netherlands
Indies, Dutch East India, the Malay Archipelago, Malaysia, or the East Indies (also
Hinterindien, Insulinde, Malaiischer Archipel, or Niederländisch-Ostindien in
German; Nederlandsch-Indië or Tropischen Holland in Dutch); the name
"Indonesia" was favored by anthropological writers because it paralleled the names
given the neighboring culture areas of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.

Signal word Event

From 1627 to 1942 The entire area of
Indonesia fell under Dutch
colonial rule
In this very long the Dutch were interested
period primarily in development
In 1942 The Japanese invasion
In 1949 Led to national
independence
Up to that time the country had variously
been known in the
literature

SUMMARY
Indonesia is a very large country, stretches from 11° S to 4° N and spans
from west to east more than 4,800 kilometers between 95° E and 141° E. Indonesia
not only a large country but also a country full of diversity, home to numerous
different ethnic groups, languages, religions, and cultures as well.
 Indonesia has had a long history of colonial contact, start from Portuguese,
Spanish, and English, the entire area of Indonesia fell under Dutch colonial rule
from 1627 to 1942. The Dutch were still colonizing Indonesia through those several
years when the Japanese unsurped Indonesia from them. The invasion in 1942
ultimately led Indonesia to national independence. The name of Indonesia itself was
favored by anthropological writers since it paralleled the names given the
neighboring culture areas of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.

Today, almost every single activity of Indonesia is based in small adjoining

islands of Java, Madura and Bali.