SUPPLEMENT - Handbook of Exact Solutions For Ordinary Differential Equations

Supplements
S.1. Elementary Functions and Their Properties

] Throughout Section S.1 it is assumed that B is a positive integer unless otherwise specified.
S.1.1. Trigonometric Functions

S.1.1-1. Simplest relations.
sin2 + cos2 = 1, tan cot = 1,

sin(− ) = − sin , cos(− ) = cos ,
sin cos
tan = , cot = ,
cos sin
tan(− ) = − tan , cot(− ) = − cot ,
1 1
1 + tan2 = , 1 + cot2 = .
cos2 sin2
S.1.1-2. Relations between trigonometric functions of single argument.
tan 1
sin = A £ 1 − cos2 = A £ =A £ ,
1 + tan 2 1 + cot2
1 cot
cos = A £ 1 − sin2 = A £ =A £ ,
1 + tan 2 1 + cot2
sin £ 1 − cos2 1
tan = A £ =A = ,
1 − sin
2 cos cot
£ 1 − sin2 cos 1
cot = A =A £ = .
sin 1 − cos
2 tan
S.1.1-3. Reduction formulas.
sin(uACB ) = (−1) sin , cos(pAIB ) = (−1) cos ,

2B + 1 2B + 1
sin OuA = A (−1) cos , cos OpA = T (−1) sin ,
2 P 2 P
tan(pAIB ) = tan , cot(pAIB ) = cot ,

2B + 1 2B + 1
tan OpA = − cot , cot OpA = − tan ,
2 P 2 P
£ 2 £ 2
sin OuA} = (sin pA cos ), cos OpA} = (cos uT sin ),
4P 2 4P 2
tan pA 1 cot uT 1
tan OpA} = , cot OpA} = .
4P 1 T tan 4P 1 A cot
© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC
Page 735
736 SUPPLEMENTS
S.1.1-4. Addition and subtraction of trigonometric functions.
+ −
sin + sin = 2 sin O cos O
,
2 P 2 P
− +
sin − sin = 2 sin O cos O ,
2 P 2 P
+ −
cos + cos = 2 cos O cos O ,
2 P 2 P
+ −
cos − cos = −2 sin O sin O ,
2 P 2 P
sin2 − sin2 = cos2 − cos2 = sin( + ) sin( − ),
sin2 − cos2 = − cos( + ) cos( − ),
sin(pA ) sin( AI )
tan pA tan = , cot pA cot = ,
cos cos sin sin
cos + sin = & sin( + Y ) = & cos( − j ).
Here, & = £ 2 + 2 , sin Y =
& , cos Y =
& , sin j =
& , and cos j =
& .
S.1.1-5. Products of trigonometric functions.
sin sin = 12 [cos( − ) − cos( + )],

cos cos = 12 [cos( − ) + cos( + )],
sin cos = 12 [sin( − ) + sin( + )].
S.1.1-6. Powers of trigonometric functions.
cos2 = 1
2 cos 2 + 12 , sin2 = − 12 cos 2 + 12 ,
cos3 = 1
4 cos 3 + 3
4 cos , sin3 = − 14 sin 3 + 3
4 sin ,
cos4 = 1
8 cos 4 + 1
2 cos 2 + 38 , sin4 = 1
8 cos 4 − 1
2 cos 2 + 38 ,
cos5 = 1
16 cos 5 + 5
16 cos 3 + 5
8 cos , sin5 = 1
16 sin 5 − 5
16 sin 3 + 5
8 sin ,
1 ½ −1
1
cos2 = L 2 cos[2(B − , ) ] + 2 L 2 ,
22 −1 2
=0

1 ½
cos2 +1 = 2 L 2 +1 cos[(2B − 2 , + 1) ],
2
=0
1 ½
−1
1
2
sin = 2 −1 (−1) − L 2 cos[2(B − , ) ] + 2 L 2 ,
2 2
=0
½
1
sin2 +1 = 2 (−1) − L 2 +1 sin[(2B − 2 , + 1) ].
2
=0
!
Here, L + = ¡ are binomial coefficients (0! = 1).
, ! ( − , )!
¡
Page 736
S.1. ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 737
S.1.1-7. Addition formulas.
sin(uA ) = sin cos A cos sin , cos(uA ) = cos cos T sin sin ,
tan uA tan 1 T tan tan
tan(pA )= , cot(uA )= .
1 T tan tan tan pA tan
S.1.1-8. Trigonometric functions of multiple arguments.
cos 2 = 2 cos2 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 , sin 2 = 2 sin cos ,

cos 3 = −3 cos + 4 cos3 , sin 3 = 3 sin − 4 sin3 ,
cos 4 = 1 − 8 cos2 + 8 cos4 , sin 4 = 4 cos (sin − 2 sin3 ),
cos 5 = 5 cos − 20 cos3 + 16 cos5 , sin 5 = 5 sin − 20 sin3 + 16 sin5 ,
½ B 2 (B 2
− 1) [B 2 − ( , − 1)2 ]
cos(2B/ ) = 1 + (−1) 4 sin2 ,
(2 , )!
=1
½ [(2B +1)2 −1][(2B +1)2 −32 ] [(2B +1)2 −(2 , −1)2]
cos[(2B +1) ] = cos 1+ (−1) sin2 ¢ ,
(2 , )!
=1
½ (B 2
− 1)(B 2
− 22 ) (B 2
− , 2)
sin(2 B/ ) = 2B cos w¬ sin + (−4) sin2 −1
® ,
(2 , − 1)!
=1
½ [(2B +1)2−1][(2B +1)2−32] [(2B +1)2−(2 , −1)2]
sin[(2B +1) ] = (2B +1) sin + (−1) sin2 +1
^¢ ,
(2 , +1)!
=1
2 tan 3 tan − tan3 4 tan − 4 tan3
tan 2 = , tan 3 = , tan 4 = .
1 − tan2 1 − 3 tan2 1 − 6 tan2 + tan4
S.1.1-9. Trigonometric functions of half argument.
1 − cos 1 + cos
sin2 , cos2 = = ,
2 22 2
sin 1 − cos sin 1 + cos
tan = = , cot = = ,
2 1 + cos sin 2 1 − cos sin

2 tan 2 1 − tan2 2 2 tan 2
sin = 2
, cos = , tan = .
1 + tan 2 1 + tan2 2 1 − tan2 2
S.1.1-10. Euler and de Moivre formulas. Relationship with hyperbolic functions.

+ © = (cos + sin ), (cos + sin ) = cos(B/ ) + sin(B/ ), 2 = −1,
sin(Ý ) = sinh , cos(Ý ) = cosh , tan(Ý ) = tanh , cot(Ý ) = − coth .
S.1.1-11. Differentiation formulas.
sin cos tan 1 cot 1

M = cos , M = − sin , M = , M =− .
cos2 sin2
M M M M
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738 SUPPLEMENTS
S.1.1-12. Expansion into power series.
2
4
6
cos = 1 − + − + ))) (| | < F ),
2! 4! 6!
3
5
7
sin = − + )))
+ − (| | < F ),
3!
5! 7!
3 2 5 17 7
tan = + + + + ))) (| | <
2),
3 15 315
1 3 2 5
cot = − − − − ))) (| | < ).
3 45 945
S.1.2. Hyperbolic Functions
S.1.2-1. Definitions.
− −
− + − − + −
sinh = , cosh = , tanh = , coth = .
2 2 + − − −
S.1.2-2. Simplest relations.
cosh2 − sinh2 = 1, tanh coth = 1,

sinh(− ) = − sinh , cosh(− ) = cosh ,
sinh cosh
tanh = , coth = ,
cosh sinh
tanh(− ) = − tanh , coth(− ) = − coth ,
1 1
1 − tanh2 = , coth2 − 1 = .
cosh2 sinh2
S.1.2-3. Relations between hyperbolic functions of single argument ( ≥ 0).
tanh 1
sinh = ü cosh2 − 1 = = ,
2 2
ü 1 − tanh ü coth − 1
1 coth
cosh = ü sinh2 + 1 = = ,
1 − tanh2 coth2 − 1
ü ü
sinh cosh2 − 1 1
tanh = = ü = ,
2
sinh + 1 cosh coth
ü
sinh2 + 1 cosh 1
coth = ü = = .
sinh 2 tanh
ü cosh − 1
S.1.2-4. Addition formulas.
sinh(uA ) = sinh cosh A sinh cosh , cosh(pA ) = cosh cosh A sinh sinh ,
tanh pA tanh coth coth A 1
tanh(uA ) = , coth(uA )= .
1 A tanh tanh coth A coth
Page 738
S.1.2-5. Addition and subtraction of hyperbolic functions.
pA uT
sinh uA sinh = 2 sinh O cosh O ,
2 P 2 P
+ −
cosh + cosh = 2 cosh O cosh O ,
2 P 2 P
+ −
cosh − cosh = 2 sinh O sinh O ,
2 P 2 P
2 2 2 2
sinh − sinh = cosh − cosh = sinh( + ) sinh( − ),
2 2
sinh + cosh = cosh( + ) cosh( − ),
sinh(uA ) sinh(pA )
tanh pA tanh = , coth pA coth = A .
cosh cosh sinh sinh
S.1.2-6. Products of hyperbolic functions.
sinh sinh = 12 [cosh( + ) − cosh( − )],

cosh cosh = 12 [cosh( + ) + cosh( − )],
sinh cosh = 12 [sinh( + ) + sinh( − )].
S.1.2-7. Powers of hyperbolic functions.
cosh2 = 1
2 cosh 2 + 12 , sinh2 = 1
2 cosh 2 − 12 ,
cosh3 = 1
4 cosh 3 + 34 cosh , sinh3 =1
4 sinh 3 − 34 sinh ,
cosh4 = 1
8 cosh 4 + 12 cosh 2 + 38 , sinh4 =1
8 cosh 4 − 12 cosh 2 + 38 ,
cosh5 = 1
16 cosh 5 + 165 cosh 3 + 58 cosh , sinh5 = 1
16 sinh 5 − 165 sinh 3 + 58 sinh ,
−1
1 ½ 1
cosh2 = 2 −1 L 2 cosh[2(B − , ) ] + 2 L 2 ,
2 2
=0
½
1
cosh2 +1 = 2 L 2 +1 cosh[(2B − 2 , + 1) ],
2
=0
1 ½ −1
(−1)
2
sinh = 2 −1 (−1) L 2 cosh[2(B − , ) ] + 2 L 2 ,
2 2
=0

1 ½
sinh2 +1 = 2 (−1) L 2 +1 sinh[(2B − 2 , + 1) ].
2
=0
Here, L + are binomial coefficients.
S.1.2-8. Hyperbolic functions of multiple arguments.
cosh 2 = 2 cosh2 − 1, sinh 2 = 2 sinh cosh ,

cosh 3 = −3 cosh + 4 cosh , 3
sinh 3 = 3 sinh + 4 sinh3 ,
cosh 4 = 1 − 8 cosh2 + 8 cosh4 , sinh 4 = 4 cosh (sinh + 2 sinh3 ),
cosh 5 = 5 cosh − 20 cosh3 + 16 cosh5 , sinh 5 = 5 sinh + 20 sinh3 + 16 sinh5 .
Page 739
740 SUPPLEMENTS
[ ´J
(−1) +1 −2
2]
B ½
cosh(B/ ) = 2 −1
cosh + L 2 −2 −2 (cosh )
−2 −2
,
2
=0
, + 1 − −2
½
[( −1) 2] J
sinh(B/ ) = sinh 2 − −1
L − −1 (cosh ) −2 −1 .
=0
Here, L + are binomial coefficients and [# ] stands for the integer part of a number # .
S.1.2-9. Relationship with trigonometric functions.
sinh(Ý ) = sin , cosh(Ý ) = cos , tanh(Ý ) = tan , coth(Ý ) = − cot , 2 = −1.
sinh cosh tanh 1 coth 1

M = cosh , M = sinh , M = , M =− .
cosh2 sinh2
M M M M
2
4
6
cosh = 1 + + + + ))) (| | < F ),
2! 4! 6!
3
5
7
sinh = + + ))) + + (| | < F ),
5! 7! 3!
3 2 5 17 7
tanh = − + − + ))) (| | <
2),
3 15 315
1 3 2 5
coth = + − + − ))) (| | < ).
3 45 945
S.1.3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
S.1.3-1. Definitions and some properties.
sin(arcsin ) = , cos(arccos ) = ,
tan(arctan ) = , cot(arccot ) = .
Principal values of inverse trigonometric functions are defined by the inequalities:
− z2 ≤ arcsin ≤ z2 , 0 ≤ arccos ≤ (−1 ≤ ≤ 1),

− z2 < arctan < z2 , 0 < arccot < (− F < < F ).

Page 740
S.1.3-2. Simplest formulas.
arcsin(− ) = − arcsin , arccos(− ) = − arccos ,

arctan(− ) = − arctan , arccot(− ) = − arccot ,

− 2B if 2B − z 2 ≤ ≤ 2B + z 2 ,
arcsin(sin ) =
− + 2(B + 1)

if (2B + 1) − z 2 ≤ ≤ 2(B + 1) + z2 ,

− 2B if 2B ≤ ≤ (2B + 1) ,
arccos(cos ) =
− + 2(B + 1)

if (2B + 1) ≤ ≤ 2(B + 1) ,

arctan(tan ) = − B if B − z2< <B z
+ 2,

arccot(cot ) = − B if B < < (B + 1) .

S.1.3-3. Relations between inverse trigonometric functions.
arcsin +arccos = z2 , arctan +arccot = z2 ;

arccos £ 1− 2 if 0 ≤ ≤ 1, arcsin £ 1− 2 if 0 ≤ ≤ 1,
− arccos £ 1− if −1 ≤ ≤ 0, £ 1− if −1 ≤ ≤ 0,
−arcsin
2 2
£ 1− 2
arcsin = arctan £ if −1 < < 1, arccos =
1− 2 arctan

if 0 < ≤ 1,
£ 1− 2
arccot − if −1 ≤ < 0; arccot £ if −1 < < 1;
1− 2

arcsin £ for any , 1
if > 0,
1+ 2 arcsin £
1+ 2
1
arccos £ if ≥ 0, −arcsin £ 1 if < 0,
arctan = 1+ 2 arccot = 1+ 2
1 1
− arccos £ if ≤ 0, arctan if > 0,
1
1+ 2
1
arccot if > 0; +arctan if < 0.

S.1.3-4. Addition and subtraction of inverse trigonometric functions.
arcsin + arcsin = arcsin 1− 2 + £ 1− 2 for 2

+ 2
≤ 1,
ü
arccos pA arccos = A arccos V (1 − 2 )(1 − 2 ) W
T for pA ≥ 0,
ü
+
arctan + arctan = arctan for < 1,
1−
−
arctan − arctan = arctan for > −1.
1+
1 1
M arcsin = £ , M arccos = − £ ,
1− 2 1− 2
M M
1 1
M arctan = , M arccot = − .
1+ 2 1+ 2
M M
Page 741
742 SUPPLEMENTS
1 3 1×3 5 1×3×5 7
arcsin = + + + + ))) (| | < 1),
2 3 2×4 5 2×4×6 7
3
5
7
arctan = − + )))
+ (| | ≤ 1),
−
5 3 7
1
1 1
arctan = − + 3 − 5 + ))) (| | > 1).
2 3 5
The expansions for arccos and arccot can be obtained with the aid of the formulas arccos =
z2 − arcsin and arccot = z2 − arctan .
S.1.4. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

S.1.4-1. Relationships with logarithmic functions.
1 1+
arcsinh = ln + £ 2 +1 , arctanh = ln ,
2 1−
1 1+
arccosh = ln + £ 2 −1 , arccoth = ln ,
2 −1
arcsinh(− ) = −arcsinh , arctanh(− ) = −arctanh ,
arccosh(− ) = arccosh , arccoth(− ) = −arccoth .
S.1.4-2. Relations between inverse hyperbolic functions.

arcsinh = arccosh £ 2 + 1 = arctanh £ ,
+1 2
£ 2−1
arccosh = arcsinh £ 2 − 1 = arctanh ,

1 1
arctanh = arcsinh £ = arccosh £ = arccoth .
1− 2 1− 2
S.1.4-3. Addition and subtraction of inverse hyperbolic functions.
arcsinh pA arcsinh = arcsinh , 1+ 2 A £ 1+ 2

ü
V
arccosh pA arccosh = arccosh A ( 2 − 1)( 2 − 1) W ,
ü
arcsinh pA arccosh = arcsinh V A ( 2 + 1)( 2 − 1) W ,
ü
pA A 1
arctanh pA arctanh = arctanh , arctanh pA arccoth = arctanh .
1 AC A
I
1 1
M arcsinh = £ , M arccosh = £ ,
2 +1 2 −1
M M
1 2 1 2
M arctanh = ( < 1), M arccoth = ( > 1).
1− 2 1− 2
M M
Page 742
S.2. SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 743
1 3 1×3 5 1×3×5 7
arcsinh = − + − + ))) (| | < 1),
2 3 2×4 5 2×4×6 7
3
5
7
arctanh = + + + + ))) (| | < 1).
^_ 3 5 7
References for Section S.1: H. B. Dwight (1961), M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun (1964), G. A. Korn and T. M. Korn
(1968), W. H. Beyer (1991).
S.2. Special Functions and Their Properties

] Throughout Section S.2 it is assumed that B is a positive integer unless otherwise specified.
S.2.1. Some Symbols and Coefficients

S.2.1-1. Factorials.
Definitions and some properties:
0! = 1! = 1, B ! = 1 × 2 × 3 (B − 1)B , B = 2, 3, ,
(2B )!! = 2 × 4 × 6 (2B − 2)(2B ) = 2 B !,
2 +1
3
(2B + 1)!! = 1 × 3 × 5 (2B − 1)(2B + 1) = £ OB + ,
w 2P

(2 , )!! if B = 2 , ,
B !! = (2 , + 1)!! if B = 2 , + 1,
0!! = 1.
S.2.1-2. Binomial coefficients.

Definition:
B !
L = , where , = 1, , B ,
, !(B − , )!
(− ) ( − 1) ( − , + 1)
L = (−1) = , where , = 1, 2,
, ! , !
General case:
( + 1)
L = w , where ( ) is the gamma function.
( + 1) ( − + 1) w
w w
Properties:
L 0 = 1, L = 0 for , = −1, −2, or , > B ,
−
= + 1 L −1 = + 1 L , L + L = L +1 ,
+1 +1 +1
L
(−1) (2B − 1)!!
L −1 J 2 = L 2 = (−1) ,
22 (2B )!!
(−1) −1 −1 (−1) −1 (2B − 3)!!
L 1J 2 = L = ,
B 22 −1 2 −2
B (2B − 2)!!
2 +1 −4 −1 L , L −2
L +1 J 2 = (−1) 2 2 2 +1 J 2 = 2 L 42 +1 ,
1J 2 22 +1 2
´J 2 = 2 L ( −1) J 2 .
L = , L
L 2
Page 743
744 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.1-3. Pochhammer symbol.

Definition and some properties ( , = 1, 2, ):
( + B ) (1 − )
( ) = ( + 1) ( + B − 1) = = (−1) w , w
( ) (1 − − B )
w w
(B + , − 1)!
( )0 = 1, ( ) + = ( ) ( + B ) , (B ) = ,
(B − 1)!
( − B ) (−1)
( )− = w = , where ≠ 1, , B ;
( ) (1 − )
w (2B )! (2B + 1)!
(1) = B !, (1
2) = 2−2 , (3
2) = 2−2 ,
B ! B !
( ) + + ´ ( )2 ( ) ( + , )
( + , ) ´ = , ( + B ) = , ( + B ) = .
¡ ( )+ ( ) ( )
S.2.2. Error Functions and Exponential Integral
S.2.2-1. Error function and complementary error function.

Definitions:

2 2
erf = £ ù exp(−a 2 ) a , erfc = 1 − erf = £ ùÈ ÷ exp(−a 2 ) M a .
M
0

Expansion of erf into series in powers of as þD 0:
2 ½ 2 +1 2 ½ 2 2 +1
erf = £ ÷ (−1) = £ exp − 2 ÷ .
, ! (2 , + 1) (2 , + 1)!!
=0 =0
Asymptotic expansion of erfc as þDGF :
1 ½ −1
+ 2 + + [þ | |−2
1
erfc = £ exp − 2 ¬ 6 (−1) −1 ® , 8 = 1, 2,
2 + +1 6
+ =0
S.2.2-2. Exponential integral.

Definition:
g
Ei( ) = ù a for < 0,
aRM
−
÷ − ª g
g

ª ù
Ei( ) = lim
+0 − aÊM
a +ù
ª R
a
a M
for > 0.
Other integral representations: ÷
sin a + a cos a −
Ei(− ) = − a ùÈ÷ for > 0,
0 2+a 2 M
sin a − a cos a
Ei(− ) = − ùÈ÷ a for < 0,
0 2+a 2 M
g
Ei(− ) = − ù ÷ − ln a a for > 0.
1 M
Page 744
Expansion into series in powers of as þD 0:

½
z + ln(− ) + ÷
, ×, !
if < 0,
Ei( ) = =1
½
z + ln + ÷ if > 0,
=1
, ×, !
where z = 0.5772 is the Euler constant.

Asymptotic expansion as EDGF :
½ ( , − 1)! B !
Ei(− ) = −
(−1) +² , ² < .
=1

S.2.2-3. Logarithmic integral.

Definition:
a
ù ln a
M = Ei(ln ) if 0 < < 1,
li( ) = 0
1− ª
a a
+0
ª lim ù
0
M
ln a
+ù
1+ ª
M
ln a
if > 1.
For small ,

li( ) ≈ .
ln(1
)
Asymptotic expansion as ED 1:
½ ln
li( ) = z + ln |ln | + ÷ .
=1
, ×, !
S.2.3. Gamma and Beta Functions

S.2.3-1. Gamma function.
The gamma function, ( H ), is an analytic function of the complex argument H everywhere, except
w
for the points H = 0, −1, −2,
For Re H > 0,

(H ) = ù ÷ a −1 − g a.

w 0 M
For −(B + 1) < Re H < −B , where B = 0, 1, 2, ,

g ½ − (−1) + −1
(H ) = ù ÷ ¬ − ®a a.
w 0 + ! M
=0 ¡
Euler formula:

B !B

( H ) = lim ( H ≠ 0, −1, −2, ).
w H ( H + 1) ( H + B )
÷
Simplest properties:
( H + 1) = H (H ), (B + 1) = B !, (1) = (2) = 1.
w w w w w
Page 745
746 SUPPLEMENTS
Symmetry formulas:
w
( H ) (− H ) = −
w H sin( H )
,
w
( H ) (1 − H ) =
w

sin( H )
,
1 1

w
O
2
+H O −H = .
'P w 2 P cos( H )
Multiple argument formulas:

22 −1
1
(2 H ) = £ (H ) O H + ,
w w w 2P
33 −1 2 J 1 2
(3 H ) = ( H ) OH + OH + ,
w 2 w w 3P w 3P

J »
−1
,
(B±H ) = (2 )(1− ) J 2 B −1 2
OH + .
w =0 w BpP
Fractional values of the argument:
1 1 £
=£ , O OB + = (2B − 1)!!,
w 2P w 2P 2
1 1 2 £
O− = −2 £ , O − B = (−1) .
w 2P w 2 P (2B − 1)!!
Asymptotic expansion (Stirling
formula):
(H ) = £ 2 −
H −1 2 J V1+ 1 −1
H + 1 −2
H + [ (H −3
)W (|arg | H < ).
w 12 288
S.2.3-2. Logarithmic derivative of the gamma function.
Definition: ( H )
ln ( H )
j (H ) = M w = w .
H (H )
Functional relations:
M w
1
j ( H ) − j (1 + H ) = − ,
H
j ( H ) − j (1 − H ) = − cot( H ),

1
j ( H ) − j (− H ) = − cot( H ) − ,
H
jç 12 + H − jç 12 − H = tan( H ),
+ −1
1 ½ ,
j ( H ) = ln + j\OH + .
¡ ¡ P
¡ =0 ¡
Integral representations (Re H > 0):

j ( H ) = ùÈ÷ V −g − (1 + a )− Wa −1 a ,
0 M

j ( H ) = ln H + ùÈ÷ V a −1 − (1 − −g )−1 W −g a ,
0 M
1
1−a −1
j ( H ) = −z + ù a,
0 1−a M
where z = −j (1) = 0.5772 is the Euler constant.
Values for integer argument:
½ −1
j (1) = −z , j ( B ) = −z + , −1
(B = 2, 3, ).
=1
Page 746
S.2.3-3. Beta function.

Definition:
1
−1 −1
$ ( , ) = ù a (1 − a ) a,
0 M
where Re > 0 and Re > 0.
Relationship with the gamma function:
( ) ( )
$ ( , ) = w w .
( + )
w
S.2.4. Incomplete Gamma and Beta Functions
S.2.4-1. Incomplete gamma function.
Definitions (integral representations):

= ( , ) = ù −g a 9 −1
a, Re > 0,
0 M
( , ) = È − ga9 −1
a = ( ) − = ( , ).
w ù ÷ M w
Recurrence formulas:
= ( + 1, ) = ±= ( , ) − 9 − ,

( + 1, ) = ( , ) + 9 − .
w w
Asymptotic expansions as þD 0:
½ (−1) 9 +
= ( , ) = ÷ ,
=0 B ! ( + B )
½ (−1) 9 +
( , ) = ( ) − ÷ .
w w =0 B ! ( + B )
Asymptotic expansions as þDGF :
½ −1
(1 − ) +
= ( , ) = ( ) − 9 −1 −
¬ 6 + [ | |− ® ,
w + (− ) + 6
=0
½ −1
(1 − ) +
( , ) = 9 −1 −
¬ 6 + [ | |− ® − 32 < arg < 32 .
w + (− ) + 6
=0
Integral functions related to the gamma function:

1 1 2 1 1 2
erf = £ =2O , , erfc = £ O , , Ei(− ) = − (0, ).
2 P w 2 P w

S.2.4-2. Incomplete beta function.
Definition:
$ ( , ) = ù aK −1
(1 − a ) & −1
a,
0 M
where Re > 0 and Re > 0.
Page 747
748 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.5. Bessel Functions

S.2.5-1. Definitions and basic formulas.
The Bessel function of the first kind, ø Á ( ), and the Bessel function of the second kind, nÁ ( ) (also
called the Neumann function), are solutions of the Bessel equation
2 + + ( 2
− @ 2) = 0
and are defined by the formulas:
½ Á
(−1) (
2) +2
Áø ( ) = ÷ , nÁ ( ) =
ø Á ( ) cos @ − ø − Á ( ) . (1)
=0 , ! w ( @ + , + 1) sin @

The formula for n/Á ( ) is valid for @ ≠ 0, A 1, A 2, (the cases @ ≠ 0, A 1, A 2, are discussed in
the following).
:
The general solution of the Bessel equation has the form Á ( ) = L 1 ø Á ( ) + L 2
n Á ( ) and is
called the cylindrical function.
Some relations:
: : :
2 @ Á ( ) = [ Á −1 ( ) + Á +1 ( )],
: 1 : : @ : :
M Á ( ) = [ Á −1 ( ) − Á +1 ( )] = A Á ( ) − Á³1 1 ( )S ,
2 Q
M : : : :
M [ Á Á ( )] = Á Á −1 ( ), M [ − Á Á ( )] = − − Á Á +1 ( ),

1
M 1
M
M Á Á
[ ø Á ( )] = − ø Á − ( ), M Á Á
[ − ø Á ( )] = (−1) − − ø Á + ( ),
2 *
M M
ø − ( ) = (−1) ø ( ), n − ( ) = (−1) n ( ), B = 0, 1, 2,
1
S.2.5-2. Bessel functions for @ = A"BçA 2, where B = 0, 1, 2,

2 2
ø 1 2(J )=
sin , ø −1 2 ( J )=
cos ,

2 1 2 1
ø 3 2(J )=

sin − cos

, ø −3 2 ( J )=
− cos − sin ,

½ ´J

(−1) (B + 2 , )!
[ 2]
2 B
ø J )=
+1 2 (

sin O −
2 P
(2 , )! (B − 2 , )! (2 )2
=0
½ J
(−1) (B + 2 , + 1)!
[( −1) 2]
B
+ cos O −
2
P (2 , + 1)! (B − 2 , − 1)! (2 )2 +1
¢ ,
=0
½ ´J (−1) (B + 2 , )!
[ 2]
2 B
ø − −1 2 (
J )=
cos O +
2
P (2 , )! (B − 2 , )! (2 )2
=0
½ J
(−1) (B + 2 , + 1)!
[( −1) 2]
B
− sin O +
2
P (2 , + 1)! (B − 2 , − 1)! (2 )2 +1
¢ ,
=0

2 2
n 1 J 2 ( ) = − cos , n −1 2 ( J )= sin ,

n J ) = (−1)
+1 2 (
+1
ø − −1 2 (
J ), n − −1 2 ( J ) = (−1) ø J ),
+1 2 (
where [ # ] is the integer part of a number # .
Page 748
S.2.5-3. Bessel functions for @ = A"B , where B = 0, 1, 2,

Let @ = B be an arbitrary integer. The relations
ø − ( ) = (−1) ø ( ), n − ( ) = (−1) n ( )
are valid. The function ø! ( ) is given by the first formula in (1) with @ = B , and n ( ) can be
obtained from the second formula in (1) by proceeding to the limit @\D B . For nonnegative B , the
function n ( ) can be represented in the form:

1 ½ (B − , − 1)! 2 1 ½ j ( , + 1) + j (B + , + 1)
−1
2 −2 +2
n ( ) = ø ( ) ln − O − ÷ (−1) O ,
2 , ! 3P 2P , ! (B + , )!
=0 =0
7 −1
where j (1) = −z , j (B ) = −z + , −1
, z = 0.5772 is the Euler constant, j ( ) = [ln ( )] is
=1 w
the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function.
S.2.5-4. Wronskians and similar formulas.
ú 2 ú 2
( ø Á , ø −Á ) = − sin( @ ), ( ø Á , nÁ ) = ,

2 sin( @ ) 2
ø Á ( ) ø − Á
) + ø − Á ( ) ø Á −1 ( ) =
+1 (

, ø Á ( ) nÁ +1 ( )− ø Á +1 ( ) nÁ ( ) = −

.
ú
Here, the notation ( , ) = − is used.
S.2.5-5. Integral representations.

The functions ø Á ( ) and nÁ ( ) can be represented in the form of definite integrals (for > 0):
z 9 9 9
ø Á ( ) = ù
0
cos( sin − @ )
M
− sin @ ù ÷ exp(− sinh a − @!a ) a ,
0 M
z 9 9 9 Ág + − Á g cos @ ) − g a.
nÁ ( ) = ù sin( sin − @ ) − ù ÷ ( sinh
0 M 0 M
For | @ | < 12 , > 0,
21+ −
Á Á sin(a ) a
ø Á ( ) = 1 J 2 ( 1 − @ ) ùÈ÷
M ,
(a 2 − 1) Á +1 J 2
2 w Á
1
Á
21+ − cos(a ) a
nÁ ( ) = − 1 J 2 1 ù ÷ M .
(2 − @ ) 1 (a 2 − 1) Á +1 J 2
w
For @ > − 21 ,
2(
2)
Á z´J 2 Á
ø Á ( ) = 1J 2 ( + @ )
1 ù cos( cos a ) sin2 a a
M
(Poisson’s formula).
For @ = 0, > 0,
2 w 0
2 2
ø
ù ÷ sin( cosh a ) M a ,
0( )= n 0 ( ) = − ù ÷ cos( cosh a ) M a .
0
For integer @ = B = 0, 1, 2, ,
0
1 z
ø ( ) = ù cos(B/a − sin a ) a
M
(Bessel’s formula),
0
z´J 2
2
ø 2 ( ) = ù cos( sin a ) cos(2B/a ) a ,
M
0
z´J 2
2
ø 2 +1 ( )= ù sin( sin a ) sin[(2B + 1)a ] a .
M
0
Page 749
750 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.5-6. Asymptotic expansions.

Asymptotic expansions as | | DGF :
½ −1
2 4 − 2 @ −
ø Á ( ) = cos O 4 P ¬ 6 (−1) + ( @ , 2 )(2 )−2 + + [ (| |−2 )®
¡ 6
+ =0
4 − 2 @ − ½ −1
+ +
− sin O 4 P ¬ 6 (−1) ( @ , 2
¡
+ 1)(2 )−2 −1
+ [ (| |−2
6
−1
)®¢ ,
+
½ −1
=0
2 4 − 2 @ −
nÁ ( ) = sin O 4 P ¬ 6 (−1) + ( @ , 2 )(2 )−2 + + [ (| |−2 )®
¡ 6
+ =0
4 − 2 @ − ½ −1
+ cos O 4 P ¬ 6 (−1) + ( @ , 2 + 1)(2 )−2 + −1
+ [ (| |−2 −1
)®¢ ,
¡ 6
+ =0
1 ( 21 + @ + )
where ( @ , )= + (4 @ 2
− 1)(4 @ 2
− 32 ) [4 @ 2
− (2 − 1)2 ] = w ¡ .
¡ ! 22 ¡ ! ( 21 + @ − )
¡
For nonnegative integer B and large , ¡ w ¡
£ ) = (−1) (cos + sin ) + [ (

ø 2 (
−2
),
£ ) = (−1)
ø 2 +1 (
+1 −2
(cos − sin ) + [ ( ).
Asymptotic behavior for large @ ( @\DGF ):

1 Á 2 − Á
ø Á ( ) ¬ O
£ 2 @ 2 @lP , nÁ ( ) ¬ − O ,
@ 2 @lP

where is fixed, and
21 J 3 1 21 J 3 1
ø Á (@ ) ¬ , nÁ ( @ ) ¬ − 1 J .
J
32 3 (2
3) @ 1 J 3 3 6 (2
3) @ 1 J 3
w w
S.2.5-7. Zeros and orthogonality properties of the Bessel functions.
Each of the functions ø Á ( ) and nÁ ( ) has infinitely many real zeros (for real @ ). All zeros are
simple, except possibly for the point = 0.
The zeros = + of ø 0 ( ), i.e., the roots of the equation ø 0 (= + ) = 0, are approximately given by:
= + = 2.4 + 3.13 ( − 1) ( = 1, 2, ),

¡ ¡
with a maximum error of 0.2%.
Let = + be positive roots of the Bessel function ø Á ( ), where @ > −1 and = 1, 2, 3,
¡
Then the set of functions ø Á ( + &
) is orthogonal on the interval 0 ≤ & ≤ with weight & :
+ & & 0 if ≠, ,
ù ø ÁO
P ø ÁO & & =
P M
1 2
V ø Á ( + )W = 12
2
ø
2 2
Á +1 ( + ) if
¡
=, .
0 2 ¡
S.2.5-8. Hankel functions (Bessel functions of the third kind).

The Hankel functions of the first kind and the second kind are related to the Bessel functions by:
5 Á (1) ( H ) = ø Á ( H ) + ÖnÁ ( H ), 5 Á (2) ( H ) = ø Á ( H ) − ÖnÁ ( H ), 2 = −1.
Page 750
Asymptotics for HCD 0:

2 (@ )
5 (1)
0 ( H )¬ ln H , 5 Á (1) ( H ) ¬ − w (Re @ > 0),
( H
2) Á
2
(@ )
5 (2)
0 ( H )¬ − ln H , 5 Á (2) ( H ) ¬ w (Re @ > 0).
( H
2) Á

Asymptotics for | H | DGF :

2
5 Á (H ) ¬
(1)
exp H − 1
@ − 1 S (− < arg H < 2 ),
H Q 2 4
2
5 Á (2) ( H ) ¬ exp − H − 1
@ − 1 S (−2 < arg H < ).
H Q 2 4
S.2.6. Modified Bessel Functions
S.2.6-1. Definitions. Basic formulas.
The modified Bessel functions of the first kind, ®Á ( ), and the second kind, ; Á ( ) (also called the
Macdonald function), of order @ are solutions of the modified Bessel equation
2 + − ( 2
+ @ 2) = 0
(
2)2 +
Á
2 ® sin
− Á − ®Á
½
®Á ( )= ÷
, ! ( @ + , + 1)
, ; Á ( )= ,
=0 w @
(see below for ; Á ( ) with @ = 0, 1, 2, ).
The modified Bessel functions possess the properties:
; − Á (
) = ; Á ( ); ® −( ) = (−1) ® ( ), B = 0, 1, 2,
2 @¦®Á ( ) = [ ®Á −1 ( ) − ®Á +1 ( )], 2 @ ; Á ( ) = − [ ; Á −1 ( ) − ; Á +1 ( )],
1 1
M ®Á ( ) = [ ®Á −1 ( ) + ®Á +1 ( )], M ; Á ( ) = − [ ; Á −1 ( ) + ; Á +1 ( )].
2 2
M M
1
S.2.6-2. Modified Bessel functions for @ = A"BçA 2, where B = 0, 1, 2,

2 2
® 1 J 2 ( )=

sinh , ® −1 J 2 ( )=

cosh ,

2 1 2 1
® 3 J 2 ( )= − sinh + cosh , ® −3 J 2 ( ) =

− cosh + sinh ,

1 ½ (−1) (B + , )! − ½

(B + , )!
® +1 J 2 ( ) = £ ¬
, ! (B − , )! (2 ) − (−1)
, ! (B − , )! (2 )
® ,
2
=0 =0
1 ½ (−1) (B + , )! − ½

(B + , )!
® − −1 J 2 ( ) = £ ¬
, ! (B − , )! (2 ) + (−1)
, ! (B − , )! (2 )
® ,
2
=0
=0
− 1
; 1 1 J 2 ( ) = 2 , ; 1 3 J 2 ( ) = 2 O 1 + 3P − ,

½ (B + , )!
; +1 J 2 ( ) = ; − −1 J 2( ) = 2 − .
=0 , ! (B − , )! (2 )
Page 751
752 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.6-3. Modified Bessel functions for @ = B , where B = 0, 1, 2,

If @ = B is a nonnegative integer, then
+ − (B −
1½
−1
2 − 1)!
;| ( ) = (−1) +1
® ( ) ln + (−1) + O ¡
2 2+ 2P !
=0 ¡
1 ½ +2 + j (B + + 1) + j ( + 1)
+ (−1) ÷ O ¡ ¡ ; B = 0, 1, 2, ,
2 + =0 2 P ¡
! (B + )!
¡
where j ( H ) is the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function; for B = 0, the first sum is dropped.
S.2.6-4. Wronskians and similar formulas.
ú 2 ú 1
( ®Á , ® − Á ) = − sin( @ ), ( ®Á , ; Á ) = − ,

2 sin( @ ) 1
®Á ( )® − Á +1 ( ) − ® − Á ( ) ®Á −1 ( )=−

, ®Á ( ) ; Á +1 ( ) + ®Á +1 ( ) ; Á ( ) =

,
ú
where ( , ) = − .

The functions ® Á ( ) and ; Á ( ) can be represented in terms of definite integrals:
Á 1
Á J
®Á ( ) = 1 22 J Á (@ + 1 ) ù exp(−a )(1 − a 2 ) −1 2
M
a ( > 0, @ > − 12 ),
2w −1
; Á ( ) = ùÈ÷ exp(− cosh a ) cosh( @!a ) a

M
( > 0),
0
1
; Á ( )=
cos 1 ùÈ÷ cos( sinh a ) cosh( @!a ) M a
@ 0
( > 0, −1 < @ < 1),
2
1
; Á ( ) = sin 1 ùÈ÷ sin( sinh a ) sinh( @!a ) M a
@ 0
( > 0, −1 < @ < 1).
2
For integer @ = B ,
1 z
® ( ) = ù exp( cos a ) cos(B/a ) a
M
(B = 0, 1, 2, ),
0
cos(a )
; 0( ) = ùÈ÷ cos( sinh a ) a = ùÈ÷
M £ a 2+1 M a ( > 0).
0 0
S.2.6-6. Asymptotic expansions as þDGF .
½
(4 @ 2
− 1)(4 @ 2
− 32 ) [4 @ 2
− (2 − 1)2 ]
®Á ( ) = £ 1+ 6 (−1) + ¡ ¢ ,
2 + ! (8 ) +
¡
=1
½ (4 @ 2
− 1)(4 @ 2
− 32 ) [4 @ 2
− (2 − 1)2 ]
; Á ( )=
2
−
1+ 6
! (8 ) +
¡ ¢ .
+ =1 ¡
The terms of the order of [ − −1 are omitted in the braces.
6
Page 752
S.2.7. Degenerate Hypergeometric Functions

S.2.7-1. Definitions. The Kummer’s series.
The degenerate hypergeometric functions ` ( , ; ) and i ( , ; ) are solutions of the degenerate
hypergeometric equation:
+ ( − ) − = 0.
In the case ≠ 0, −1, −2, −3, , the function ` ( , ; ) can be represented as Kummer’s
series:
½ ( )
` ( , ; ) = 1 + ÷ ,
( ) , !
=1
where ( ) = ( + 1) ( + , − 1), ( )0 = 1.
Table 14 (see Subsection 2.1.2) presents some special cases where ` can be expressed in terms
of simpler functions.
S.2.7-2. Some transformations and linear relations.

Kummer transformations:

` ( , ; ) = ` ( − , ; − ), i ( , ; ) = 1−
i (1 + − , 2 − ; ).
Linear relations for ` :

( − ) ` ( − 1, ; ) + (2 − + ) ` ( , ; ) − ` ( + 1, ; ) = 0,
( − 1) ` ( , − 1; ) − ( − 1 + ) ` ( , ; ) + ( − )/` ( , + 1; ) = 0,
( − + 1) ` ( , ; ) − ` ( + 1, ; ) + ( − 1) ` ( , − 1; ) = 0,
` ( , ; ) − ` ( − 1, ; ) − /` ( , + 1; ) = 0,
( + ) ` ( , ; ) − ( − )/` ( , + 1; ) − ` ( + 1, ; ) = 0,
( − 1 + ) ` ( , ; ) + ( − ) ` ( − 1, ; ) − ( − 1) ` ( , − 1; ) = 0.
Linear relations for i :

i ( − 1, ; ) − (2 − + ) i ( , ; ) + ( − + 1) i ( + 1, ; ) = 0,
( − − 1) i ( , − 1; ) − ( − 1 + ) i ( , ; ) + /i ( , + 1; ) = 0,
i ( , ; ) − i ( + 1, ; ) − i ( , − 1; ) = 0,
( − ) i ( , ; ) − /i ( , + 1; ) + i ( − 1, ; ) = 0,
( + ) i ( , ; ) + ( − − 1) i ( + 1, ; ) − /i ( , + 1; ) = 0,
( − 1 + ) i ( , ; ) − i ( − 1, ; ) + ( − ( + 1) i ( , − 1; ) = 0.
S.2.7-3. Differentiation formulas and Wronskian.

Differentiation formulas:
( )
M ` ( , ; ) = ` ( + 1, + 1; ), M ` ( , ; ) = ` ( + B , + B ; ),
( )
M M
M i ( , ; ) = − i ( + 1, + 1; ), M i ( , ; ) = (−1) ( ) i ( + B , + B ; ).

M M
Wronskian:
ú ( )
( ` , i ) = ì − ` i = − w −
.
( )
w
Page 753
754 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.7-4. Degenerate hypergeometric functions for B = 0, 1, 2,
(−1) −1
i ( , B + 1; ) =
B ! ( − B )
` ( , B +1; ) ln
w
½ ( ) (B − 1)! ½ ( − B ) −
−1
+ ÷ V j ( + & ) − j (1 + & ) − j (1 + B + & )W ¢ + ,
=0 (B + 1) &! ( ) (1 − B ) & !
w =0
where B = 0, 1, 2, (the last sum is dropped for B = 0), j ( H ) = [ln ( H )] is the logarithmic
derivative of the gamma function,
w
½ −1
j (1) = −z , j ( B ) = −z + , −1
,
=1
where z = 0.5772 is the Euler constant.

If < 0, then the formula
i ( , ; ) = 1−
i ( − + 1, 2 − ; )
is valid for any .

For ≠ 0, −1, −2, −3, , the general solution of the degenerate hypergeometric equation can
be represented in the form:
= L 1 ` ( , ; ) + L 2 i ( , ; ),
and for = 0, −1, −2, −3, , in the form:
= 1−
V L 1 ` ( − + 1, 2 − ; ) + L 2 i ( − + 1, 2 − ; )W .
1
( )
` ( , ; ) = w ù g a −1 (1 − a ) − −1
a (for > > 0),
( ) ( − ) 0 M
w w
1
i ( , ; ) = È
ù ÷ − g a −1 (1 + a ) − −1 a (for > 0, > 0),
( ) 0 M
w
where ( ) is the gamma function.
w
S.2.7-6. Asymptotic expansion as | | DGF .
½
/
( ) ( − ) (1 − ) −
` ( , ; ) = w −
¬ + ® , > 0,
( ) B !
w =0
/
( ) ½ ( ) ( − + 1)
` ( , ; ) = w (− )− ¬ (− )− + ® , < 0,
( − ) B !
w /
=0
½ ( ) ( − + 1) −
i ( , ; ) = ¬ −
(−1) + ® , −F < <F ,
=0
B !
where = [ − / −1 .
Page 754
S.2.7-7. Whittaker functions.

ú
The Whittaker functions 8 , ( ) and , ( ) are linearly independent solutions of the Whittaker
equation:
+ V − 14 + 12 , + 1
4 − 2 −2
W = 0.
The Whittaker functions are expressed in terms of degenerate hypergeometric functions as:
8 , ( ) = J J 2`
+1 2 − 1
+ − , , 1 + 2 , ,
2
ú +1 J 2 − J 2
, ( ) = i 1
2 + − , , 1 + 2 , .
S.2.8. Hypergeometric Functions

S.2.8-1. Definition. The hypergeometric series.
The hypergeometric function ( , ý , = ; ) is a solution of the Gaussian hypergeometric equation:
( − 1) + [( + ý + 1) − = ] + ý = 0.
For = ≠ 0, −1, −2, −3, , the function ( , ý , = ; ) can be expressed in terms of the
hypergeometric series:
½ ( ) (ý )
( , ý , = ; ) = 1 + ÷ , ( ) = ( + 1) ( + , − 1),
=1 (= ) , !
which, a fortiori, is convergent for | | < 1.

Table 16 (see Subsection 2.1.2) presents some special cases where can be expressed in terms
of simpler functions.
S.2.8-2. Basic properties.

The function possesses the following properties:
( , ý , = ; ) = (ý , , = ; ),
( , ý , = ; ) = (1 − ) ; − 9 −: (= − , = − ý , = ; ),

( , ý , = ; ) = (1 − )− 9 O , = − ý , = ; ,
−1P
( ) (ý )
M ( , ý , = ; ) = ( + B , ý + B , = + B ; ).
(= )
M
If = is not an integer, then the general solution of the hypergeometric equation can be written
in the form:
= L 1 ( , ý , = ; ) + L 2 1−; ( − = + 1, ý − = + 1, 2 − = ; ).

For = > ý > 0, the hypergeometric function can be expressed in terms of a definite integral:
1
(= )
( , ý , = ; ) = w ù a: −1
(1 − a ); −: −1
(1 − aÖ )− 9 a,
( ý ) (= − ý ) M
w w 0
where (ý ) is the gamma function.

w
See M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun (1964) and H. Bateman and A. Erd élyi (1953, Vol. 1) for
more detailed information about hypergeometric functions.
Page 755
756 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.9. Legendre Functions and Legendre Polynomials

.
The associated Legendre functions Á ( H ) and Æ Á ( H ) of the first and the second kind are linearly
independent solutions of the Legendre equation:
(1 − H 2 )
' − 2 H + [ @ ( @ + 1) − 2 (1 − H 2 )−1 ] = 0,
where the parameters @ and and the variable H can assume arbitrary real or complex values.
For |1 − H | < 2, the formulas
. 1 H + 1 J 2 1−H
Á (H ) = O O −@ , 1 + @ , 1 − ,
,
(1 − ) H − 1 P 2 P
w
H −1 1−H H +1 2 1−H
Æ Á ( H ) = #þO
2
O − @ , 1 + @ , 1 + , + $ÊO O − @ , 1 + @ , 1 − , ,
H +1P 2 P H −1P 2 P
# = © z w , $ = z w
(− ) (1 + @ + ) © ( )
w , 2 = −1,
2 (1 + @ − ) 2
w
are valid, where ( , , ( ; H ) is the hypergeometric series (see Subsection S.2.8).
For | H | > 1,
. 2−
Á −1
(− 21 − @ ) − Á 1+@ − 2+@ − 2@ + 3 1
Á (H ) = £ w H
+ −1
(H 2
− 1)− J 2
O , , , 2
(− @ − ) 2 2 2 H
§w
Á (1 + @ ) 2 @ + 1 − @ − 1 − 2@ 1
+ £ w 2 H Á + ( H 2 − 1)− J 2 O − , , , 2 ,
£ §w (1 + @ − ) 2 2 2 H
Æ Á ( H ) = © zf oÁ +1
@ + + 1) 2 + @ + 1 + @ + 2 @ + 3 1
H − Á − −1 ( H 2 − 1) J 2 O
(
w , , , 2 .
2 3
(@ + 2 ) 2 2 2 H
w
The functions
. .
Á ( H ) ≡ Á 0 ( H ) and ÆIÁ ( H ) ≡ Æ 0Á ( H ) are called the Legendre functions.
The modified associated Legendre functions, on the cut H = , −1 < < 1, of the real axis, are
defined by the formulas:
. V © z . Á ( + 0) + − 21 © z . Á ( − 0)W ,
( ) = 1 1
Á 2
2
Æ Á ( ) = © z·V − 2 © z Æ Á ( + 0) + 2 © z Æ Á ( − 0)W .

1 1
1 −
2
S.2.9-2. Trigonometric expansions.

For −1 < < 1, the modified associated Legendre functions can be represented in the form of
trigonometric series as:
. 9 2 +1
( @ + + 1) 9 ½ ( 12 + ) (1 + @ + ) 9
Á (cos ) = £ w 3
(sin ) ÷ 3
sin[(2 , + @ + + 1) ],
(@ + 2 ) , ! (@ + 2 )
w =0
9 ( @ + + 1) 9 ½ ( 2 + ) (1 + @ + )
1
9
Æ Á (cos ) = £ 2 w (sin ) ÷ cos[(2 , + @ + + 1) ],
3
(@ + 2 ) =0
3
, ! (@ + 2 )
w
9
where 0 < < .

Page 756
S.2.9-3. Some relations.
. . . ( @ + B + 1) . −
Á (H ) = − −1 (
Á H ), Á (H ) = w Á ( H ), B = 0, 1, 2,
( @ − B + 1)
w . (1 + @ + ) . −
Æ Á ( H ) = © zf ¬ Á (H ) − w Á ( H )® .
2 sin( ) (1 + @ − )
For 0 < < 1,
w
. .
(− ) = Á ( ) cos[ ( @ + )] − 2 −1
Á 1 . Æ Á ( ) sin[ ( @ + )],

Æ Á (− ) = − Æ Á ( ) cos[ ( @ + )] − 2 Á ( ) sin[ ( @ + )].
For −1 < < 1,

. )=
2@ + 1

@ + .
( ),
. ( ) −
Á +1 ( Á
@ − +1 @ − + 1 Á −1
. . 2 1 J 2 . −1
Á +1 ( ) = Á −1 ( ) − (2 @ + 1)(1 − ) Á ( ).
Wronskians:
Á + +1
+2 +2
Á
ú . 1 ú .
( Á , Æ Á ) =
,
, = 22 w

Á − +1 w Á − +2 .
2
( Á , ÆIÁ ) = , ,
1− 2 1− 2
2 2
w w
For B = 0, 1, 2, ,
. .
Á ( ) = (−1) (1 − 2 ) ´J 2
M Á ( ), Æ Á ( ) = (−1) (1 − 2 ) ´J 2
M ÆIÁ ( ).

M M
For B = 0, 1, 2, ,
. (H ) = w ( @ + B + 1) z H + cos a £ H 2 − 1 Á cos(B/a ) a , Re H > 0,
Á ù
w ( @ +( @ 1)+ B +0 1) z
M
Æ Á ( H ) = (−1) w Á +1 Á Á
( H 2 − 1)− ´J 2 ù ( H + cos a ) − −1 (sin a )2 +1 a , Re @ > −1.
2 ( @ + 1) M
w
Note that H ≠ , −1 < < 1, in the latter formula.
0
S.2.9-5. Legendre polynomials.

. .
The Legendre polynomials = ( ) and the Legendre functions Æ ( ) are solutions of the
linear differential equation:

(1 − 2 ) − 2 + B (B + 1) = 0.
.
The Legendre polynomials ( ) and the Legendre functions Æ ( ) are defined by the for-
mulas:
. ( ) = 1 M ( 2 − 1) , Æ ( ) = 1 . ( ) ln 1 + − ½ 1 . + ( ). + ( ).
B ! 2 2
1−
−1 −
M . . + =1 ¡
The polynomials = ( ) can be calculated recursively using the relations:
. ( ) = 1, . ( ) = , . ( ) = 1 (3 2 − 1), , . ( ) = 2B + 1 . ( ) − B . ).
0 1 2
2
+1 B +1 B +1 −1 (
The first three functions Æ = Æ ( ) are given by:

1 1+ 1+ 3 2 − 1 1 + 3
Æ 0 ( ) = ln , Æ 1 ( ) = ln − 1, Æ 2 ( ) = ln − .
2 .1 − 2 1− 4 1− 2
The polynomials ( ) have the explicit representation:
. ( ) = 2− [½ ´J 2](−1)+ L + L −2 + ,
2 −2 +
+ =0
where [ # ] is the integer part of a number # .
Page 757
758 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.9-6. Zeros of the Legendre polynomials and the generating function.

.
All zeros of ( ) are real and lie on the interval −1 < < +1; the functions
.
( ) form an
orthogonal system on the interval −1 ≤ ≤ +1, with
a 0 if B ≠
+1
. . ¡
,
ù ( ) + ( ) =
M
2
if B = .
−1
2B + 1 ¡
The generating function is:
1 ½ .
£ 1 − 2 ° + ° 2
= ÷ ( ) ° (| ° | < 1).
=0
S.2.9-7. Associated Legendre functions.

. +
The associated Legendre functions ( ) of order ¡ are defined by the formulas:
. + .
+ 2 + J 2
( ) = (1 − ) M + ( ),

B = 1, 2, 3, ,
¡
= 0, 1, 2,
. M
It is assumed by definition that 0 ( ) = ( ).
.
. +
The functions ( ) form an orthogonal system on the interval −1 ≤ ≤ +1, with
+1
. + ( ). + ( ) = 0 2 (B + )! if B ≠ , ,
ù M ¡ if B = , .
−1
2B + 1 (B − )!
. ¡
The functions + ( ) (with ≠ 0) are orthogonal on the interval −1 ≤ ≤ +1 with weight
(1 − 2 )−1 , that is,
¡
+1 . + . 0 if B ≠ , ,
( ) + ( )
ù = ( B + )!
(1 − 2 ) M ¡ if B = , .
−1 (B − )!
¡ ¡
S.2.10. Parabolic Cylinder Functions

The Weber parabolic cylinder function cÁ ( H ) is a solution of the linear differential equation:
' + − 1 H 2 + @ + 1 = 0,
4 2
where the parameter @ and the variable H can assume arbitrary real or complex values. Another
linearly independent solution of this equation is the function c − Á −1 (ÖH ); if @ is noninteger, then
c\Á (− H ) can also be taken as a linearly independent solution.
The parabolic cylinder functions can be expressed in terms of degenerate hypergeometric func-
tions as:
1 −1
c\Á ( H ) = 21 J 2 exp − 14 H 2 ¬ w 1 2 Á ` − 2Á , 12 , 12 H 2 + 2−1 J 2 w 2Á H` 1 Á
− 2 , 32 , 12 H 2 ® .
2 − 2 −2 2
w w
For nonnegative integer @ = B , we have
c ( H ) = 2− ´J 2 exp − 41 H 2 5 2−1 J 2 H , B = 0, 1, 2, ;

5 ( H ) = (−1) exp H 2 M exp − H 2 ,
H
M
where 5 ( H ) is the Hermite polynomial of order B .
Page 758
c\Á ( H ) = 2
exp H ùÈ÷ a Á exp − 21 a 2 cos Há −
1 2 1
@ a for Re @ > −1,
ü 4
0
2 M
1 Á
c\Á ( H ) = exp − 41 H 2 È
ù ÷ a− −1
exp − Há − 12 a 2 a for Re @ < 0.
(− @ ) M
w 0
S.2.10-3. Asymptotic expansion as | H | DGF .

/ Á Á
½ (−2) − 2 1
− 1 / 3
c\Á ( H ) = H Á exp − 14 H 2 ¬ 2 2
+ [þ | H |−2 −2 ® for | arg H | < ,
=0
B ! H 2 4
where ( )0 = 1, ( ) = ( + 1) ( + B − 1) for B = 1, 2, 3,
S.2.11. Orthogonal Polynomials

All zeros of each of the orthogonal polynomials ´ ( ) considered in this section are real and simple.
The zeros of the polynomials ´ ( ) and ´ +1 ( ) are alternating.
For Legendre polynomials see Subsections S.2.9-5, S.2.9-6, and S.2.9-7.
S.2.11-1. Laguerre polynomials and generalized Laguerre polynomials.

The Laguerre polynomials 0 = 0 ( ) satisfy the linear differential equation
+ (1 − ) + B =0
1 (−1) B 2 (B − 1)2
0 ( )= M − = − B 2 −1
+ −2
+ )))S .
B ! B ! Q 2!
M
The first four polynomials are given by:
0 0 = 1, 0 1 = − + 1, 0 2 = 12 ( 2
− 4 + 2), 0 3 = 16 (− 3
+ 9 2
− 18 + 6).
To calculate 0 ( ) for B ≥ 2, one can use the recurrence formulas:

1 V
0 +1 ( )= (2B + 1 − )0 ( ) − B0 −1 ( )W .
B +1

The functions 0 ( ) form an orthonormal system on the interval 0 < < F with weight −
:
0 if B ≠ ,
ù ÷ −
0 ( ) 0 + ( ) =¦ ¡
0 M 1 if B = .
¡
1 ° ½
exp O − = ÷ 0 ( ) ° , | ° | < 1.
1−° 1 − °±P
=0
The generalized Laguerre polynomials 09 = 0·9 ( ) ( > −1) satisfy the linear differential
equation
+ ( + 1 − ) + B = 0
Page 759
760 SUPPLEMENTS
1 − ½ (− ) +
0 9 ( )= 9 M +9 − = L +− + .
B ! + 9 !
M =0 ¡
The first two polynomials have the form:
0 09 = 1, 0 19 = +1− .
0 9 ( ) for B ≥ 2, one can use the recurrence formulas:
To calculate l
1 V (2B + + 1 − )0 9 ( ) − (B + )0 9
0 9 +1 ( )= −1 ( )W .
B +1

0 9 ( ) form an orthogonal system on the interval 0 < < F
The functions l with weight h9 −
:
a
0 if B ≠ ,
ù ÷ 9 −
0 9 ( ) 0 +9 ( ) = ( + B + 1) ¡
M w if B = .
0 B ! ¡
° ½
(1 − ° )− 9 −1
exp O − = ÷ 0 9 ( ) ° , | ° | < 1.
1 − °±P
=0
S.2.11-2. Chebyshev polynomials.

1 b . The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind
{ {
= ( ) satisfy the linear differential equation
(1 − 2 ) − + B 2 = 0
{ (−2) B ! £
( ) = cos(B arccos ) = (2B )! 1 − 2 M V (1 − 2 ) − 2 W
1
[ ´J 2]
M
B ½ + (B − − 1)!
= (−1) ¡ (2 ) −2 + (B = 0, 1, 2, ),
2 + ! (B − 2 )!
=0 ¡ ¡
where [ # ] stands for the integer part of a number # .
The first five polynomials are:
{ = 1,
{ = ,
{ = 2 2
− 1,
{ = 4 3
− 3 ,
{ = 8 4
− 8 2
+ 1.
0 1 2 3 4
The recurrence formulas:

{ ) = 2 ( ) − −1 ( ),
{ B ≥ 2;
{
+1 (
{ { { {
2 ( ) + ( ) = + + ( ) + − + ( ), B ≥ .
{ ¡
The functions ( ) form an orthogonal system on the interval −1 < < +1, with
+1 { { a 0 if B ≠ ,
( ) + ( ) = 1 ¡
ù £ 2 if B = ≠ 0,
−1 1 − 2 M ¡
if B = = 0.
¡
1 − °
= ÷
½ {
1 − 2 ° + ° 2 ( ) ° (| ° | < 1).
=0
Page 760
2 b . The Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind = ( ) satisfy the linear differential
equation
(1 − 2 ) − 3 + B (B + 2) = 0
sin[(B + 1) arccos ]
[
½ ´J 2]
(B − )!
( ) = £ 1− = (−1) + ¡ (2 ) −2 + (B = 0, 1, 2, ).
2
+ ! (B − 2 )!
=0 ¡ ¡
+1 ( ) = 2/ ( ) − −1 ( ), B ≥ 2.
1 ½
= ÷ ( ) ° (| ° | < 1).
1 − 2 ° + ° 2
=0
S.2.11-3. Hermite polynomials.

The Hermite polynomial 5 = 5 ( ) satisfies the linear differential equation
− 2 + 2B =0
and is defined by the formulas:
[ ´J 2]
½ (−1) + B ! +
5 ( ) = (−1) exp 2 M exp − 2 = (2 ) −2
(B = 0, 1, 2, ),
+ =0 ¡ ! ( B − 2 )!
M ¡
where [ # ] stands for the integer part of a number # .
The first five polynomials are:
2 3 4 2
5 0 = 1, 5 1 = , 5 2 = 4 − 2, 5 3 = 8 − 12 , 5 4 = 16 − 48 + 12.
5 +1 ( ) = 2"5 ( ) − 2B±5 −1 ( ), B ≥ 2.
2
The functions 5 ( ) form an orthogonal system on the interval − F < <F with weight −
:
0 if B ≠ ,
ù ÷ exp − 2 5 ( ) 5 + ( ) M = £ 2 B ! if B = ¡ .
− ¡
÷
The Hermite functions j ( ) are introduced by the formula j ( ) = exp − 12 2 5 ( ), where
B = 0, 1, 2,
½ °
exp − ° 2
+ 2 ° = ÷ 5 ( ) .
=0 B !
Page 761
762 SUPPLEMENTS
S.2.11-4. Gegenbauer polynomials.

The Gegenbauer polynomials L ( ) ( ) satisfy the linear differential equation
( 2 − 1) + (2 + 1) − B (2 + B ) = 0
(2 + B ) ½ ( + , ) (2 + B + , )( − 1)
L ( ) ( ) = w 2 + B , −B , + 12 ; 12 − 12 = w w .
(B + 1) (2 ) , ! (B − , )! 2 ( ) (2 + 2 , )
w w =0 w w
The functions L ( ) ( ) form an orthogonal system on the interval −1 < < +1, with
+1
a 0 if B ≠ ,
(1 − 2 ) −1 J 2 L ( ) ( ) L + ( ) ( ) = (2 + B ) ¡
ù
−1 M 2 2
w
−1 ( + B )B ! ( ) 2
if B = .
¡
w
½
(1 − 2 ° + ° 2 )− = ÷ L ( ) ( ) ° (| ° | < 1).
=0
S.2.11-5. Jacobi polynomials.

. ,: . ,:
The Jacobi polynomials 9 = 9 ( ) satisfy the linear differential equation
(1 − 2 ) + V ý − − ( + ý + 2)W + B (B + + ý + 1) = 0
. (−1) ½
9 ,: = (1 − )− 9 (1 + )−: M (1 − ) 9 + (1 + ): + S = 2− L + + L +−: + ( − 1) − + ( + 1) + ,
2 B ! Q + =0 9
M
where L are binomial coefficients.

S.2.12. The Weierstrass Function
S.2.12-1. Definitions.
The Weierstrass function < = < (H , 2, 3 ) is defined implicitly by the elliptic integral:
a
H =ù M
4a − 2 a − 3 3
ü
÷
and satisfies the first-order nonlinear differential equation:

( < )2 = 4 < 3 − 2 < − 3 .
S.2.12-2. Some properties.

Below < ( H ) stands for < ( H , 2, 3 ).
Properties:
1 < (H 1) − < (H 2)
2
< (H ) = < (− H ), < (H + H 2 ) = − < (H 1) − < (H 2) + ¬ ® .
1
4 < (H 1 ) − < (H 2)
In the vicinity of the point H = 0, the Weierstrass function can be expanded into the series:
1 2
3 2 3
< (H )= +
2
H 2+ 3
H 4+ 2
H 6+ H 8
+ ))) .
^_ H 2 20 28 1200 6160
References for Section S.2: H. Bateman and A. Erdélyi (1953, 1955), M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun (1964),
F. W. J. Olver (1974), A. F. Nikiforov and V. B. Uvarov (1988), N. M. Temme (1996).
Page 762
S.3. TABLES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 763
S.3. Tables of Indefinite Integrals

] Throughout Section S.3 the integration constant L is omitted for brevity.
S.3.1. Integrals Containing Rational Functions

S.3.1-1. Integrals containing + ' .
1
1. ù M = ln | + ' |.
+ '
( + ' ) +1
2. ù ( + ' ) M = (B + 1) , B ≠ −1.
1
3. ù +M ' = 2 + ' − ln | + ' | .
2 1 1
4. ù +M ' = 3 Q 2 ( + ' )2 − 2 ( + ' ) + 2 ln | + ' | S .
1 + '
5. ù ( M + ' ) = − ln û û.
û û
1 û û + '
6. ù 2 ( M + ' ) = − + 2 ln û û.
û û
1 û û
7. ù ( +M ' )2 = 2 O ln | + ' | + + '3P .
2 1 2
8. ù ( + M ' )2 = 3 O + ' − 2 ln | + ' | − + '3P .
1 1 + '
9. ù ( M + ' )2 = ( + ' ) − 2 ln û û.
û û
1 1 û û
10. ù ( +M ' )3 = 2 Q − + ' + 2( + ' )2 S .
S.3.1-2. Integrals containing + and + .

+
11. ù = + ( − ) ln | + |.
+ wM
1 +
12. ù M
( + )( + ) −
= ln û û , ≠ . For = , see integral 2 with B = −2.
û + û
1 û û
13. ù M = ln | + | − ln | + | .
( + )( + ) −
1 1 +
14. ù M = + ln .
( + )( + )2 ( − )( + ) ( − )2 ûû + ûû
û + û
15. ù M = − ln û û.
( + )( + ) 2 ( − )( + ) ( − ) 2
û + û
2 2 2 û û 2 − 2
16. ù M = + ln | + | + ln | + |.
( + )( + )2 ( − )( + ) ( − )2 ( − )2
1 1 1 2 +
17. ù M2 =− O + + ln û û.
( + ) ( + ) 2 ( − ) + 2 + 3P ( − ) 3
û + û
1 + û + û
18. ù M = O + + ln û û.
( + ) ( + ) 2 2 ( − ) + 2 + 3P ( − ) 3
û + û
2 1 2 2 2
û + û
19. ù M2 = − O + + ln .
( + ) ( + )2 ( − )2 + + 3P ( − )3 ûû + ûû
û û
Page 763
764 SUPPLEMENTS
S.3.1-3. Integrals containing 2

+ 2.
1
20. ù M = arctan .
2+ 2
1
21. ù M = arctan . +
( 2 + 2 )2 2 2( 2 2 3 + 2)
3 3
22. ù M = 2 2 + + arctan .
( 2 + 2 )3 4 ( + 2 )2 8 4 ( 2 + 2 ) 8 5
2B − 1
23. ù M
( 2 + 2 ) +1
=
2B± 2 ( 2 + 2 )
+
2B± 2
ù ( 2 +M 2 ) ; B = 1, 2,
1
24. ù M = ln( 2 + 2 ).
2+ 2 2
1
25. ù M =− .
( 2 + 2 )2 2( 2 + 2 )
1
26. ù M =− .
( 2 + 2 )3 4( 2 + 2 )2
1
27. ù M 2 +1 = − ; B = 1, 2,
( + )
2 2B ( + 2 )
2
2

28. ù M = − arctan .
2+ 2
2
1
29. ù M =− + arctan .
( 2 + 2 )2 2( 2 + 2 ) 2
2 1
30. ù M 2 3 = − 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 3 arctan .
( + ) 2 4( + ) 8 ( + ) 8
2 1
31. ù M =− + ù ( 2 +M 2 ) ; B = 1, 2,
( 2 + 2 ) +1 2B ( 2 + 2 ) 2B
3 2 2
32. ù M 2 = − ln( 2 + 2 ).
+
2 2 2
3 2 1
33. ù M = + ln( 2 + 2 ).
( 2 + 2 )2 2( 2 + 2 ) 2
3 1 2
34. ù M 2 +1 = − + ; B = 2, 3,
( + ) 2 2(B − 1)( + ) 2 2 −1 2B ( + 2 )
2
1 2
35. ù M2 2 = 2 ln 2 2 .
( + ) 2 +
1 1 2
36. ù M2 2 2 = 2 2 2 + 4 ln 2 2 .
( + ) 2 ( + ) 2 +
1 1 1 2
37. ù M 2 3 = 2 2 2 2 + 4 2 2 + 6 ln 2 2 .
( + ) 2 4 ( + ) 2 ( + ) 2 +
1 1
38. ù M = − 2 − 3 arctan .
2 ( 2 + 2 )
1 3
39. ù M =− 4 − 4 2 − arctan .
2 ( 2 + 2 )2 2 ( + 2 ) 2 5
1 1 1 2
40. ù M =− 4 2 − 4 2 − 6 ln 2 .
( + )
3 2 2 2 2 2 ( + ) 2 + 2
1 7 15
41. ù M =− 6 − 4 2 − − arctan .
2 ( 2 + 2 )3 4 ( + 2 )2 8 6 ( 2 + 2 ) 8 7
1 1 1 3 2
42. ù M =− 6 2 − 6 2 − 4 2 − 8 ln 2 .
( + )
3 2 2 3 2 ( + ) 4 ( + )
2 2 2 2 + 2
Page 764

− 2.
1 +
43. ù M = ln û .
2− 2 2 û − ûû
û û 1 +
44. ù M = + 3 ln û û.
( 2 − 2 )2 2 ( − ) 4
2 2 2
û − û
3û û 3 +
45. ù M = 2 2 + 4 2 + ln û.
( 2 − 2 )3 4 ( − ) 2 2 8 ( − ) 16 5 ûû −
2
û
2B − 1 û û
46. ù M 2 ) +1
= + ù M ; B = 1, 2,
( 2 − 2B± 2 ( 2 − 2 ) 2B± 2 ( 2 − 2)
1
47. ù M = − ln | 2 − 2 |.
2− 2 2
1
48. ù M = .
( 2 − 2 )2 2( 2 − 2 )
1
49. ù M = .
( 2 − 2 )3 4( 2 − 2 )2
1
50. ù M = ; B = 1, 2,
( 2 − 2 ) +1 2B ( 2 − 2 )
2 +
51. ù M = − + ln û .
2− 2 2 û − ûû
2 û û 1 +
52. ù M = − ln û .
( − 2 )2
2 2( 2 − 2 ) 4 û − ûû
2 û û 1 +
53. ù M = − − ln .
( 2 − 2 )3 4( 2 − 2 )2 8 2 ( 2 − 2 ) 16 3 ûû − ûû
2 1 û û
54. ù M = − ù M ; B = 1, 2,
( 2 − 2 ) +1 2B ( 2 − 2 ) 2B ( 2 − 2)
3 2 2
55. ù M = − − ln | 2 − 2 |.
2− 2 2 2
3 2 1
56. ù M = + ln | 2 − 2 |.
( 2 − 2 )2 2( 2 − 2 ) 2
3 1 2
57. ù M = − + ; B = 2, 3,
( 2 − 2 ) +1 2(B − 1)( 2 − 2 ) −1 2B ( 2 − 2 )
1 2
58. ù M = 2 ln û 2 û.
( − ) 2 2 2
û − 2 û
1
û û 1 2
59. ù M2 2 2 = 2 2 2 + 4 ln û 2 2 û .
( − ) 2 ( − ) 2 û − û
1 1
û û 1 2
60. ù M2 2 3 = 2 2 2 2 + 4 2 2 + 6 ln û 2 2 û .
( − ) 4 ( − ) 2 ( − ) 2 û − û
û û
+ 3.
1 ( + )2
2 − 1
61. ù M = ln£ arctan £ . +
+ 3 3 6 2
2 − +
3 3 2 2
2
62. ù M = 3 3 + ù 3M + 3 .
( 3 + 3 )2 3 ( + 3 ) 3 3
1 2 − + 2 1 2 −
63. ù M 3 = ln + £ arctan £ .
+
3 6 ( + ) 2
3 3
Page 765
766 SUPPLEMENTS
2
1
64. ù M = + ù M .
( 3 + 3 )2 3 3( 3 + 3) 3 3 3+ 3
2

1
65. ù M ln | 3 + 3 |.
=
3+ 3 3
1 3
66. ù M = 3 ln û 3 û.
( + ) 3
3 3
û + 3 û
û û
1 1 3
67. ù M3 3 2 = 3 3 3 + 6 ln û 3 3 û.
( + ) 3 ( + ) 3 û + û
1 1 û û
68. ù M =− 3 − 3 ù M .
2 ( 3 + 3 ) 3+ 3
1 2 4
69. ù M = − − − ù M .
2 ( 3 + 3 )2 6 3 6 ( 3 + 3 ) 3 6 3+ 3

− 3.
1 2 + + 2
1 2 +
70. ù M = ln + arctan £ .
− 3 3 6 2 ( − )2 2£ 3 3
2
71. ù M 32 = 3 3 3 + 3ù M 3.
( − ) 3 3 ( − ) 3 − 3
1 2 + + 2 1 2 +
72. ù M 3 = ln − £ arctan £ .
−3 6 ( − ) 2
3 3
2 1
73. ù M = + 3 ù M .
( − ) 3 3 2 3 ( − ) 3
3 3 3 − 3
3
2 1
74. ù M = − ln | 3 − 3 |.
3− 3 3
1 3
75. ù M3 3 = 3 ln û 3 3 û .
( − ) 3 û − û
û û
1 1 3
76. ù M 32 = + ln û 3 û.
( − ) 3 3 ( − ) 3
3 3 3 6
û − 3 û
1 1 û û
77. ù M = − + ù M .
2 ( 3 − 3 ) 3 3 3− 3
1 2 4
78. ù M = − − + 6 ù M .
( − )
2 3 3 2 6 3 ( − ) 3
6 3 3 − 3
3
S.3.1-7. Integrals containing AC 4 .

4
1 2 + £ 2 + 2 1 £ 2
79. ù M = ln + arctan .
+ 4 4
4 3 £ 2 2 − £ 2 + 2 2 3 £ 2 2− 2
1 2
80. ù M = 2 arctan 2 .
+
4 4 2
2 1 2 + £ 2 + 2 1 £ 2
81. ù M =− £ ln + arctan .
4+ 4
4 2 2 − £ 2 + 2 2 £ 2 2− 2
1 + 1
82. ù M = 3 ln û + arctan .
4− 4 4 û − ûû 2 3
û 2 û2
1 +
83. ù M = 2 ln û 2 û.
4− 4 4 û − 2 û
û û
Page 766
2
1 + 1
84. ù M ln û = − arctan .
4− 4 4 û − ûû 2
1û û +
85. ù M = ln û + û.
( + ' + ) û + ' û ¡ û û
S.3.2. Integrals Containing Irrational Functions
S.3.2-1. Integrals containing 1 J 2 .
1J 2
2 1 J 2 2 ' 1 J 2
1. ù M = − arctan .
2 + 2 2 3
3J 2 2 3 J 2 2 2 1 J 2 2 3 ' 1 J 2
2. ù M = − + arctan .
2 + 2 3 2 4 5
1J 2 1J 2 1 ' 1 J 2
3. ù M = − + arctan .
( 2 + 2 )2 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 3
3J 2 2 3 J 2 3 2 1 J 2 3 ' 1 J 2
4. ù M = + − arctan .
( 2 + 2 )2 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 4( 2 + 2 ) 5
2 ' 1 J 2
5. ù M = arctan .
( 2 + 2 ) 1 J 2
2 2 ' 1 J 2
6. ù M 2 3 J 2 = − 2 1 J 2 − 3 arctan .
( + )
2
1J 2 1 ' 1 J 2
7. ù M 2 2 1 J 2 = 2 2 2 + 3 arctan .
( + )
2 ( + )
1J 2 2 2 + ' 1 J 2
8. ù M 2 = − 2 1 J 2 + 3 ln û û.
− 2 û − ' 1 J 2 û
û û
3J 2 2 3 J 2 2 2 1 J 2 3 + ' 1 J 2
9. ù M = − − + ln û û.
−
2 2 3 2 4 5
û − ' 1 J 2 û
û û
1J 2 1J 2 1 + ' 1 J 2
10. ù M = − ln .
( 2 − 2 )2 2 ( 2 − 2 ) 2 3 ûû − ' 1 J 2 ûû
û û
3J 2 3 2 1 J 2 − 2 2 3 J 2 3 + ' 1 J 2
11. ù M = − ln .
( 2 − 2 )2 4( 2 − 2 ) 2 5 ûû − ' 1 J 2 ûû
û û
1 + ' 1 J 2
12. ù M = ln .
( 2 − 2 ) 1 J 2 ûû − ' 1 J 2 ûû
û û
2 + ' 1 J 2
13. ù M = − + ln .
( 2 − 2 ) 3 J 2 2 1 J 2 3 ûû − ' 1 J 2 ûû
û û
1J 2 1 + ' 1 J 2
14. ù M = + ln .
( 2 − 2 )2 1 J 2 2 ( 2 − 2 ) 2 3 ûû − ' 1 J 2 ûû
û û
S.3.2-2. Integrals containing ( + ' )K J 2 .
2
15. ù ( + ' )K J 2 M = ( + 2) ( + ' )(K +2) J 2 .
2 ( + ' )(K +4) J 2 ( + ' )(K +2) J 2
16. ù ( + ' )K J 2 = 2 ¬ ® .
M +4 − +2
2 ( + ' )(K +6) J 2 2 ( + ' )(K +4) J 2 2 ( + ' )(K J
+2) 2
17. ù 2 ( + ' )K J 2 = 3 ¬ ® .
M +6 − +4 +
+2
Page 767
768 SUPPLEMENTS
S.3.2-3. Integrals containing ( 2

+ 2 )1 J 2 .
1 2
18. ù ( 2
+ 2 )1 J ( 2 + 2 )1 J 2 +
2
= ln V + ( 2
+ 2 )1 J 2 W .
M 2 2
1
19. ù ( 2 + 2 )1 J 2 M = 3 ( 2 + 2 )3 J 2 .
1 3 2 2 3
20. ù ( 2 + 2 )3 J 2 M = 4 ( 2 + 2 )3 J 2 + 8
( + 2 )1 J 2 +
8
4
ln + (
û
2
+ 2 )1 J 2
û
.
û û
1 2 + ( 2 + 2 )1 J 2
21. ù ( + 2 )1 J 2 = ( 2 + 2 )1 J 2 − ln û û.
M û û
û û
22. ù £ M2 = ln V + ( 2
+ ) J W .
2 1 2
+ 2
2 2 1J 2
23. £ 2M + 2 = ( + ) .
ù
24. ù ( 2 + 2 )−3 J 2 = −2 ( 2 + 2 )−1 J 2 .

M

− 2 )1 J 2 .
1 2
25. ù ( 2
− 2 )1 J ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 −
2
= ln + ( 2
− 2 )1 J 2
.
M 2 2 û û
û û
1
26. ù ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 M = 3 ( 2 − 2 )3 J 2 .
1 3 2 3
27. ù ( 2 − 2 )3 J 2 M = 4 ( 2 − 2 )3 J 2 − 8
( 2
− 2 )1 J 2 +
8
4
ln + (
û
2
− 2 )1 J 2
û
.
û û
1 2
28. ù ( − 2 )1 J 2 = ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 − arccos û û.
M û û
2 2 1J 2
û û
29. £ M 2 − 2 = ln û + ( − ) û .
ù
û û
2 2 1J 2
30. ù £ M = ( − ) .
2− 2
31. ù ( 2 − 2 )−3 J 2 = − −2 ( 2 − 2 )−1 J 2 .
M

− 2 )1 J 2 .
1 2
32. ù ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 M = 2 ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 + 2 arcsin .
1
33. ù ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 = − ( 2 − 2 )3 J 2 .
M 3
2 3J 2 1 3 3
2
34. ù ( − ) = ( 2 − 2 )3 J 2 + 2 ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 + 4
arcsin .
M 4 8 8
1 2 + ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2
35. ù ( − 2 )1 J 2 = ( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 − ln û û.
M û û
û û
36. ù £ M = arcsin .
2− 2

37. ù £ M = −( 2 − 2 )1 J 2 .
2− 2
38. ù ( 2 − 2 )−3 J 2 = −2 ( 2 − 2 )−1 J 2 .
M
Page 768

The parameters , , , , and B below can assume arbitrary values, except for those at which
¡
denominators vanish in successive applications of a formula. Notation: ¨ = + .
+ 1
39. ù ( + )K = O + +1 ¨ K + B¦ ù + ¨ K −1 .
M + B¦ + 1 M P
¡
+ 1 + +
40. ù ( + )K = − +1 ¨ K +1 + ( + B + B¦ + 1) ù ¨ K +1 S .
M 'B ( + 1) Q ¡ M
+ 1 + ¨ + ¨
41. ù ( + )K = +1 K +1 − ( + B + B¦ + 1) ù + K S .
M ( + 1) Q ¡ M
¡
+ 1
42. ù ( + )K = + − +1 ¨ K +1 − ( − B + 1) ù + − ¨ K S .
M ( + B¦ + 1) Q ¡ M
¡
S.3.3. Integrals Containing Exponential Functions

1
1. ù = .
M

2. ù = .
M ln
1
3. ù = O − 2 .
M P
2 2 2
4. ù 2 = O − 2 + 3 .
M P
1 B B (B − 1) −2 B ! B !
5. ù = − 2 −1 + − ))) + (−1) −1 + (−1) +1 S ,
M Q 3
B = 1, 2,
6. ù
. ( ) = ½ (−1) M . ( ), where . ( ) is an arbitrary polynomial of degree B .
M +1
=0 M
1
7. ù M
+ K
= −
D ln | + K |.
1
£ arctan K I if > 0,
8. ù M =
K + −K 1 + K £ −
ln if < 0.
2 £ − − K £ −
£ + K −£
1
£ £ + + £ if > 0,
ln
9. ù £ M = £
K

+ K 2 + K
arctan if < 0.
£ − £ −
S.3.4. Integrals Containing Hyperbolic Functions

S.3.4-1. Integrals containing cosh .
1
1. ù cosh( + ' ) M = sinh( + ' ).
2. ù cosh = sinh − cosh .

M
Page 769
770 SUPPLEMENTS
3. ù 2 cosh = ( 2
+ 2) sinh − 2 cosh .
M
2 ½
2 −1
4. ù cosh
2
= (2B )!
sinh − ¬
cosh ® .
M =1 (2 , )! (2 , − 1)!
½ 2 +1 2
5. ù 2 +1 cosh = (2B + 1)! ¬ sinh − cosh ® .
M =0 (2 , + 1)! (2 , )!
6. ù K cosh = K sinh − K −1

cosh + ( − 1) ù K −2
cosh .
M M
7. ù cosh2 M = 12 + 14 sinh 2 .
8. ù cosh3 M = sinh + 13 sinh3 .

1 ½
−1 sinh[2(B − , ) ]
9. ù cosh2 = L 2 2 + 2 −1 L 2 , B = 1, 2,
M 2 2
=0 2(B − , )

1 ½ sinh[(2B − 2 , + 1) ] ½ sinh2 +1
10. ù cosh2 +1 = 2 L 2 +1 = L , B = 1, 2,
M 2
=0 2B − 2 , + 1
=0 2, + 1
1 −1
11. ù coshK M = sinh coshK −1
+
ù coshK −2

M
.
1
12. ù cosh cosh ' M = 2 − 2 ( cosh ' sinh − cosh sinh ' ).
2
13. ù cosh M = arctan .

sinh 1 ½ −1 2 (B − 1)(B − 2) (B − , ) 1
14. ù M 2
= ¬ + ® ,
cosh 2B − 1 cosh 2 −1
(2B − 3)(2B − 5) (2B − 2 , − 1) cosh2 −2 −1
=1
B = 1, 2,
sinh 1 ½ −1 (2B − 1)(2B − 3) (2B − 2 , + 1) 1
15. ù M = ¬ + ®
cosh2 +1 2B cosh2 =1 2 (B − 1)(B − 2) (B − , ) cosh2 −2

(2B − 1)!!
+ arctan sinh , B = 1, 2,
(2B )!!
sign + cosh
−£

arcsin
+ cosh
if 2 < 2 ,
ù + M cosh =
2 − 2
16.
1 + + £ 2 − 2 tanh(
2)
£ 2 − 2 ln + − £ 2 − 2 tanh(
2) if > .
2 2
S.3.4-2. Integrals containing sinh .

1
17. ù sinh( + ' ) M = cosh( + ' ).
18. ù sinh = cosh − sinh .

M
19. ù 2 sinh = ( 2
+ 2) cosh − 2 sinh .
M
½ 2 ½ 2 −1
20. ù 2 sinh = (2B )! ¬ cosh − sinh ® .
M =0
(2 , )!
=1 (2 , − 1)!
Page 770
½ 2 +1 2
21. ù 2 +1
sinh = (2B + 1)! ¬ cosh − sinh ® .
M =0
(2 , + 1)! (2 , )!
22. ù K sinh = K cosh − K −1

sinh + ( − 1) ù K −2
sinh .
M M
2
23. ù sinh M = − 21 + 14 sinh 2 .
24. ù sinh3 M = − cosh + 13 cosh3 .

1 ½
−1 sinh[2(B − , ) ]
25. ù sinh2 = (−1) L 2 2 + 2 −1 (−1) L 2 , B = 1, 2,
M 2 2
=0 2(B − , )

1 ½ cosh[(2B − 2 , + 1) ] ½ cosh2 +1
26. ù sinh2 +1 = 2 (−1) L 2 +1 = (−1) + L ,
M 2
=0 2B − 2 , + 1
=0 2, + 1
B = 1, 2,
1 −1
27. ù sinhK M = sinhK −1
cosh −
ù sinhK −2

M
.
1
28. ù sinh sinh ' M = 2 − 2 cosh sinh ' − cosh ' sinh .
1
29. ù sinh M = ln û tanh .
û 2 ûû
cosh û û 1
30. ù M = ¬−
sinh2 2B − 1 sinh2 −1
½ −1 2 (B − 1)(B − 2) (B − , ) 1
+ (−1) −1 ® , B = 1, 2,
(2B − 3)(2B − 5) (2B − 2 , − 1) sinh2 −2 −1
=1
cosh 1 ½ −1 (2B −1)(2B −3) (2B −2 , +1) 1
31. ù M 2 +1 = ¬ − 2 + (−1) −1 ®
sinh 2B sinh 2 (B −1)(B −2) (B − , ) sinh −2
2
=1
(2B − 1)!!
+ (−1) ln tanh , B = 1, 2,
(2B )!! 2
1 tanh(
2) − + £ 2 + 2
32. ù + M sinh = £ 2 2 ln .
+ tanh(
2) − − £ 2 + 2
#* + $ sinh $ #3 − $C tanh(
2) − + £ 2 + 2
33. ù = + £ ln .
+ sinh M 2 + 2 tanh(
2) − − £ 2 + 2
S.3.4-3. Integrals containing tanh or coth .
34. ù tanh M = ln cosh .
35. ù tanh2 M = − tanh .
36. ù tanh3 M = − 12 tanh2 + ln cosh .

½ tanh2 −2 +1
37. ù tanh2 = − , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2B − 2 , + 1
½ (−1) L ½ tanh2 −2 +2
38. ù tanh2 +1 = ln cosh − 2
= ln cosh − , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2 , cosh =1 2B − 2 , + 2
Page 771
772 SUPPLEMENTS
1
39. ù tanhK M = − − 1 tanhK −1
+ ù tanhK −2

M
.
40. ù coth M = ln |sinh |.
41. ù coth2 M = − coth .
42. ù coth3 M = − 12 coth2 + ln |sinh |.

½ coth2 −2 +1
43. ù coth2 = − , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2B − 2 , + 1
½ L ½ coth2 −2 +2
44. ù coth2 +1 = ln |sinh |− 2
= ln |sinh |− , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2 , sinh =1 2B − 2 , + 2
1
ù cothK M = − − 1 cothK + ù cothK
−1 −2
45. .
M
S.3.5. Integrals Containing Logarithmic Functions

1. ù ln M = ln − .
2. ù ln = 12 2 ln − 14 2 .
M
1
K +1
ln −
1
K +1
if ≠ −1,
3. ù K ln = +1 ( + 1)2
M 1
2 ln2 if = −1.
4. ù (ln )2 M = (ln )2 − 2 ln + 2 .
5. (ln )2 = 12 2 (ln )2 − 12 2 ln + 14 2 .
ù M

K +1
(ln ) 2
−
2K +1
ln +
2K +1
if ≠ −1,
6. ù K (ln )2 = + 1 ( + 1)2 ( + 1)3
M 1
3 ln
3
if = −1.
½
7. ù (ln ) = (−1) (B + 1)Be (B − , + 1)(ln ) − , B = 1, 2,
M B + 1 =0
8. ù (ln ) & M = (ln ) & − ù (ln ) & −1 M , ≠ −1.

+
+1 ½ (−1)
9. ù (ln ) + = ( + 1) ( − , + 1)(ln ) + − , B , = 1, 2,
M +1 (B + 1) +1 ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ =0
1
10. ù K (ln ) & =
+ 1 K (ln ) & − + 1 ù K (ln ) & M , , ≠ −1.
+1 −1
M
1
11. ù ln( + ' ) M = ( + ) ln( + ) − .
1 2 1 2

12. ù ln( + ' ) = 2 − 2 ln( + ' ) − − .
M 2 2 2
1 3
1 3
2
2
13. ù 2 ln( + ' ) = 3 − 3 ln( + ' ) − − + .
M 3 3 3 2 2
Page 772
ln ln 1
14. ù M =−+ ln .
( + ' ( + ' )
)2 + '
ln ln 1 1
15. ù M =− + + 2 ln .
( + '
2 ( + ' ) 2 ( + ' ) 2£ + £'
) 3 2
2 + ' +
¬ (ln − 2) £ + ' + £ ln £ ® if > 0,
ln + ' − £
16. ù £ +M ' = 2 £ + '
¬ (ln − 2) £ + ' + 2 £ − arctan £ ® if < 0.
−
17. ù ln( 2 + 2 ) = ln( 2 + 2 ) − 2 + 2 arctan(
).
M
18. ù ln( 2 + 2 ) = 12 V ( 2 + 2 ) ln( 2 + 2 ) − 2 W .
M
2 ln( 2 + 2 ) = 13 V 3 ln( 2 + 2 ) − 23 3 + 2 2 − 2 3 arctan(
)W .
19. ù M
S.3.6. Integrals Containing Trigonometric Functions

S.3.6-1. Integrals containing cos (B = 1, 2, ).
1
1. ù cos( + ' ) M = sin( + ' ).
2. ù cos = cos + sin .

M
3. ù 2 cos = 2 cos + ( 2
− 2) sin .
M
½ 2 −2 ½ −1
2 −2 −1
4. ù cos
2
= (2B )! ¬ (−1) sin + (−1) cos ® .
M =0
(2B − 2 , )!
=0 (2B − 2 , − 1)!
½ 2 −2 +1

2 −2
5. ù 2 +1
cos = (2B + 1)! ¬ (−1) sin + cos ® .
M =0
(2B − 2 , + 1)! (2B − 2 , )!
6. ù K cos = K sin + K −1

cos − ( − 1) ù K −2
cos .
M M
7. ù cos2 M = 12 + 14 sin 2 .
8. ù cos3 M = sin − 13 sin3 .

1 ½
−1
1 sin[(2B − 2 , ) ]
9. ù cos2 = L + L 2 .
M 22 2 22 −1 2B − 2 ,
=0
½
1 sin[(2B − 2 , + 1) ]
10. ù cos2 +1 = 2 L 2 +1 .
M 2
=0 2B − 2 , + 1

11. ù M = ln û tan O + .
cos û 2 4 P ûû
û û
12. ù M 2 = tan .
cos
sin 1
13. ù M = + ln û tan O + .
cos3 2 cos2 2 û 2 4 P ûû
û û
Page 773
774 SUPPLEMENTS
sin B −2
ù M = +M , B > 1.
B − 1 ù cos −2
14.
cos (B − 1) cos −1
½ −1
(2B − 2)(2B − 4) (2B − 2 , + 2) (2B − 2 , ) sin − cos
15. ù M
2
=
cos (2B − 1)(2B − 3) (2B − 2 , + 3) (2B − 2 , + 1)(2B − 2 , ) cos2 −2 +1
=0
2 (B − 1)!
−1
+ tan + ln |cos | .
(2B − 1)!!
sin V ( − ) W sin V ( + ) W
16. ù cos cos ' = + , ≠ A/ .
M 2( − ) 2( + )
2 ( − ) tan(
2)
£ 2− 2 arctan £ 2− 2 if 2
> 2,

17. ù M = £
2)
+ cos 1 2 − 2 + ( − ) tan(
£ 2 − 2 ln ûû £ 2 − 2 − ( − ) tan(
2) ûû if > .
2 2
û û
sin û û
18. ù M = 2 − 2 ù M .
( + cos ) 2 ( − )( + cos ) − 2
2 + cos
1 tan
19. ù M = £ arctan £ .
2 + 2 cos2 + 2 2 2+ 2
1 tan
£ 2 − 2 arctan £ 2 − 2 if 2
> 2,
20. ù M = £ 2 − 2 − tan
2 − 2 cos2 1
ln û û if 2
> 2.
2 £ 2 − 2 ûû £ 2 − 2 + tan û
û
û û
21. ù cos ' = 2 2 sin ' + 2 2 cos ' .
M + +

2
22. ù cos2 = 2 cos2 + 2 sin cos + .
M +4 r

cos −1 B (B − 1)
ù cos = ( cos + B sin ) + 2 cos −2
.
+B 2 ù
23.
M +B
2 2 M
S.3.6-2. Integrals containing sin (B = 1, 2, ).

1
24. ù sin( + ' ) M = − cos( + ' ).
25. ù sin = sin − cos .

M
26. ù 2 sin = 2 sin − ( 2
− 2) cos .
M
27. ù 3 sin = (3 2
− 6) sin − ( 3
− 6 ) cos .
M
½ 2 −2 ½ −1 2 −2 −1
28. ù 2 sin = (2B )! ¬ (−1) +1
cos + (−1) sin ® .
M =0
(2B − 2 , )!
=0 (2B − 2 , − 1)!
½ 2 −2 +1 2 −2
29. ù 2 +1
sin = (2B + 1)! ¬ (−1) +1 cos + (−1) sin ® .
M =0
(2B − 2 , + 1)! (2B − 2 , )!
30. ù K sin = − K cos + K −1

sin − ( − 1) ù K −2
sin .
M M
31. ù sin2 M = 12 − 14 sin 2 .
Page 774
32. ù sin2 = 14 2
− 14 sin 2 − 1
cos 2 .
M 8
33. ù sin3 M = − cos + 13 cos3 .

−1
1 (−1) ½ sin[(2B − 2 , ) ]
2
34. ù sin = 2 L 2 + 2 −1 (−1) L 2 ,
M 2 2
=0 2B − 2 ,
!
where L + = ¡ are binomial coefficients (0! = 1).
, ! ( − , )!
¡
2 +1 1 ½ cos[(2B − 2 , + 1) ]
35. ù sin = 2 (−1) + +1 L 2 +1 .
M 2
=0 2B − 2 , + 1

36. ù M = ln û tan û .
sin û 2û
û û
37. ù M 2 = − cot .
sin
cos 1
38. ù M =− + ln û tan û .
sin3 2 sin2 2 û 2û
cos û B −û 2
39. ù M =− + ù M −2 , B > 1.
sin (B − 1) sin −1 B − 1 sin
½ −1
(2B − 2)(2B − 4) (2B − 2 , + 2) sin + (2B − 2 , ) cos
40. ù M =−
sin2 (2B − 1)(2B − 3) (2B − 2 , + 3) (2B − 2 , + 1)(2B − 2 , ) sin2 −2 +1
=0
2 −1 (B − 1)!
+ ln |sin | − cot .
(2B − 1)!!
sin[( − ) ] sin[( + ) ]
41. ù sin sin ' = − , ≠ A/ .
M 2( − ) 2( + )
2 + tan
2
£ arctan £ if 2 > 2 ,
2− 2 2− 2
42. ù M =
+ sin 1 − £ 2 − 2 + tan
2
£ 2 − 2 û + £ 2 − 2 + tan
2 ûû if > .
û 2 2
ln
û û
cos û û
43. ù M = + ù M .
( + sin )2 ( 2 − 2 )( + sin ) 2 − 2 + sin
1 £ 2 + 2 tan
44. ù M = arctan .
2 + 2 sin2 £ 2 + 2
1 £ 2 − 2 tan
£ arctan

if 2 > 2 ,
= −
2 2
45. ù M £ 2 − 2 tan +
2 − 2 sin2 1
ln û û if 2 > 2 .
2 £ 2 − 2 ûû £ 2 − 2 tan − ûû
sin 1 , cosû û
46. ù £ M2 2 = − arcsin £ .
1 + , sin , 1+, 2
sin 1
47. ù £ M = − ln , cos + £ 1 − , 2 sin2 .
1 − , 2 sin2 , û û
û û
£ cos £ 1+, 2 , cos
48. ù sin 1 + , sin = −
2 2 1 + , sin −
2 2 arcsin £ .
M 2 2, 1+, 2
cos £ 1−, 2
49. ù sin £ 1 − , 2 sin2 = − 1 − , 2 sin2 − ln , cos + £ 1 − , 2 sin2 .
M 2 2, û û
û û
Page 775
776 SUPPLEMENTS

50. ù sin ' = O 2 2 sin ' − 2 2 cos ' .
M + + P
2
51. ù sin2 = 2 O sin2 − 2 sin cos + .
M +4 P
sin −1 B (B − 1)
ù sin = ( sin − B cos ) + 2 sin −2
.
+B 2 ù
52.
M +B
2 2 M
S.3.6-3. Integrals containing sin and cos .
cos[( + ) ] cos V ( − ) W
53. ù sin cos ' M = − 2( + ) − 2( − ) , ≠ A/ .
1 (
54. ù 2 cos2 M + ( 2 sin2 = ( arctan O tan P .
1 ( tan +
55. ù 2 cos2 M − ( 2 sin2 = 2 ( ln û ( tan − û .
û û
+ −1 û û
½
+ 2 −2 + +1
tan
56. ù cos2 M sin2 + = L + + −1 , B , = 1, 2,
=0 2, − 2 + 1 ¡
¡
++
+ ln |tan | + ½ L tan2 −2 +
57. M
ù cos2 +1 sin2 + +1 = L ++ ++ , B , = 1, 2,
=0 2, − 2 ¡
¡

The parameters and below can assume any values, except for those at which the denominators
on the right-hand side vanish.
sinK −1
cos & +1 −1
58. ù sinK cos & M = − + +
+ ù sinK cos& M .
−2
sinK cos & =

sinK +1 cos & −1
+
− 1 sinK cos& −2 .
59. ù M + + ù M
sinK cos & =
sinK cos &
−1 −1
O sin2 −
−1
60. ù M + + −2P
( − 1)( − 1)
+
( + )( + − 2)
ù sinK −2 cos & −2 M .
sinK cos & =

sinK +1 cos & +1
+
+ + 2 sinK +2 cos & .
61. ù M +1 +1 ù M
sinK cos & = −
sinK cos &
+1 +1
+
+ + 2 sinK cos & +2 .
62. ù M +1 +1 ù M
sinK cos & = −
sinK cos &
−1 +1
+
− 1 sinK −2 cos& +2 .
63. ù M +1 +1 ù M
sinK cos & =
sinK cos &
+1 −1
−1
+ 1 ù sinK cos & M .
+2 −2
64. ù +
M +1
S.3.6-5. Integrals containing tan and cot .
65. ù tan M = − ln |cos |.
Page 776
66. ù tan2 M = tan − .
67. ù tan3 M = 12 tan2 + ln |cos |.
2 ½ (−1) (tan )2 −2 +1
68. ù tan = (−1) − , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2B − 2 , + 1
2 +1 +1
½ (−1) (tan )2 −2 +2
69. ù tan = (−1) ln |cos | − , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2B − 2 , + 2
1
70. ù + M tan = 2 + 2 + ln | cos + sin | .

tan 1
71. ù £ M = £ arccos 1 − cos , > , > 0.
+ tan2 −
72. ù cot M = ln |sin |.
73. ù cot2 M = − cot − .
74. ù cot3 M = − 21 cot2 − ln |sin |.

½ (−1) (cot )2 −2 +1
75. ù cot2 = (−1) + , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2B − 2 , + 1
½ (−1) (cot )2 −2 +2
76. ù cot2 +1 = (−1) ln |sin | + , B = 1, 2,
M =1 2B − 2 , + 2
1
77. ù M = 2 2 − ln | sin + cos | .
+ cot +
S.3.7. Integrals Containing Inverse Trigonometric Functions

£
1. ù arcsin M = arcsin + 2 − 2 .
2 2 £
2. ù O arcsin P M = O arcsin P − 2 + 2 2 − 2 arcsin .
1 £
3. ù arcsin M = 4 (2 2 − 2 ) arcsin + 4 2 − 2 .
3 1 £
4. ù 2 arcsin þM = 3 arcsin + 9 ( 2 + 2 2 ) 2 − 2 .
£
5. ù arccos þM = arccos − 2 − 2 .
2 2 £
6. ù O arccos P M = O arccos *P − 2 − 2 2 − 2 arccos
.
1 £
7. ù arccos M = 4 (2 2 − 2 ) arccos − 4 2 − 2 .
3 1 £
8. ù 2 arccos M = 3 arccos − 9 ( 2 + 2 2 ) 2 − 2 .

9. ù arctan þM = arctan − 2 ln( 2 + 2 ).
Page 777
778 SUPPLEMENTS
1
10. ù arctan = ( 2 + 2 ) arctan − .
M 2 2
3
2
3
11. ù 2 arctan = arctan − + ln( 2 + 2 ).
þM 3 6 6

12. ù arccot = arccot + ln( 2 + 2 ).
M 2
1 2 2
13. ù arccot = ( + ) arccot + .
þM 2 2
3 2
3
14. ù 2 arccot = arccot + − ln( 2 + 2 ).
^_ þM 3 6 6
References for Subsection S.3.3: H. B. Dwight (1961), I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik (1980), A. P. Prudnikov,
Yu. A. Brychkov, and O. I. Marichev (1986, 1988).
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S.1. Elementary Functions and Their Properties

S.1.1. Trigonometric Functions

sin2  + cos2  = 1, tan  cot  = 1,

S.1.1-2. Relations between trigonometric functions of single argument.

S.1.1-3. Reduction formulas.

sin(uACB ) = (−1)  sin  , cos(pAIB ) = (−1)  cos  ,

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.1-4. Addition and subtraction of trigonometric functions.

S.1.1-5. Products of trigonometric functions.

sin  sin = 12 [cos( − ) − cos( + )],

S.1.1-6. Powers of trigonometric functions.

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.1-7. Addition formulas.

S.1.1-8. Trigonometric functions of multiple arguments.

cos 2 = 2 cos2  − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2  , sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  ,

S.1.1-9. Trigonometric functions of half argument.

S.1.1-10. Euler and de Moivre formulas. Relationship with hyperbolic functions.

S.1.1-11. Differentiation formulas.

sin  cos  tan  1 cot  1

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.1-12. Expansion into power series.

S.1.2-2. Simplest relations.

cosh2  − sinh2  = 1, tanh  coth  = 1,

S.1.2-3. Relations between hyperbolic functions of single argument ( ≥ 0).

S.1.2-4. Addition formulas.

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.2-5. Addition and subtraction of hyperbolic functions.

S.1.2-6. Products of hyperbolic functions.

sinh  sinh = 12 [cosh( + ) − cosh( − )],

S.1.2-7. Powers of hyperbolic functions.

S.1.2-8. Hyperbolic functions of multiple arguments.

cosh 2 = 2 cosh2  − 1, sinh 2 = 2 sinh  cosh  ,

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.2-9. Relationship with trigonometric functions.

sinh(Ý ) =  sin  , cosh(Ý ) = cos  , tanh(Ý ) =  tan  , coth(Ý ) = − cot  ,  2 = −1.

S.1.2-10. Differentiation formulas.

sinh  cosh  tanh  1 coth  1

S.1.2-11. Expansion into power series.

S.1.3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

S.1.3-1. Definitions and some properties.

Principal values of inverse trigonometric functions are defined by the inequalities:

− z2 ≤ arcsin  ≤ z2 , 0 ≤ arccos  ≤ (−1 ≤  ≤ 1),

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.3-2. Simplest formulas.

arcsin(− ) = − arcsin  , arccos(− ) = − arccos  ,

arcsin  +arccos  = z2 , arctan  +arccot  = z2 ;

S.1.3-4. Addition and subtraction of inverse trigonometric functions.

arcsin  + arcsin = arcsin   1− 2 + £ 1− 2  for  2

S.1.3-5. Differentiation formulas.

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.3-6. Expansion into power series.

S.1.4. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

S.1.4-2. Relations between inverse hyperbolic functions.

S.1.4-3. Addition and subtraction of inverse hyperbolic functions.

arcsinh pA arcsinh = arcsinh   , 1+ 2 A £ 1+ 2

S.1.4-4. Differentiation formulas.

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

S.1.4-5. Expansion into power series.

S.2. Special Functions and Their Properties

S.2.1. Some Symbols and Coefficients

S.2.1-2. Binomial coefficients.

© 2003 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

sin2 + cos2 = 1, tan cot = 1,

sin(uACB ) = (−1) sin , cos(pAIB ) = (−1) cos ,

sin sin = 12 [cos( − ) − cos( + )],

cos 2 = 2 cos2 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 , sin 2 = 2 sin cos ,

sin cos tan 1 cot 1

cosh2 − sinh2 = 1, tanh coth = 1,

S.1.2-3. Relations between hyperbolic functions of single argument ( ≥ 0).

sinh sinh = 12 [cosh( + ) − cosh( − )],

cosh 2 = 2 cosh2 − 1, sinh 2 = 2 sinh cosh ,

sinh(Ý ) = sin , cosh(Ý ) = cos , tanh(Ý ) = tan , coth(Ý ) = − cot , 2 = −1.

sinh cosh tanh 1 coth 1

− z2 ≤ arcsin ≤ z2 , 0 ≤ arccos ≤ (−1 ≤ ≤ 1),

arcsin(− ) = − arcsin , arccos(− ) = − arccos ,

arcsin +arccos = z2 , arctan +arccot = z2 ;

arcsin + arcsin = arcsin 1− 2 + £ 1− 2 for 2

arcsinh pA arcsinh = arcsinh , 1+ 2 A £ 1+ 2

Asymptotic expansion of erfc as þDGF :

Expansion into series in powers of as þD 0:

where z = 0.5772 is the Euler constant.

S.2.5-3. Bessel functions for @ = A"B , where B = 0, 1, 2,

£ ) = (−1) (cos + sin ) + [ (

= + = 2.4 + 3.13 ( − 1) ( = 1, 2, ),

5 Á (1) ( H ) = ø Á ( H ) + ÖnÁ ( H ), 5 Á (2) ( H ) = ø Á ( H ) − ÖnÁ ( H ), 2 = −1.

S.2.6-3. Modified Bessel functions for @ = B , where B = 0, 1, 2,

; Á ( ) = ùÈ÷ exp(− cosh a ) cosh( @!a ) a

S.2.6-6. Asymptotic expansions as þDGF .

S.2.7-4. Degenerate hypergeometric functions for B = 0, 1, 2,

where z = 0.5772 is the Euler constant.

is valid for any .

( − 1) + [( + ý + 1) − = ] + ý = 0.

which, a fortiori, is convergent for | | < 1.

Æ Á ( ) = © z·V − 2 © z Æ Á ( + 0) + 2 © z Æ Á ( − 0)W .

The first three functions Æ = Æ ( ) are given by: