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COURSE OI\I PRACTI CA,L TEC HNIOUES IN EARTHOUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN OF [.IYDBAULIC STRUCTURES

INST ITUTE OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, BANDUNG

4-9 MARCH 1985

I)T]SIGN OIA IT.OCKI;ILI- I)NMs

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4

DIRECTORATE GENEBAL OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

ANID IIIIGIN
JAPAN INTEHNATIONAL COOPEBATION AGENCY =
I)ESICN Ot; Ir.ocKFil,r_ l)n[4.5

,ll erplr:rakaan
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DES I GN OF ROCKF I L'L DAM-(n tt iErr)

Ferpustakaau
Ur.iv:r-i , ercli!: :-ara.hyangaa
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MARC}{ 1985

(JICA)
 D;SIG}i CiI ROCI(FII,L DA}IS

CONTENTS

1. Gil}IERAL

?.. cc,l'lPARI-sOl'i GF DAL{ TYPTS

). I'ATEIiIAI, sui?viY
4. MATERIAL T]iSTS
5. Z0I'IING C)l' DAl.i ECDY
5. ST.A.BILITY CAT,CULATICNS

1. GEI\ERAL
'v'lhen
designing a dan, its type must be fir:st serected.
For serec ting t.he ciam rype r geoi-qglcaf survey of ciam si-te aa
well as dan material survey and test rnris|" be completely perfcrmed
?he 6urveys must be conducted under colxprehensi-ve judgeinent,s on
the design and constr-uction aspects b-r rlways taking acocunt cf
the foundation r.rearrent nei:hod based on geologicaJ- structure,
strength and cut-off characteri-stics for the dam founciatlons
anc.
also of dam t1rp,e anci zoning based on drst.rrbution ancl materlal
characLer-istics for tre dam natei.la-Ls*
F1l1 dams are the structures aclvancerl and deve.loperl Lhror,gh
n'any yea.s of experj-ence in the past.,
and varlcus dam types and
zoning corresponding io the r:nusual features of
carn si-tes have

.,|
been developed. T'her.ef ore, j-n fhe j.n1t.laI review, lt is
desirod to r"efer to the layouts and sectl-onal sliapes of existlng
darris by takin6l account of Lhe resul,ts of thc. survey6r
\'/hen a dam sj-t,e was" selecled and basic items of' darn planning
such as s+"oragr: ca.traciLy and leservoir'level \,/ere dcterrnincrl ,
the r.ies,i gn engi neers will rev1er,; the typo of darn thc mo.s t. r.at,ional
fcr t.hc tlam siLe" ljlnce cieslgn and constrr,rcLion methoris for
thc f ill .lar..rs vrill vary cepr:ndi n,E on the c onc.li t.ions of f oundation
r1rot:nri ano ciam materials, alnost every filt danr \yas designed
a.nd buill bi' the nothod differeni frcn thc others, Thus,
sophis Licaicd jucll,ncnts becone necessary ivhcn ana,iyzing ti,e
resuits of surveys and, on the basis of theso, selectinll a
darn type. Iiowever', the dar,r is nornal-iy des1,1ned by the
proceiure explai-ncd bcloyr.
(1) Topo8r'aphlc an,i geolo6icai surveys of dan si te
l"lain strucLures such as dan anci spir-lrvay are rougirly
lairi out on an assumed darin sltc, topograplri-c iind geolot'i cai surveys
are perforrned in surrounding areas based on the layout, anri
then irnportant topographic f eatures ancl gcoioili cal struc t,ures
arc c Lari ficd.
(a) Frelii:rinary survey of materials to be used for dam
Materiai sttr"vey reoui-red for sel-ecling the dam type sitculd be
conclucLed. In this case, arrangenent of existin6 data ancl
reconnalssance of grounci surface geotoSy are malnly performed
1n many cases.

-2-
(j) Survey of oi-her conclitlolts affccting,iirrn design
Conditi-ons reaulred for Cam design sucit as Beolonical features
of surrounCtnq natu:r'a1 grounci for ploposed reservoir, collapsed
l-and, lveather at ciam site, riverrs discha16e, water ter.rperature
and water quality, and envi: onr:enla] elements ivirlch may change
after darn construction should be surveyed and revj-ewed ciepend:-ng
on the c ondi- ti. on s .
(tr) Selection of dan type
Af ter execuri ng various basj-c sr-lrve)/s, previously pre-sured
axis of dam shculd be reexa:rj-ned basi::g ucon the results of su:-veys,
and the selection of Can type and design of main sfructures shculi
be perf orrnci . I n this case , the dan type '.o be f ina1ly selec teC
vrilI bc goverltcd by the pur-pose of dam, tooogr:rpi:y of Can sj- te,
geology of Cair, si te, quality and quan'"it:r of dam rnate: ials,
conditi ons cf v:rlks, and iocati on and shape of spi.l-ivra;;s.
Ut'lif or:n iype, zone type and fac:-ng i.vile are ava-i labl-e as
types of fill ,:ars, and the can ty-rc shouir-l be sel.ect.ed by
fully takinf acccunt of the atlr'antatres anri disadvrrntages of
cach Lypc.
(5) i,laterial .sur-vey
I n resDonse to the lrotress cf desigr-r, the geolo6ical sur\re;r'
shoul.ci be nerforned on the proposed si. te fcr boi'rolving ombankrnent.
naterials. At the same tirce, mai-erials; required for maLerlal
tests should be samol-ed .

-1-
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UsinSsarnp}esobtalnecibytlienatet'iaIsur.vey,}aborat,or.y t3
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tesLsshorrldbeconduct,cctofind'thephyslcalcharacteristics k1l
'irt
qr'
*
&il
ancjslrenft,Lr-deforr,aiioncharacter-ist,jcSOfr:raterials"A}so,roquired ta

shoul'ri be concjucte d as
Si'
test '
fieid test srtch at; cr"rbanknent a.
i,,'
anal)rsis
(7) Zoni ng of rlan l;ccy anci stabili-ty ,l

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ilcninrofclamL.orlyshor't}clbccarr.icr]ottl'caseoontheresu}ts 'i
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i,:

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ofnaLr.:rialsUrvCYrn:aLcrialLestanriciaml;i.l-t.:6eo}ogi-ca.LsUfVeYo
Ther.,rstatbi-litycltl-cttl-ati'onsa'ercqtlircribasedont'her-esltltsof
zonirrrrtr,r-or-lghr;hrchLiresafclyoftheciiitr'istobeconfir-med
onal, econc:::-ca1 shapes of secLiotts L;hould be established'
ano rati
( 8) Fornul-at1on o1' sche::'e
of cl{ecution ol v"orli
Auxiliaryfaci].itiessuci:aSspii}vlayanciotrLletwol-ks
shouldbedesignec.riverstreantrealrnent"bycofferdarnand
Of bot'row;-ng dam maLerialS
dj-ver-sion cnannel be nianned, neLhods;
clurnping yarci plan be nade ' and
ariC dan errbankment be cieternined '
I f the zoning
the schen:e of execut-r on ol wotk be f or-rnulatccl '
ofdambodycreaLesSonepr.ob}e;.nsasaresultofforrrulationof
shouid be corrected accordin6ly
the scherne of exer:uti on, the zoni ng
(9) MoCification of CesiSn dur-ing executlon of
ivork

!]vendurlngLhesta4eofexeCutionofdamconsLructionwork,
thedesignconditionsrustbea}waystakeninioaccount.Andif
thephysica}properllesofsa:ip}edmaleria}sdifferfromthe
designconditions,then'uhecieslgnandmethcr]cfworkmustbe
rnocilfiecaccorc]iriqiy,oLrchaSthemot]j.flcaLionofzoningf,o
lult to t.he physlcal propertieso Thusr varlous problems which
l

iay occur. during work must, be always examined and it is required

i-
lo always pursue a safer and more rational dam.
I A slrople flowchart of the deslgn of dam body 1s shown in
i..
-Lti. I-I.

I Design of a fill darn is greatly af iected by natura.l- conditions,

lnd j-t is also greatly affected by t.he meteorological condi'"i-ons
iuring the stage of execution of vrork. I'lius, when designlng a
lilI dam v,'hj-ch i-s closely related to and Cepeniin.t upon nature
1s st.ated above, it is requi red to accunuiate anci conqbit-te togethe r
Lhe theory ani experience anci always corisider tfre harmony with
nature.

!-ig. 1-l Flowchart of design of dan body

1. Geologicai survey of dam site
2o l,lateri,ar survey ( preliminary survey)
3. Conparison of dann types: Chapt. 2
lt. Zone type rockfill dam
,. Materiai surriey: ChapL. 3
6. Materi-a1 tr:st: Chap+"" 4
7 , Zoning; of dan bociy: Chapt, i

B. Stability calculations: Chapt. 6

9. Scheme of oxecution ol work
10. Dam c onstruc +,i on

I1. Iiote: I n each stage of rough clesi-gn, flnal rle:;ign and Cetaj-1cd
desiSn shown in rhe fratr:e oi clotted linr--, Lhe ciesign
should be repeat,cd v,,ith .1 r-coui_:-eci accuracyi

C
 ?_. CilitI'ii:..ISCii Ol. t)Ai.i TyI)iis
I , type da rns;
Uni f orrn
I'iost portlon of the boiiy of unifornr ty]:c cran comprises
ftne grai ned soj ls or s1lty soiL materlals which are
airnost
uniior.:.r, and Lhc clan is built in such a manper that
the imperviou5
funcIions and stability of iain are pr-ovlcled by the
vrhole sect,ion
of Lhc d'im bociy" Since the oanr body ncrmalJ-y comprises
fine graineci
n,,terj-als, an elice.js pcrt u,aLer prcssurc tenrr:. to
easiiy occur
inside t.he darn body Lturi-n{ rvor}r and the shcat.
str_engrh of rnaterials
i5 snallr so chat. ii ic harciJ.y possible
to bLiil-d cians or unifirm
type irigher. than srjv.Jral- scores of meters.
Dams of this Lyi;r, have the f ol-lowing f eaturcs: -;

r) since the iarn section is sirrpte and the maierlai

is a-l-rnost,
uniform, constr.ucticn machinery anci methr:c of
vrcr_k can be
srmpli fied and sianiarcii zecl, therel-.y assriri
ng easi er exec utlon
o f viork .

e) since arrnost ihe whore secrion of cian can provi_de

the
irnpervious f unc ti ons r _rvBrt the materials v;i th a higher
permeability than that of other types o'
rian:s mey be used.
3) Slnce the height i_s rrornalfy sma1l and siope gradient
1s
gentle, a darn can be burlt even on
the f.oundatl0n ground
havilrg a con..;iclorabl y iory bearrng power,
irowever, the folrowlnir itens ,ust be
fulty exanined;
(1) Slope gradient
r'rost' part of the bo,jy of uniform
type ccrmprises so11
c-ta.m
materials havlng a snalr- shear sr-r.ength
and thus mater.1al tests

-6-
must be carefully conducted. SIope gradient shoul-C be examined
by taklng account of the bearing power and permeabillty of
foundation.
Since dam materi-als vrith a smal]er shear strength are normally
used for this type of dams anrl the conditions of foundations are
poor in many ca$es, Lhe slope gradient. tends to become 6;entler
compared to ot,her types of dams.
(2) Removai of pore vrater pressure
1f an excess pore water pressure occurs duri-ng v,,ork, the
stabllity of the dams rnay be sometj-mes 1ost.
Occu:':'ence of the cxcess pore water pressui"e can be prevented
by the follcwing methods:
i) To perform ccrnpaction by royrering the water contenL 1n
percent. of dry wei-ght to almost the optimum vrater content.
2) To ad ju-s t emba.nhnenl speed.
The above is related to the method of execution of vrork, bul
the pore vaLer. pressure may be also removed through design.
l-or exanple, ii'ains nay be pr-ovided at a proper rrlace wlthin
thc darn hody.
3) Installati on of rirains
Drains are useful for removing pore wa+-er pressure during
work and also 1'or pieventlng the rnovenent of seepafle viater lnto
downstrean srcpe by l.ovrer.ing the seepage surface, thereby
increaslng the stabilrty o1'dano

-7-
 \{hendesignin6i-hedrains't}re}ocalionandshapernustbe
cieIerr.l.inedbytakil]saCcOuntoflheciamitclght,inaSnltr.rdeoI
pore water. pressure expeclcci anrj p]]oI)Crt,ies of draln::naterials
foiI.enovinStheeXCCSSpoI-Cwaterpres$ureantl.a}sotalrrng
rvithin clitm body for lowerlng
account of lhc sharre of scL-patle -1t'nc
the seePaSe surfacc '
I,ocatlonofc]rainsConvertlol:aI}yenlployedCanbeclassj.fled
j nto f orir kinds as :;horvn in Fi6" 2-1'
Lype dams
I'i4" 2-l- J,ocaticn of drains in uniform
( i) Dr;rin at the toc of <lo'rtnstrearn slopc 33

( ii) llorizontal draj n

(il-i) Vert,ical drain (iv) Compor-trrd drai n
1. I)rain at the toe of dolnst:ea:n slope
drain (chimncy Lypc drain)
Z. Botrom horizonlal rlrain 1" Vertical
lI . 1{ ori z,ontal drain

I-r;r:lovrdarnsrtJ'pe(i)or(ii)isoltenttsod'EspecialIy
type (ii) is
for snall darns builL on imperr:eab1e foundations'
oftener:nployedlorecucetheupliftactingtot.hefoundation
surfaceofcambody.AlsOrastrip-shapeddrainissometimes
empl-oyed f or tYPe ( ii ) "
I'or bolh removing pore 'later pressure and lovrering
seepaSe

surface by the drain effects, type (iii) is more appropriate

conrpared to (i) and (il)' This type ls effectlve especially for
a.1.1v6 [3vin$ a large coefficient of
permeability in horizontal
dJ rect.ion and even for sma1I dans'

-B-
 V/hen the water content in percent of dry wei6ht, i.s hlgh
and a considerable acctlmulatlon of pore vrater pressure cluring
embankment is expectcd, several strips of horlzon[a] drains
aro some+,lrnes installed as shown in type (fv). f n this case,
the draln.s at ttre upstream slde can remove the residual pore
water pressure when the water level decreases. In addlt.lon tc
the above, the bottorn horizontal cirain 1s occasionaLly extended
to upstrean side for promoting the consolidation of foundation
SrcunC but iL shoule be noteci that an excessive exiension rray
result in a siiort length of seepage path and a danf,er of leakage.
sand or 6ravel- is norr',ralry used as draln materlal but its
coeif ici ent of permeabilr t,y is requi rcri to be at least 20 to
I00 ti nes that of the rnaterlal used f crr dam body. \vhen using;
sha'l-e or :liitistone as drain materi a1, the orcier of t,he coef ficient-
(
of Fcaneabiij-t.y of ten varies by 2 di.gi ts depending on the
*"ti.uatof adjustin5l wa.ter content durrng vrork ancl method of
:oiiing ard embanL;ment, so that the work management nust be
very str"ictiy enforced to control the coefficlent of permeabi.Ii ty"
rn addition, to prevenl the clogglng of drains due tc-,
6L1epa5e wate'r' af t,er nany years of use, it ls r.equireci to
givc a suffr-icierrt all-ovrarrce in cjesiqn such as inst,allat,ion
of filte.s or inc.easing ihe thicknesr; of drain.
Flg. 2-L A seciion havrng rci nf ,:rcing laSrers ol.r
upstrce.m anci downstr-eam slones
1. Riprap 2n ilockfi-11
1" Gravei 4 " I-i ne ii::aj neci r.ockfj li
5 o Solf mater:-a1 6
" Gr:ave]
7, i)rain
-9-
 Anong the unl lortn t,ype, i t is possl ble
to selecL a section
having zones made of rock materiais on upstream
and d,:wnstream
s1.opesurlaces as sho.,,ln in Fi g,Z_2, whi ch is an intermediate
type between uniform type and zone type stated beiow"

2" Zone Typo llams

A zone type cam compriscs severai zones having
the pernreablllty
different fron that of inpervicus zone"
A zone type rrarn can be designed and bui-lt in re.ponse
to
the char"ac teristic s of the dam rnaterials and f unc
tions of each
zone, so that a hlgher stabili-ty can be obtaincd
compa.ed t.o
other types of darns r so that, thrs type is of ren
adopted f or
large dams built recently.
Anong lhe zone type cians, there are centr-al
co.e type having
the inpe:-vious zone almost a t the c enter of
dam boriy ancr inclineci
core Lype havlng inclined i rrpervious zanc.
0f cour.se , there
.tre severai variationsj arnonr thcse typ".,
[jucir as a core -Locateci
tetween the central core and incr-i-ned
core, and a centrar- co!.e
slightly i-ncrlned as often seen 1n high
dans iruirt reccntly..
Each of these types has particurar feacures
ancr th,s the type
must be finally selecied by taking
account. of the topography
and geoJ-ogy of dam site, properties
and quanti ty oi dam rraterlals,
condlt,l0ns of wcrk and use of reservoir,
A ccn:parlson between
the centrar core type and incr-ined core
type among the zone type
darns 1s given 1n Table 2_l
and Fig. Z_j,

-10-
 F1g. 2-3 Types of zone type dams
(1) Central core type (ff ) tnclined core type
(r ) Impervlous zone (Z) Semi-pepvious zona
3 ) Pervious zone
Table 2-1 Comp;rrison between central core type
and inclined core type
1.r tem Z. Central core typq
3. I nclined core type
4. (1) Stability of contacb surface between foundatj-on and
core against seepage tvater
(Z) Stabili-ty of upstream slope vrl.ier.e water Ievel fl-uctuation
is )arge
3) Pipirr8 at dovrnslream sicie of core due to seepage vrater
(4) iiork of steeply sloped abutr;ent foundatiorr
(r) Dlfferential settlement near the boundary betweeri
imperv-ious zone and pervious zone
(5) Degree of freedom durj-ng'embankment work

Q) Degree of freedon dur"ing grouting work

(B) Quant.ity of impervious materials
(9) Gradient of clown-strearn pervious zone
(10) i?epalring gr"outing ,,york fror:n levee croiyn
q,
Advantagecus since the loacl of fulr ciam helght acts.
5. Littl-e af f ec t.ed by inrpcrvlous zone e
?, Easler work compared Lo tncl-ined core lype.

-t 1-
B.Ift,}rc,eett.]-emCntofirnpervlouszoneisSreatcompar.edto
theperviouszone,si}ophenonenonoCCurSandhorizontalcracks
may be resttlted
'
g.Governedbytireembankrnen.[ofCoj]as,Sothatgreatlyaffected
by weather.
lo.iVorksareoverlappedsinceLhcvlork'jsofLensbartcdfrom
zo\e'
the entbankrnent surface of i-nperl'iot-ts
j s vertical '
1I. Snerll quanti ty since the core
L?. Possible
close t'o sllr' lilc e , th e gradi ent
11. Since the inpervi ous zcne is
of upstrearn slope mttst be gentle'
large hyciraul'ic gr:aclient compared lo central coi-e tYPe'
14. A
of compaction o f i;ervious zone since
1r. Governed by the degree
perrri ous zone.
the ir:rpervi-ous zone is p)-aced on
of core is governed by the enbanknnent of dolnstream
15. Enbankrnent
pelivi ous zone
pervi ous zcne is rnade
1'/.'rVhen emban]<ment of dovlnstrearn '

groutingofthefound.ationofimperviousZonemaybeperformed
in aCvance.
is inclined' But the
18. A larger Quantity sj-nce the core
thicknes.s rnay be reduc ed f or rnaki-ng
the rvork' ea'sier '
19. ilven i f the circular arc cuts the i
mpervi-cus zone
'
thus its gradient
the clowns+.ream pervious zone is shor-t and
can be made steeper.
20. Di fficult

-12-
 Zone type Cam has the fo1.l-ovrlng aov'a.nLages:

I) In response to the properties ancl quantlties of varlous

klnds of darn rnaler'1ala obl-ainecl froni t.iro rrlcinity of darn s1te,
the darn can be so designcci as to fully utl-Iize the characteristlcs
of Cam tr"ratcrials in the search for higi-rJ-y safe anci economi-cal
darn.

2) Thickness of inpervious zone j.s smal-l- cr:nrpared tc the

uniforrr type carn, and pore vlater pre.gsur e ouring y,,ork can be
removed fasler. Arso, sincc coarse grai ncd platei-rals wrih
a )ti 5:h she ar strength are pJ-aceC upstrc::n anci do,,,;nstream cf
other zcne sucir as core rvj th a low .:hear- strength, the stabiti'cy
of darn during work as well as ernbank:"icnt speeci can be increa.seci .
3) Sir:ce hzirc], coarse gr-ained rnarteri;:ls having a high
shea:' str^cngth can be placed near t,hc faces of uir.si-ream and
dotunst:^ean siopes in nany cases, ihe stabilit;r of the face of
slope cili'r be increaseo ancl the grailicnr- of s)-ope can be
made s t ee ne;. c ompared to uni lorn iy].e rjam.

0n the o1-her han''1, the method of of clarn body varies

vrr.r:-1<

by zonc at,d t.irc req ui-red c uanti ty of ::aLorial var.l es by el evati-on,

so lirat tre layout cf constructj-.on rn:lchinery beconres very
conplica tcq drrrin6 borr-ovri nq, tra::sporti.ng arrci embankrnent, and
thus lhn ?,ane t ype is not sul teci to s:rall dams in many cages c

I'he fo-J-ow:-ng j ter,rs rnust be fully €,.ie{rnlned vlhen selectlng

the zor.e ti'pe for a crolrosecl dan:
(l.i IlrsLailat.ir-.rn of f.llter-
Sjnce the widr-h of irnperviou,.; zone is srnall-, t,he hydraullc
 gradlent. of Eeepage water increaEer;, ilr-.cause of thls, it 1s
Itceded to inst.a.ll a semi-pervi ous zene or I'ilter for preventing
thc l-ilnof f of pariic Ies f ron: imi;crvlous r-.one and saf ely clralnlng
seopaSe watt-'I'. Tite thickness of f'i1t,er^ nrusL irave a suf ficient
a-L.Iowance anri t hr: gradi ng must be ;rbIe to ass;ure a stabirity
against pipi nq.
c (Z) Earthquai're-r-csi stanl destEn
For the earthquake-r-csist.ant cicsign, the stability of slope
must be of coursc o.slrured and t.he impervi ous zone must 'oe
as thick as lrosslble, And the follorvlng items rnust be {'utiy
taI<cn into account ciLlr'1ng cies;i6;n:
1) To prcvent the cccurrence of cracks by employing
core material s wlih a ni-gh plasticity,
2) To prevent piping by enplcying a multi-layer filter or
thick semi-pervlous zonet
i1) Foundation Lrcatment
r f the pcf meabilit.y of iiunclat,ion i-s hrgh, seepage yrater
unier high prcssure is like1y to pass Lhrough foundaLion and
ccme to the reai'of imnervlous zoner so that foundation t,reatment
must be carefully pei'forrned.
I f a J-arge amoun+. of soir materlal is available and use
of this materiai is rnore economlcal than using rock maLerials,
or if a large amr:unt of soil rnalerlaL ls avallable but ils
per':'neabihty i.s relatrvely high 60 that the use of a thin core j_s
solirevlhat dangerous, then a zone type dam having a thlck imper-v-j-ous

_r4_
zone is employed.
A danr with a thlci< inipcrvj.ous zone is advanta6ieous against
ct'acki.tlg j-n the impervious zone due to drfferential setLlement
because the inflltration distance of the core zone is long,
Howevcr, the pore water pre ssure durlng rvoik is siorvly removed.
and thus the design and method of lzork rnust be ab1e to assure the
quick removal or slow getteration of pore ryater pressui-e as 6ame
as the case of uniform type dam.

3. Facing Type Dams

A facing type dam has an inpervious wall made of asphalt concrete,
rcinforced conci'ete or otirer artificj-aL. materials cn the upstr-ean'r
face of the pervious zone, and thls type is employed v,,hen impermeable
materials are not easily avai-Iable though permeable liraterial-s
such as sancl gravel and rock rnaterials arc richly arrailal-le.
Tiris tyi.,e of dar:r wilI stop st.oreci vial-er at the upst.r-eam fac e
of dan so thai lhe stability of dam bociy against, slicling farlurc
becomes high. Also, slnce this t;rpe of cam has no inpervious zone

nade cf soils having a sna1l shear strenqth, the gracli-ent of

slope can be nade steeper compared. t.o other types of clans, by vrhj.ch
the volune of dan bocJy can be reCuced"
i.i g . ?*L+ l'ac i ng type dam
(I) lmper"vious wall (2) Transilion zone
G) i)arn boiy

-15-
 ry
Fi
il
.,
.:

1n addition, since t.hc jmlrcrvious wal] -Ls -Locatecl on 1.he

f
I
$

surface of darn, t.he repair and insrcction al-c eo.rier comnared

ihc dans with soj l- lype imltr:::vious waIls. A1:;o, +-hc fac j.ng type FU

clan ls lcss affccted by thi: resioua-L pore v,,aier pressure rvithln

cian bociy when r,,itter level ciec.eases sudd.jnly.
other advantai,cs are that a hr6ii porc ,,,rrrt cr pr.essure j.s not
8C}}erater1indanrbociycrrrin51t,;or.k,tile''vor}rofimpeiviousZane
can be ca.rried out. separateiy f:on dan body, and louncation
groutini: can be perlori'ned in nar-al1eI to i:hr: cmbariirment of
darn bociy.
Howcv er, on ihc other iranc , di f f erent-ia i seir lernent oi
the bcdy of dan lriil directry affect t.he ii:,pi:rvious viallr nay
cause ct'a.ci<s iil i npcrrrious vraf l- or rjay even ciegrade the i,iater-stoppi116
funct.ion of carn, c;'vhlch the safat), of thr: dam v;i1] be 6lr-eatry
degrariec. Thercrcrr.:, ft is recuirecl +;o c;rr.(:f,-ri1y screci darn
material,s, cai.efuliy cornpact tire matcrials ar-:d pr-operly ireat
founcation near thc cut-oif al the connecticn betleen i.rnpervious
wall and foundatton.
Hei6ht of danr is r-estrictcd by the defor-nation characteristlcs
of the body of clan and impervrous vrall. Hor,,;everr if the dam materiai
i-s st'rong and 1t^s st-rength is equal- to or 8rcaLer than t.hat of
foundati.oh, then a dam herght of up to lio rn ls posslble.
The facing of the dam ls direc +,ly af f ec ted by changes 1n
weather and easily damiged by external facfors such ae rockfall
and thus counterrneasures against these rflust be taken
"

fr
E

-15.- t,
ll
i
i
H
t+. Compar'lson of Dam I'ypcs

l)an types are compareC to eacir other ln Tab1e 2-2.

Table 2*2 Cornparison of dam t.ypes

I. Element to be considered 2. Dam type
J. Uni f o:'rn 1-ype 4. Zone type'
). Facing type 6
" Darn height
7, Fropertiee of rnaterial and the quant,ity that caR be borroled
B. Type of dan site 9. Geology of dam sit.e
10. lVeathcr conditions I1. Use of rescrvoir
12. Concitions of r,;ork )-1. Ct,hers
is abou L 30 m, but theie are examples of up to ,O rn
1l+. ilerght,
by carefully arranging dr^ains.
1r. A large ancunt of soii materials is needed. Alnost ever)'
klnd of soi-} nate:-ial i-s usable"
15. h'ot speclally restri c"ued. GentIy sloped oam sites are bette:'
when blanket -rnethod or lhe ]ikc i-s to be used"
U. A l-ow dam can be built even lirough the bearin55 po!/er of
ground 1s small . l-ounclation ground is improved 1n some case..i.
18. Viork is often restricteri in coid regions or in areas rvhere
precipltalion is high.
19. Disadvantageous against a suoden decrease in vlater 1eve1.
20. i?apid execution of r,;o: k 1s disadvantageous slnce pore vrater
preasure increases. Work is simple because of the unlformj-1.y
of the dam.
 "?f i' of spcc-La1,r l/ " !'or srnar.-l damr;, viiti t.h of zonc
r-lmi tr)rr
' becc)nros sriarr ;rnd tiie executicn cf ivor-k is restrictec.
-. 2?_. '-i iris j-s suj.t,ed v,,hen proper iniper.vi.ou.s nai-e
riais,
sc:ri-pervious rnatcriarrs anC pervious rnater-r;ils are avaifabl,e.
2i, v-.sirape 1s desirecr f or reduclng tfre volume of boci.y of
dam
but this is not alviays acvarii'.a6eous 1n vqw of conditions
of
y;.irk a nci iayout of struc lures
" .,
zrt " irot sui ted to high iarns in the case of
soi 1 f oundaLi cns.
l?och foundat.ion is needed for- Lhe irnlrerviou.:
zone of a high dam.
?-5. A 1"hick impervious zonc is aclvanL;.rgeou5 j_n
t.he re5;ions where
thr: precrpit'ai:ion is hirh" sanci gravel anri rocks
are tittte
affcctcd by wcather.
- ?{r' I f a sudden decrease in water l-evel 1s expected,
the perneabilily
r of t.he zones at upstreant side must be var.y carefully
exarnined.
-
?'/ ' The Irrost suited rnethod of work nrust bc selec ted f or each zone
There shall- be no great difference 1n speed of enbankrnent
in
each zone,
28. Ileig.ht of Foz do treia lam (Brazi-I ) is 150 rr.
Dam heig;ht in
Ja1'3n is uP to ?O m.
29 - A r-ar.e volurne of pe:-vious rnaterla]
with good grading and
l-ess deformability is reoulred.
1C - i f the abutment, is steeply sj-opeci,
lmpervi-ous wa11 must be
ca.re1'ul1y bu1lt.
jl- riot suited to the founcatlon bed that is l1ke1y
to have a
differentlal settiemenL.

-18_
 32, L1ltle restricti ons on work even i_n the re6lions where
preci.pltafion is h1gh.
13. Advantageous f or a sltclden drop in vrater 1eveI. Def ormation
during initlar filring 6ometlmes becomes great.
34. Advanta.geous f or quick executlon of vrork.
35. A large volume of watef leakage.
l!

- r ?*
ffi
 rF

:l
\), r:ivi,]sTIC.:\?ioil ()i,t rI Ll., i);"iii iiii,ii;liIALS
-,-

i. ;'nilrotLI-.tnent M.rtr:rials

nal-e::ials are j-nvestiEated with a rrierv to the qualiLy ancl

Embar:.kment
necessal:y ouantj-ty clf mater-j-ais::equireC for: clesiqn and taking suc! execution
condit'iorls as rnethod:; or'coilectj.on and adjustuu:rrt of e-xcavated arca into fuIl
co:rsi-clera tion.

1-l Qualicy of matr::ials

9llrat is most j rrirrort.rnL j-n tlrc f low ot :;rtrvit\/ .rnC cie :.;_lgn o_f a f rIl- clanr is
t(r scr'l L:re guit-1 1tl' oL nt.ttcri.'. 1-s ;lrd re llc(-L rr- ril Llrt: dr-l:;igrr- So, Llrc qr:alit,v
of lurtcr ials must i.le p::ob^'i, wrth tlre preci:;ion Lii.rt is in accordanr;c wi-th the
pi'o(:rosc ol Jcsioni rrq.

-L . 2 Des ign arnourit and natura_l ground amollnl:

( 1) Brrlking fac,.-or

The first qucstj-on in ccnside::ilrg tlle amor-int to be secured irom borrow

'trea and quarl:7,rr-cl the sco:,e oi coI.l-ecti.on, tirt,:re is thc i:ulkj-n:,- factor.
'I'his greatly affr:cr:s Lhe securinq of duml_.ine ilr(_111 of useless materials
util"ization plan and Lhe consr,ruction cost (i.e- bani<ing unlt prlce) for
all these anc eifccr-s the construction in many ways throughout the entire
period of construct.-ic;-r- Ther:e:ore, estimating the bulk. ng f actor is,
i ndeed, imoort.lnt - Ye t , no det;:i1ed d.-rt..r on th j- s factor are
avai labl-e ;
only vague tz.tlues are givcr fron past 'e:ram.ples - These, of course, dif fer"
by types of materials anci m.ethocls of execution but, as a genera1- yardstick
of banking 'amount, one may use r-2.\,1-.25 r.r3 p"r *3 of naturar ground for
-
rock, r'05T,I-l m3 for the firter and about 0.9 m3 for the core. rt is
desirabl-e to study carefullT fr:om the stage of survey by methods ir1clud-
ing the comparisorr of natur:i qrouncl clensitl", anci compaction test
- Then,
during emban)<ment, efforts nust be exerted to see the re.l-ation between the
excavating amount' and the baril"1ng amouni by conducting ad.equate construction
managerrlent and check material uL; lizatioi-r plan.

(2) Allowance for material arca

Considering survey result, the designed amount is establishcrd and
.then the necessary amount ancl e:<cavatecl amount of mat.erials are determinecl ,
but, i-n these process the follo;ving uncertainties are invclved; so,. there
must be an allowance in workj-no out the scope of materiaL collecLion:

-)o -
I) Concerning with survey accurac)' aL tire ciamsite

Reliability of survey rcsults on the geoloqical structurcf water-

tightness, groutabi-lity, strenqth and possible deformation of the nat.ural
ground and the possibility of change of excavation Iines.
2) Concerning with the accuracy of assessment of the quality of materi-a1s
Howthe qualitative change by met.hods of collection affect.s strength,
possibJ-e defcrmation and per-:neability.

3) concerning wi.th the accuracy of srrrvcy into the materiar area

Estimation of the ratio of i-nferior maLerial and the bulking factor,
the change of coll-ecting methocls and excavation slope gradient. and the
amount of materials tl-rat can be taken. These uncertainties can be gradr-raJ-ly
el-iminateo vrith the procress of sur:vey and design- so, their necessa.ry
allowance can be recuced accoi:cli i,gl'l . T!-rc n.-ccssary amounr of natul-al
ground including l-he all-cwance cannot be Ecne::alized since it diffe:s by
Lhe accurancy of s\lrvey and design but it i:: roughly as follows:

a) Primary design
The design ainourlt of ii:atcria1s can be .rbtarned froro general zoning
and excavaLion l-ines but ti.e.rmr:unt- necess.-r.)-"!,for resea::ch i.s al:ouL Coubic
the design amcunt. At thi:; stage, a presui:rccl value is used for the
strerrlti: ccnstan-u

b) Executiolr design

The strength constant of mate::ials anrl other factors have al-readv

been obl-aincd and basic zcxring and exc.r,"raLion lines dcterrnined by this
stage . Fu::ther, survey cn ti-re materj-aI area has progressed. For these
reasons, only about l_ - 5 tiines the rlesi-gn aiirount can be used as the neces -
s ary amount -

c) DetaifeC desiqn

A basic material utilization plan inccroorating a dam bodlz oesign

amount determined with considera,ble accuracy has been prepared by this
stage' AIso, the capacity of the materia] area has been determi-ned but
includes what cannot be ascertainec without actuarry worki-ng on it.
so, at this stage 1.1tu L.2 tirnes the del;:-gn arncunt must be secured, work
schedule and e:<cavacing rneLhod rnusi: be stuiied and coordination with the
barL)<ing plan must be carrted out-

-)l -
 rr
Fi'
part-icularly, it is necessarv to check to see if rhe banking time for
each dam bociv zone and the macerial collec*--irrg i:ime aqree-

Dr:pending on site conditions, it is sometimes inappropriate to use the

divi"sion of a) , b) , c), and so fori:h in investigat:-ng about specific materi-
als if it is clear that core materiaLs, for example, exist in only limi-ted
ouantities- In such cases, the amount of necessari/ allorvance shoulo be
deterrnineC by the accurac], of the survey-

ti

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- -
 Li( )',, r-(l (,.onducL 5r,rrrt:Y

be conducted accoLclng to :; t.l.je s of survey

2.I [rr]ildamtrItLaI concePt- of mai-eria I survey

In rnaLt':riaI surveY fot a fill dam, survey is 5C) closel-y related to design
an(l exccution that it- is drfficulL to discuss sing Ly and separatelY from. them-

If clam hei-gh'. and function are given Lo a certain place as conditions'

thcr:e can br: innumerablr: combinations of its cr>nstituent materials and the
clesign dam cross section- The parallel ccnduct of material survey and design
stuiv is ab:;olutely necessary as practical operat-ion to select an optimum
f rorr 'Ii.c-,nr,i Ll-rese combir-raLions - Ii- is af so abs()lui-e11' neces:jary that,
when

conciuci;tItg material strr-rey , an construction plan enabi i ng materials Satisf ac-

tory in botir qualitv and quantity to be trmel'7 collected and Lransported
shoulc br: s*.uCied at t-he same time-

'2.2 F.,:1,:Lion between f 1ow of mater j-ul survey and de:; i.'ln
,Ilte ri:l;rtion betwer:n material surveY ancl design is shown in Fig

su-rvey accuracy must be balancecl and it is often no use if survey on

a (lcr i-.r j.n p,,irt is f irst conducted inclependent Iy o f sur'zelr on Lhe rest and
wrth increa:;ec1 accuracY. trurther, design must be corrected every now and
then '.,'it-h the progress of survey.

It is also necessary for survey results at one stage to be fed back to

survey at the previous stage whenever these rcsults are on hand' Specifi-
calLy, generaL quality and available amount should be assessed by boring and
seismic prosltecting at the first stage. Then at the second stage, sanples
should be taken from representative points by adit and shaft and the phy-
sical properties of materials are confirmed b1z testing these samples' To
juage the physi-cal properties thus obtained, the test results are compared
with the resuLts of boring and seismic prospecting. The third stage must be
cond.ucLed similarty so that the resu-lts of the j-n.rtj-al- survey can be aII the
better utilized in secondary survey.
 I

Stage of design Stage of material Purpose of materia.l, Ilethod of materi.al

survey survey survey

Study of
past data o Reference study

@ Geologi.cal srtrvey
(reconnaissance )
Fundamental .\ preJ-iminar.y naterial
policy of t.est is conducted by
design boring and the use of
test pits at toDoqrf,-
phically reprcs{:nt.lt ive
points to supplement
reconnaissance prior to
survey planning.

( The purpose
is to gene- @ Geological survey
raIly assess the ext.en-
sive area for the @ Seismic prospecti.ng
Pr imary Primary prospective matertaL
des ign surve Y area for enbankment,
the dansite, tire sDi1l-
o Boring
way and o:her oujccrive aa) Physical test
points.

The purpose is .-o @ Adit and shaft

directli, confirn Lhe
Secondary
Execution suryey
represeniJti.re poinis
in the surr,/ey area
o Ilechanical test
(small- and large-scale)
ign
de s (detarled Iinited by the re-suiLs
urvey
s ) of the 1s-. stage survey.
AIso, stucly wi-IL bc nade
o Trench
to finalizc qunti:1cs.
t @ Boring
(additional )

(
This rr-scarch is in
I
tended for the i(:*-ar ied
design of particul,rrs
o Mechanica.I test
( ia::ge-scalc )
on the basis of resul-is
3rd s'.rrvey of the secondary sitri..ly
De ca iIeC (supple- @ T;:ench by heawy
and the e:<ecutior: plan - machine
de s ign mentary Another purpose is to
suvey) study about points wj.th
survey inadequate for
o Eor ing
(additional )
the execur-ion plan or
confirm survey resuLLs Adic and shaft
@
or desig?'l parameLcrs. (add itiona I )

F r,J Iir: I .11i6s I,1.i L I l- Survei, .rriil De:;ign

- rL-
2.3 MeLhods of sLrrvey

Geologicai sur:ve7, se i smic pros;r;ectinq, boring, .rciit.s and shaf ts,

trenches and blast tests are used for materiaL survr\'.
The mulual relations of results obtained by thcse di ffe::ent methods of
survn'1 must be car.efufly studied; thrsst.ud;vs1n r;re,rt, ly improve research
accLrralcy - In conducLing matr:ri.r. I srrrvey, charrge:i c)i mJter:ia1s during and
a i.tc:: execuLron must be cons iclereci .

Sepcif rcall,r, seis:nrc pr:ospecti:rg traver-se lln.::; mt.lst alrvalrs be crossed

.rnil soine of the p()i11 Ls oi this -i-r-rLe:rsecLion m\lsLi irc l>r-,r:erl . IL is desirable
for tcsr- pits (ailrts;rrrri sh.rf[.s) to bc arrangccl sr);.r:j to overlap bori,ng holes
if possible - Thrs is necessary to visually conf i;:rn act.ual geological con-
ditions in order Lo see errors in in-iormation gair-re<i from boring cores-
Condicions in time o-i execution can be generallv asr;essecl by comparing the
results of trench by heavy machi-ne used in the executj-on of work with the
results of test pit or boring.

Survey at each stage

(1\ Prrmary survey (survey corresponding Lo primar:y design)

PasL data (land research, hydro-meteoroLoE,r, records on past con-

struction, mining concessions, etc-) are collecterl to select one or more
material area prospects, and data obtainecl are coinorehensivel-y asscssed-
Table 2 is appended for refer:ence because materiai c1r€a. prospects.ofL.en
can be determined from topography.

For points thus selectecj, geological sr:rvey at abouL L/2,500 is

conducted, thereby confirmj-ng data and planning research. Then, boring
and seismic prospecting are conducted under the survey plan ancl, if
necessary, adit anct shaf t and material- testing arc also conduct-ed.
Boring and a simpLe test-pit material test are sometimes conducted
at topographically representative points before the planning of survey to
supplement results of geological survey. This is called primary survey-
 TabIe 2 Distributron oi'i.lacerial_s Dei-eranineci from Topoc;raphv

Topography Pe::neable Semipe:rltea- Imperme&Ie

mate:ial. bLe mate-ial material
Sandbars and deltas o
Present riverbec deoosits
Floodplains ancl terraces
Al-Iuvial. fans
Taluses o
GentJ-y sloped ridces
SL,eeply slopeci forests with man,,, roc-k
outc::ops
Degraded areas
Fault topogral:hiz

(2) sccondary sur'./ev (survev corr:esporirJi-ng to

ex.cutron design)
The resr.llt: of the prir,arr- survey are consolidatecl (sometimes aCding
i/500 or l/l,OO0 geological survey) and a compreirensive
assessment includ_
ing also transporting and temporarv-works condit-ions
is made, thereby
selecting a materj-aI area prospect- Survey enabling 1/5OO .v L/7,00O geo_
Iogical maps to be draw. is plannec for the prospecti-ve
area se_r-ecLed-
Targets at this stage are to visuarry confirm survey
results obtained at
the primary stage anc also confirm quantities t.o
a certain extent- As mea;ls
to these objects, adit/shaft an<-l trench are used for the former confirmation
''vhile boring and seismic prospecting are used fcr the lat.ter confirmation-
From the slrr:vey results, a hori-zontar s-rice georogicar
map is preoarec
for evcry 10 "" 49 m and a stu<iy is made to p.Ian materla]
excavatior]- The
stlrvev area is about 100 rr rar:ger than the necessary
scope of excavation-
(l) Thlrd sur--vci, {Su1:plementat t. sur:ve}/: sur.'/ev correspondinq
to oetai-IeC
dr: s iqn )

This rs suoolcmentary survey necessary to'repare georogicar maps and

excavation plans (lrorizontal sIi,,:e for e./ery 10., 15
m and cro.ss-sectional
view for everi/ 2rl m) requireci to plan mai:eriar coll-ection.
Further, it j-s
desirable to conrjuct trench o:: sampring tests using heavy
machine (40_ton
bulldozers, e1--c - ) used for the e:<ec'.rtion of r,,orl: with
t-.he ob;ect or- com-

-:l-
 .,l ccritpari.ng suLr,/e)1 taeslll-ts and Liii: statc or e:':ecl.rLirln and orle Inay as weIl
con:,1c.iet: 3 l:alking L(,r:j1- (prrmarl- ) rviren st'udi'ing to specifi' e:<ecut'ion '
.fire maLeriaL uti-Iization ani' e::cav,.t,-t. pLcrn is re'ri evred from the
results of thas Lo br: mad.e final at the design stage' fn planning material
utiLization, care musL be exercisec about che considerable particle breakage
bv lieavv machine

2 -5 Sr-rrvey on dif ferent maLerials

(f ) Resirarch on peLvious mater:.aLs

Coarse gra.,rel with a high cont.:nt of ccbblr:st-ortes from rirzerbeds and

river terraces, rock naLerial productei, by crus}ring nai-uraL rocks and muck
frorn found;ition er:ca,ration are useci as pervious maf-orials for the rock fill
anci rhe riprap
lJot oliI.7 Llri: clrt,rl. l-t-ir of pr.:rvior.ts matet..L,lLs lrut- ,ti:-;o Ihe conditions of
t,he j. r' i;roLJrtct-i.oli artri f-ranSpOrtat-iOri are .i-mport-airlt- llr).r.luSe they form a
great-er: propor:tion o f' l-he d.:.m Their: quarry must
bodiz than othei: Inat-ert,rI s -

be iocated at a reasonablv short distance. Thr: ouarl"r of a pervious mat.erial

j-s ciecided comprehensively, Laking into consider,ltion sr,rcfi factors as its
quat i-ty ancl zoninrJ, relaLions to the dam bod"' volurnr:, Lhe rcI,:tlve ease of
consi-ructing or et{Lert.ling a road to transport-, i-t-. .'\-; .[or riprap, a quarrY
with a mal-erial of srrperior qual.it:z must be rtsed evcn if i t- is located at a
somc,..ihat- lonq distancc
In detailed survey, a study rnust be maclo of thc distribution of surface-
layer deposits, such as top soil and taluses, anrl r-heir properties, the type,
class and degree of degeneration of natr:ral rocks and the distribution of
fract-ured zones and faul-ts. For distributiorr, bor-inr; and survey prospecti-ng
are used;.i for properties as a maLerial , samples are Laken from adits.
(2) Survey on semi-pe:rzious materials.

Gravel deposited on riverbeds and terraces are the object.s of survey

for semi-per.vious filter and transiLion materials. BuL rf these materials
are unavallabIe, use of fine qrains from naLr-rral rr:,ci.. sources or artificially
crusired rocis or use of Lvro or more Lypes of rnatr:ri.rls mixetf together and
.rr-l jr-r:;t,--rl f oc gratlatiorr musL bc p),rrir:e.1 .

Tlre detai-Is of ttris sunzev are sirnilar to tlro:;i: of research on

perviotrs m.rterials. .
Care must be ta}:.en abouL Lhe f:ct LhaL Lhe distrlbution oi riverbed
gravel and river Lerrace gravcl, par:ticularll, thelr q rain size, i-s of t.en
unerr'en- As to rive:,1:ec crave j ,].CI s necessar-,. to see a:le re]-aci on bet,.ieen
the ri ver waie:. l e.rel ani t:le pos r tion - Reca r:::.; : ive:- ter:ace cr; ve I
the:-r .weathe::ing must be cons:- CEISCI . . l-

(3) Impermeabfe materials

Generally. weaLhered roc!-.s, rveathc: ed resiclual- soil
, talus deposits,
fine-grain pyr.oclastics ancl highly v,,eacher:e,l river terrace
deoosits are
Inainry usecl '1s core materiars - rf no impermeable mater: j.als
wj-th necessarl/
properties are avai-rab1e, it is sometirnes aclvisable to iise
the mixture of
two or more types of materiaLs. Unde:: these circuns-Lances,
a ccrrorv pit
must be selected after a com:arative stuov of manv cases.
Survey begins with geological survev but at places with ferv
outcr:ops,
prooerties must be generally assessed, takrng samples b,,,
such methods as
auger boring' Since grain size distriDution and naturai moi-siure content
are lmportant pror:erties of sr:il- nateri..l 1s, these must i:e
asses:sed b' aI1
means erren at the i-nitial stage of sur";e'r. when geological servey is
completed, surve-v bir borrng and researcl-r pits, etc is conductecl
- , basec
on the results of the geological survey,- Survel, on weathered
rocks is
sometimes conducted by seismic prospecting arong
with boring and survey
nit-

(4) Survey- on cliver:tei. mater:ial-s

I.lot only mate:ral s takcr frcrn guar::i es bui_ also Cive:ted nace::ials,
narnely, materi als proiucect itv e::c;vat j on f or the tlam ilocv,
ttre sp:-Ilwav, Lie
intake facil-itv, etc. a.irr used for eac:t zone accoroinq tc thei: proger_Lies aq
banking mat-er:i ais - These mate::ial-s mu.st be investi o.:ted ancj
testeci oy
nethods beaitting their res;-.ective prcr;i::ties -
VJI-ren coniuct j nq i.imsite ceclcoicai sul .,,.li,, ir_ :-s :)a,'__ess,f t-1.. to lor:l
a survey plan inclurlrn{j material surve,,,-
f4rrck fr:om '1--'rlnnet e:.:l::i'.-iircat lr= / i:-:rlr:,rii, :tilEetai,_-r- a:: rock anc -r:ans
mater:ials anci are arso val u-i-ie as a :oaqbe1] :i,ai_eri ar- t.c ,e r:sei
ac ti-:e bec i:'t-.
ning of constructj-on. Su, tre./ siloulc be use(j as muc:.: as possible "
 iCll 13 ) Rese.trch Quanti r,ies of Da-'ns

);.lire of
i"latarral are.l Survc_v
Quantr Lv
Cam Pl ace ilerhoo or rueia taker Remarks
Sa-Le::Jr -
HoIes etc-
nile SUrveV
,
le:q- (nr)

Mr:)c:o Quarry Roc,.i JJi .1 ,,11O.000

3o r: n(,' I ( nacu:al
o:cunci
amou;tc)
Soi I i\di L 6 90 1,6i0 ,300
Shar: 90
52

K ilz u _:',,u
E ttoci.rni- Roc!: l) 59rl 4 ,0.tc, oo0
l-lKou Soi i i\ci- c. 6 175 5oC.OO0
Sha f t- I3
Bo ri nc1 I5 lo7
O::; wa tsa Quar:'/ Seismic.prospecting 9 .:;c 160 ,300
AC]: ) 7I
Eoring 4 l;'f
iiL a3 awa tsor:ow pit Soil ACr L 6C5 220,CCO
Straf: I i0 l
Borrn(J 2

Kr -;en7,ma Quarrv anrJ Rock anci Seismic prospectj,ng Il L ,390 , C00

H^,-^. . ^, - -^. .qd::
1
7
Sha-f i -o
Borinq 49 ) te"
Tre n cir 5 , lUU
i4ai ]. o Quarry anci Rock and Sei-smic prospecting 1 < I11 2,615,000
borrow pit soiL Adit 4 too (d:n,roltrnre)
tsorinq ]B
f,../,1./ a
Quar:v anci Rock, Sersmrc prospecting 20,3E0 5, 700, urO0
borrcw pir fil-Ler r
Adi l,Iil..1 (oan volme)
and sorl Shaf: 8LB
Sori nq 614 .7
Te :arrch i Qua r!:y Roc-i( anc AC: t l i1a 2,35o, ooo Not incl-ud-
filter ShafL l l2 (can volu.rel ing case
8or j- ng l4 500 serving
Borrow pic Soil ShafL a-Lso as
4 46
Borirr: l6 da::rsite
ts6
research -

t
':
j
1

-s-
 MATERI,A.L SI]PVi]Y

t. I'1ATiR]AI, TE.STS

\'/hen a bor:-ow area f or is serected, samples

darn ma-"er:iars
E:3 taken, and naterial tes rs correspond-i
ng to the pur-pose of use
3:e concucted for lndivrduar
samples and represenLative sarnpres
t:i1';.i frorn the borrow area.
Aiso, in orcjer to confii_rn ciesign
''.:ciiti cns anc obtain the guides lor the executron of work and
c -':istruct'1on rnanaSement,
large-scaic flel-c tests such as large-scale
i:"laxial compressi on test,
_perrneabilit_v test, ernbanknnent Lesl, erc .
al-e conCuctei as reouired.

Concept of i\laierrai Test.s

t'':rial- tests are conriuc ted tc conrrrm and.
ila
ou;lntif.y Lhe
i;:'iperties of mater.lais. Ther.efore, when
car_ryin"q out tests,
l" is reoulrec to make a test. plan
and serect, a test nethod
'l:ih whrch the purpose of re::t can be acrrieved. Especlalry
fcr
f--l carrs, t'he selection of natc-riar-s
r-.s ccnsiierably r.eiaiec to
i:-,: cesi:rn and executjo:
oi .,,;otk so t_ha: i.itr 5 reiaLicn mu.si be
1',.ii, 1L:.:.rlj j nt,: accoliitL.

-.)t l -
/ ; \ rlr-.r'{- r\l,rn
\ l-,' l. tji) ! Y:alr

greally allect'
,iesi-rir-s of. even the tests during Survey wi}}
lhe

rlc.r,;iIr-r a.nd lhu:; Lhtl iesL p]an nust br:: nlade in coniunct'ion wrt'h
!^1so'
nl;t oni.1 ""1'ie r:-:urvey plan but. aL'sc tlie wnole oi cesign"
i t .ec,Jnesl n.roes;sar11 lo ofien :rocii;r t.h: plr: aIr tne surl"e'y
and

ii i:l:t ii;-l p:'r-igI-es:i an:1 , in t:l:

{l':.se' 1-he olen nusi br: n:oci f iec
,,vi:L.,r: I'3r(-.seeIn;. iire fl.ovl of cvelalI pr-rjl'':i'

irisrl,inde'DL'nienti'esLsprllceclll'r:s1.lrv'jl/andcesrgna:e
c,.f-'-,-rn witsiefuL.. For j-nstanca, lL tir,: lit:lll
sta{e oi surVeYr
+'h': results of physical
r-he rat.r:rj als sl-)otrLd be juCge'; b;:seil on
tes)s, ani thr: simul e.'{ec1.1tl-cn oi :iechanical Lest for
"anecus t

kno,riing the cetaiieC prcperLies of nater-iais is nornally

more
It
cer'tain
war;l-eful, AIso, it is norrnalJ-y not desir-abie to perform a
a
kindoft,estindetaj.lindepencentli.fromtheothers.
InanyCaSe,theaboveprob}emsCanbepreventedbymaking
desiSn'
a tesr-- nlan after gl-asping a series of flo"v of survey and l)
(Z'l Tesl method i
of
FuI'prtse of test is firsi to kncw lhr: properties of sLate t,
L(

em'oanknent , Ihal is, the properties o f s Lructures concl eLei '

a1
.irnil bhr: complete,i str"uctures YillI be Boye:ned by the conditions
L-L

of consLrr-rcti on ,,vork and thus the test ccnditions rnusit be rr7^t

()

est.ab.l ished by tak-. n8 account of the ccnaitions of cons*uI.uction

lvork. In adoitj-on, the conij ticns of conStruction work 'vi11 i

saj
.,:reatly affect bhe ouality oi sfructures completed, and thus cn
I

-])-
the second pur-pose ot' test is ro knovi tl'rr: wor-kability.
Materials are g:-eatty affected b_r* the actual rnethod of
execution of work as staled above anci thus the tests must be
conducted by fu1ly taking account of lhe concitions of
construction works on the.sit.e. Fior,/ever, acluaily it is not easy
to prope:-1,v ccr-:-espond the tesl method to tire consLr-uc ti on work
on t'he site. For insta.nce, as to t,he ccnlnaction vrhicn is the
most
basic , ohe-to-one cor]'espondenc e betil.een test anci ac tua j- vror-k
is harci to make since the oasic mcchanir;m is different. belwet:n
them.

rn addltion, the resur-t,s of permeabrlity test and triaxial

t.est cannot corr-espcnd to tire real- dam in the st.r:-ct .sense
of the
word since there are sorne probrems i-n the preparation
of speclrnens
as ba:;ic r'uens of test. Ther-efor-e, rranlr items must be stilf judged
e'n:pirically ba..:rng uDon pr.evlous {lt:ancLes.
rlrur urur
u, & ccnsider:lbi e pci-i.-. cn cf maki ng ;udgements will
Tlrorofnr^

be tho connarrsiln r"o prevrous elianar{l:i bLrt, in this

case, it
is probremat-lc t.hat the Ler:-" r-esuitE: obtarned vary
if the
i'est nethods ar-c no+- tiis []ar':e. pc(--arj:le oi this, t.he tesi
nethocs
are standardizcd in the lorn oi rt.<:oi.l Tr:sr lisl]-r66rr, lrr r;ve-rtheiess,
currently esteblished tes". .s.t_anciarcj.s ai rl mainl;+
nct lor ccurse
5t'arneri rnaterial s used for fiir iaris bui. for r-elative.l-r, f rne
5t'ainerl matertals rvrCr:1y being usecl sucil ;js cchesi ve soi-Ls and
sand, so tiiat, t-he.se stanoar-d.s do not f u)1y cove r- the
coar.se
rrained i"naterials anC sume pr.rvlsionr, ar? sonevihat prob_l-ernattc

- ---) -
 when ac iuaily apoiying t.o Lhe: c').-rr-sc g:'ained materiats "
(r) Tntr.rcrer-at,i-on of iest. resuil-s
\ -) / _ I-' " "

T)-ierc r-s a possibilit

lr of occurrenc e oi' varialion i-n tesl
resrtlts riependi-n,g on test mer-hoos as stated above. Recause of
!hrs, l):r,. 1.ps;ts rnt-tst ce c,:nCucect b), tire met.Lrods whrch wiri noi
crc.'lte c.rl^olreous rssutis )r,ii iir', s ci'{tcai;L'r)l'. aions cannot assure
:rr "].4)lF'rio ipet.;'.::eni
.J
{Jl :,i.,' :ll;1--:r'l-:.

For rn:;ta.rc:,, in thr ncciralircai ala,-71;is, a iiil'fer.ance of

')i', i n ilercenLa,qe of passi-ng lrrruur;ir l,! ,U
m s,;ieve is sometj-mes
crea-.eri,JepenCing uDon whei-her the sie,ring was ione after. aj-r
ciry:ng or:' washinq with waier " r\nci i i this is ignored vrhen
er':arrinrng Ihc re:]uILs, the m.rterta] wil-r br: judged tc be a
conrleiely dilferent material. The same thi-ng can be also said
in the compaction test, ihai as, a oifference is created if
the sarnL- r,.aterial is repeatedly used"
Tne:;e problerns are mostl;r causeri because tes t method have not
been establisheci ano par-uiy oecause the purpose of *uesr: and
conciitions of vrork on the sile are ignored. Thus, in mak-ing
jud,rr,rents on materiais, the test condili ons must be f uily taken
irLo acc';unL.
(l+) ?eiacion r,rith lhe et(ecution oi vrork on sit.e
Execi-Ltion of ','l,Jrlt on sit-e must be ai,,'rays taken into accounL
when car:ying out rnaLerial lesis as slareci above bui ther-e is
aiso the faci Lhai there is no one-to-one corresconcience of
ta

-r'/ -
 I

recuiLs br:twect-t Iaboratory test and exocrrtion of urorli on site.

Thr-rs, it is reoui-reri to l-et them corrL.sponci to each orher in
some way anci, for this purpose, embanknenL test is very
useful . But the mairr purpose of the ernbanknent tes r. niust be
clarifieci.
In;rcioillon, eu&lrty contro-l- tesL is coniucreci at t,he actuai
dan, lhrcugn whlcn more profound correspondence and con:narison
shoul-o be rnade .

?-, I tcms and Pr"cc eoureof :,abora tory Tes ts

(I) !,/hen carr;zing out tests, ir i5 required tc n:rke a cietailec
tes+" plan by fully taiiing account of thc relations betleen

a
lhe survey, iesign anci execution of work.
t
(Z) Tesi items to be carrled out in each st-age of design are
i

(J)'lests should be carried out i-n accorriance rvliir the fiorvchart

i
{
j-
snot'in in F'rg. l+.1, anc a suf ircient amcrunl of samn'l es musL be
,i
i p.ourded lor the test-e. I;arnple a.ijustinri rrefnoci vriil greatly
afllect thc lr.r:ft resul is anci thus riturjt be cal-ei'uiiy selecteci.
,l'a'ole l:-l 1.est it.c:--.s t_.; be cltniucCcri in
each st.tge
1. iiirr;t r;[arj.] (rougii surv.3y) Z" Sr:conii st,rgr, (,ieLaiieri survc;z)
). ?hiri sLag,: ( supcienental su:-'.'r_.y)
4. C ore 5 . Fi l- t,er- S, rock i

6 . o be always i;er f ormeci

Tes t-.s t

J' 7, Tests to bsr pc'rfci:eri :r.'s rr:,f,Lrilr:C

i

I
i

):
 il" , w:rter r:3ntent, spi'.cilic 'rilavity, conli::;ency
tlr"'.ac-ihif

9.3rccj i'ic Eravity' aniount oi waLer absor-illion

iO. t-lr-aiing, wa'Ler content, consisf enc;r, CCrnpaC ij-on (/ tO cm)* ,
perneabitriy (d lo cin) * , t.:'iaxi ai (d I0 cm) , (CU)
1i. Gpadi-ng, s!)ecific gravity & ancunt. of rvater absorption,

or- ori.er sheal Lesr

-t:" (lr-tdrrL vlatcr ccntent., ccnpactiorl (n iO cr, 'A i0 cm) r

cnLlrijJi cnanijc 1'cr fi iO , perrneabi j-i ty \b l-0 crr b j0 cn) r

tr:j-a:<i,rl (,b IO cnr b )O cnr CU)
13" Gr-aCin,3, coxnpaction (d iO cm) (change jn staLe of water conlen
r)sr-rjc-,?trrlrty (change in sl:rte of water content), ti'iaxlal-(d iA
(chanse in statc of rvater content), or olher shear test
1l+. OrSani c natt ers, vrater soluble c cnteni , s'lelling
i5. I.Inconfi led c(lnpression, enclurance
16. t-lompaction (b 10 cn) (b 10 cilr energ\r change) , per-neabi lity
(b 1O cn) (r1 IO ctrr ener"gy change) , tri axiai (l 10 cm) (o Lher c

c onsol i-daii on
L?. Tr-iaxial (b )O cr, ener-g)r chan{e, CLi), trj-axiaL (t 50 cn)
( o'uhe1 case )

18. Tria;<ia1 (.,1 iC crn) (CU )

19. " /, 10 cn if percentar:c oi ccbbie is }arge.

-]b -
 i'tg.4-f Test florvchart (sor1 mater-ia1s)
l. AII samples
2. lJote: *f5"9 mm or 4.?6 rnn cepending on sampies.
i. Test of content of organic natters
1,. Content of orflanrc matters
:," l'/ater" content test 6, Gracirl,;i tesc
n^
/ " ,';l eV.IIA

B' specific gravi ty, coefficlent of vate. absorptr onr

wdter.
content test ( f or each gr-ain size )
9. Physical char-acteristlcs IO . 42O f n sieving
l-1. Consistency test ]A, \5.g n,r sievi ng*
,-': 61 ., mn sieving 14. l,/ate:- content test
1r. Grading test 16. physi cai char.acteristics
L7" Snec'j fic gravj_ty test lB. Compacti on test
l-9. Gr"adrng test
20. Conpaction character-ist.ics, change in gr-ac- nfl c.v
cornpaction
?I. ])e.neab-i .it1.r test ?2. pei:i:eabrirt,v charactertstlcs
1Z
rt' . Shr:ar tcst ?-4. Stren,Ttn, ielor:r,r t i on char-acl_erst.lcr
.rq . t
u . -/('.' IlL::l S_1 J,,.1 ni 26. C.-l:srr..-:atron i.,.e I
(:' . Con.soilclat i on charac ieri
stics
-)
.lYater content test
)l
ly. ul-adi:ri ,_eci
j0 . Physical characteri-stics
3L. Ccrnpactir.tn test
l) . Gradinr test

)" ' co'npactron charac+-eri.st-cs, change r: ,zr:r,i:r-,:

by conDec tion
:,! ' . i,erneabrlit;i test 3i. i'erne:r'cl.iit".r r:h.r -=r. l o-iStiC.S
. Shear test 37, StreniiLl,, ieir:.:;ation
characier.istics
,i

i _17_
d
,fl
*r-fl-
 i.it. t+-2 Ti-.st f iovichart (sanC E:-aveI, rock maLeria'r s;)

?. Gracii ng t est
l-" AII samPies
Speci frc gravitY,coeffici ent oI
) . Gr-ading char-ac +,erisiic s 1t .
water absorption, rvater conten':
q -r^^r. +^c.l-L
Ii UL T. UU- 6. Physi-cal charac teri sli c s

? . Inclur-anc e te st [j ' Cornpac tion Lest

9'. Cor::pac +.ion charac ter:- stics
(t nonrl-h
err, - rleior:aLion charac tcl'
]O. Shear lest. 11 . u uaurrc

12 " Perrieabili tY t est L j . Perneabrlriy charac ier'1sti-cs

:. zojlrl{c 0F DAi,1 BL]DY

I. Basi cs of Zoning
L.l Zoning
iz)
\.,-,,/
To'"n of WO:-k
i L-, .rr

I.2 Basics of Zane Configura+-ion

I .5 Arrangernent o f C c:-e Zcnes

There aTe rouShI,v Lvio kinds of core arransei'nent for

zone type rockfill- dams; central core type anci 11sli ned
core l)ri
In the centlal cOrt type, zones are arlangeri al-rnost syrTneiricail
probletr
about- the axis of rlam ani this type creates no speci al
as lcng as there are no geoLogical restrj-cti-ons or restrictions
by term of worl<.

-39 -
 Tnclined core type r:; often used vrhen ir- 1s desir.ed to
reduce the terrn of works, for i,rnich rock mater-ial i-s ernbanked
ciuring rai-nfa11 or in cold season anci core material i.s enibanked
when weather is f1ne.
In recent yea.rs, a zone tvith little compr-e^ss:.ve settlement
is l-ocated at the cenlral portion of d.am in view of the defornation
of t,he whol-e of dam as sh oivr: in !.i g. ,-). and a slrghtly inc lineci
zone is sornetimes built unstream of t.hr: central portion.
Previously, most incrlner-l core type dams haci a thi n
inclrneci impervious zone at the upstrearn side of the body of
darn ( pervious zone) having a stable gr-aci j-ent as shown
in
I,''i
-{t). r c,-'l
,, L\v./1 r. i e

on the other hand, the lyp. of dams sho*rn i_n Fig. 5-r(c ) are
built more of'Len recentr;r insteac of (b) orobably because
it becomes morr,: in:portant to t.akc accounL r_,f t.h,: pcssi-c1e cracks
in the i-mpervr O',ts ?-,cne cl ue to sei.i--r-enr r:n,: o:' ]^;,ckiil--l oi. bociy of
ciam in addi-tiol to lhe toi)r-rrii'.rphy and eas)/ (;,xeci.lt'ron r: r'
rvc,rk
lrhen arranring zones f or c,r1 rns.
l.iB. t-i Typical et{.rrrrill_L. cl zonLn.c
( f) Irnpr:r'vj,our; z()nc

(Z-) PervI ous zone f, fi1ter- :tonc

(:) Pervious zone
(4) Iruliy compacteci pervious z,one

-]q _

_**.#
 *
ffia
,ffi

ffi
g
.s

ffi
w
H

?" I rnlrerrri ous Zones

2.L Design conditions for lrnperv:-ous zones

l npervi ous zones must have the retl uired tnnpenri-ous lunc t. j-.::
pr.ovi de the sariety agai-nst seeira6e iailui e anci ' the behavior t) l-
booy of ciam ano be c.iesigneri b'l cortsio.:lin11 thc forlowing vari,.r:
e,:ements:
I) tlor:f i'ic:.et-li of pcl-:noi.icl -i';y oi' nai- r.-,rl;
Z) ii;rrip;1ulaa rradicnt alfrcr".lng sr?ep,1rf:r 1'a.i-iui:r:, grad-in11 irr;.r

i:Iasticity ol maLer-iais, anr.l gr-aiini; oi naierials ari j:rct: r)'i- ii)

i-np.'"ri oils zOne

, Topograirhy that nay cause a di iier':nr-ial setlJ-ement, r;it,'r;,,)

of zone, and deformation characteristi cs of materials

) iiarthq uake resi stanc e
L

Above: elenents must be consiciered when Liesignlng ein i r"nporv i

zone. \Yhen the inpervious zone 1s rrery thi-cli, ifs sa{'ety is Iri11
agai nst the seepa4e failur-es due to cr-acks caused by cii f f e I'en L l','t
set'"lemeni or earllhouake but, on lhe oiher- hand, the pore rvatol'
pressure generateo durrng work Cannot be €iasily removed.
Ther-efore, 1t is required to enhance the :;tability by shil'tinfl
the vraLer conLent from the optinurn wa-'er- content to stightly
dry sj-cie or reslrictrng tire speei of entbankirent"
[,n tho other hand, if lhe i*p"rv]-cl.ls tjone is tirin, exlra
precautions must be taken f or seepage lail ures and the beh;rvi-ot'
of the bocly of dar: during ciiffercntial seitler,rent anci eartltcuaic
To satisfy the reouiremsnrs fcr the inpervt-ous z,ane stattl''i

-40-
above, rt is required to selecl an optimun g:-ading of soii
materials, oprimurn water ccntent for w;{ecution of ivorir ancl
opti"mum roll'i ng rnethod.
2,2 Detailed Design of Impervious Zone
Impervious zone of a zone type ciam is often cailecj the co1.er
Thlcl<ness of core is ceterrnined by exa,rnl ning vari ous req uirenent.s
stateci in foregoing paragraphs but, i n the st.age of prelinnlnary
design, the th"iciiness can be rou€,ir1y de{;er"r:rlned as stated below
'nv rpfc,r.i nr to empiri_ca1 conriillons
v . * v.,,:,.4:vqr obt,:ined in t,he nast.
(a) core.r; wrth t,jrc ihl c jrner;r; equ.ri to )o to ,c-): of rvar,er
pressure hav.: been pr.oved t.o be s;,rfe even for dams burl-t under
poor concii Li ons. Thrs oi ihj ckness seems +.o be s,f fj cient
1<j-nd
regaldl-ess of Lilr: citaractr;risticr; of soi'] i:iateriais and herght-
of dat:n.
(b) Tf thc thj-cjrncss t-s L5 Lo 2A)', r;f r,,,at,er- pI'ijssuae, the dam
ls safe as ionri as ii is cat-efuliy desi,,r:ltli ,ncl fili---1'-
cautiously bui1t.
(c
) Coi-es of Cars nui it
ol water r)re.5..rure.
As refr:.^encc, thr: rclatton br,:ai'reei.r the hetght of rjan and
t';idth of foun,i;rtron ol core of c:.ristinil riars is r.hcwn r.n irrg. 1- ?.
Thougit lh-- m-lnt-rr1tn v,,i,i1t', ol core reoriir-crr for the ryork is
consi c.er ec to be about j il, t.he illici<nc:;.s of ccres ai i;he
crown of e:iistrng da:"rs as overl,rhelirrnn.l--:r aborit 5 n.

.-r I
 1
i
,ffi
-ri!

ffi
H
ffi
ffi
t!!

f.ig. i-Z iiel-ation betveen hel-1;tri of darn ari vrldl-h of

f ':urldati-r:n of c ore

1.'iiir.liir of core founaaii-on (

I :r,,i,-hi. of dar. (r)

-.
r-\2-!,)-^v v_

/," )1r'colo
(t. i:sn::'aka'.'i,-i

' ,'i:r:c)rama
t:

lO. il l.'iano
I I
L( a
t.'-L-i n
-.O^!^\/

(i) crtef ficrenL oi permeabi)-riy rlf ci)re niaterials

Dcsi[nco.:f1''icientofper.neabilri.yofCoreslsnorrnal}y
sr:a11er than io-'7 cn/sec in many cases btrt Lhe test
values o1'

thr: coef flci enc of perrneabil-i-ty obtatnerl in Iaboralory are

-l -A
mosily sma'l er than IO-t cn/sec''
(Z) ilercents affectinE seepage fa-ilures
faj.Lttr
cor:es must be so desrgnec as tc prevent the seepilge
clue to hydrauii c g]-adi ent. by seepe,q'j f Ioi'r or seepage
florv sI)r'r"r'

Hydrauli c g:adient and. seeoage f io'*r speed can be deterrnin'''r

pa:-l'ir: t'
f :on the seepag€l pa.ttern. Cr-i-lrcal speerl a.L 'rhich soil-
a.e niovcd b-v ihr: Lieepaqe f lorv can br: eiven by Jr-rsb-Ln's fornu'1rr
'

rr r -n riron-ar:hi t:: f lrnula is avLi l;:b Le f or the cri:iocal

.a*4'!./, -u- !r'1,)'
hyd::it;

Eraoient atrd Blighrs value f or sa.fe creep ratio.

i
Core shape sirculd be rsvielei as stateC €ibove, Core mater:'r
seiected muEt ha,re a large re^slstanc e agai-ns t seepage faalure:
r

Ya
tal

cCre rnaterr al-s rxusL br:

fui-i;r colur)ac teci ciut.ing ,,vOrir, and. the
" 'r--!Ler- aJacent to the cores nust ha'e a pi-oper g.ading,
Anlnvay,
cct'es must be very carefuiiy
designeci and built.
Table )-l ?ougn judging metho.s for
soil
characte:rstics, r,rcthoci of tvork
anC r-esistanc e of .ear f h rian'
anarnst pi ninq
i i,rh resi s tanrl c :

1.. CIay lnth a hrgh plastici+-y (l.r.l t 1,.,), vietl comDacted.

2' cray rvith a high plastlcity (t'.1) l-i), insufficrently cornpacted.
: i] tet^reCi ate
I-esi stance:
i ' coar-se gl-alned sand with gooci grain size distribution or
a nixtur-e of sand anci cobble aidec with clay binder havinr"
meCiurn plastici-ty (p.I >5), well ccnpacreci.
4. Co;rrse grained sand with a gcctl f:a-in size cjisr-rrbution or
a mi;<ture of sand and ccbbre aideri v,.rih c1a_v bi nder havinq
rnedium .llasr'iciry (p.i ,6), insuf iicientl;. ccr.,ipacterl .
,. A nrxture o f col:e.sionless cobcLe, sard anrJ r,irt vrit_h a gcori
grain si:,.e drst.rrl_.ution (p.l { 6 ), x,,-.1-.1, ccmrJact,:c.
i i ,'i -o11; I:,r. n ilg r :
5. .4. rii,xt.urt.: rrf cohcsi.on.less ccbole, :_,lr:d anri .srlt v;ith
a Food
q:ain slze disiribut-ion (P,l-( 6), j. sLrf ficiently
compacterl .
7. Cohes:_on.;',esjs f j-ne sanC wrth unrlorrl g:atii n,g (p.f (C),
well
ConpaCtr-s.
B' cohr::lionii:ss fj-ne sanc wiLi^- urr-fc.rr s:atiinrz (r-.
r( 6 ),
insLif fjclenily conDac ii:ri.

'f)
 qi-:.lcieni nornali;r
Also, scrleci ot' seeparre florv and hyclr:rulrc
becone mar,:.r-r-num at the boitorn of ccre abol"e rocks in r,1any cases,
r;c) thai- it ts r-eguired to covor anC frl-i expiorat-cry'oot'e hoLe:;
on the 1'oundat.ion s:Ltl'l;lct:s anii exproraIory bore hoies, t.o exa::l
tht: f ,:pndaiior: lcr ,;he .i.lIpcse ol prevenLin,: t.he cef or:lat.ion
(irre t-a su]'chargr-' anri rvai.er prossure anC lnr: occulli-ence ot'
rle,# c..1 ci{ri anci Lo colrplr:teiy c.arr.v oi.lL lOttt:ciaticn LreaLnent
sucit as frcuting anci Cisplacenent wor!<'
(i) Causes of cii i ierential sett'Iement
Cracks due to differenti-al seLtlerirent sometimes occur and
the causes musl be eliminated. Direcl caust:s; of cracks due tt-r
dif iereniial setr-icr,nent are t.he topographic charac leristics
resulleci I r-orn a sudCen change in slope 51r-ao-i ent Of r-ccks at
thr.' boiii;rn ol Culr.t, the geological- charactt:r'istics such as
poor ground or geologocal irregulari-t;r at ihe foundation of
ccre and the consioerable cl:-f i'erence in characteristj cs ol
rr:,rle.iia ls bet'rv€8n cores andiaceni zones"
a'1

(a) Shape of bottom portion of core above rocks

Cverhang of the botiom portion of core musL be aJ-waYs exc"r

or reshapeC by dental- concrete. Ma:<irnum slope of abutnents

o I'

existing dams is I:O.1 (TauIe 5-Z) '

Tabl- e ,-2 Excavation of abutmen t anci f oundati-on
I . lJesi-gn orga nLzation 2 ' llarne of dam

).Iieight of dam (rn)

L. I'iater-iaIs removed from founda-uj-on portion
,. I'iaximurn slope o f abut.ment of coi-e portion
6. Standarris f or the porti-on ad joinj-ng to sheii pcrtion

.t I
- (,l^+ -
 7. lVhole of ciam ;. Core & f1lter
9. Core 10. lYhole of Cam
11. Core 12. Cut-off trench
L). Core & fi]ter I1.. ll/hoIe of darn
15. '//hoIe of ciam l-6. Cut-ofi' trench
17. Core & fiitr,.r IB. lYhol€,,of cian
I9. Core 20. Core 8. cut-off trench
2f. Core
22. 1:0.25 at less than.j m
2). 1:o.! at less than 4., m
24. 1:1 aL less t.han 4., m
2r. Cverhang removed 25 . tlprigh t. wal-I & overhang remov
eC
27. Upright wa1ls & overhang Iarger than
3 n (H) and 6 m (L)
remov ed
28. f:O.1 for {'resh rocks & L:O.25 for weather-ed
r-ocks
29. Slope of sturdy, unfrac tured base
r-.:ck is less than 9Co.
i0. l{aterial o{' foundation eo ual-
t.r-l embanl{rlent maLeria i,
ovrrrh-nrF to be rern()\r()(1,
j1 ' Sarne a's ai)rlr"o

)2 ' Tc be cxc'lvated as muci: a^s p.s:sibie bl

orci,i n.-rr-.v caDaclty
of heavy e'yC'v.j tion nracirinei-;r (r:tren:,Lh
of r-r.)unilatlon can be
increased lhe strength oj. embanl.:rnent maLerrar
be;r9716
).
:>
-),) . Foundation material as same as embankrr:ent
rnate:.ia_1.
J4. Ovr::-ha:ig to be remov ed .
)5. SLrengtit of rveaLherei :^itcks to be
,{roather t-han tlra i of
er:banirment na t eri.a.I .

-T)
)5" i;',:uni.rt:-On materiai eoual to enbani"rnenl maLer-:-al .
\) .'vtromel v r,veathereci. rocks ano upright walis t'o be rerncveci
)l . "'- - J

1O. 'l-rinmtlg requi-recl to allow the i-oiIlnE b',r ccmpaction eoui plx,{' I

19" r1.il deposi-ied layers to be rernov'ld'

4O. ioulC,',lLi-On naterial aS S&irt: as er.brnkr:ent rnateriai.

tt{arpres as snoY/n above ar? oiten :eierr-ed io wr:en reshar)i:r,'

base roc ks f or bo i tom Por'-i cn oi COTE , bui a further i'eview is
npc.).iqarr/ b./ calculations or the like fcr unusual topography anr:
JUq- J -J

-- _ ^ I -,
Hj eurt)PrJ-.. o

In lhe case of darn site lo:- lhe T;tkase Darn, the founoaLi<;n
b:rsr: roc k v/as harcl anci st. l:rdy brtt sQl'l'1 I e joi n t-s were consj dernir i '"

developerl, chanqe 1n relief of xnountain f tll ds "vas Ereat at bot'It

the banl<s, the slope of core f oundati on por'"i-on lvas about 40O ;ri;
a whol-e, and a steep slope alnost close to'/)') was present
e-<;peCialI;r at the i-iVer be'l i:ot'li on and ngtrl' Lhe Crov/n' AIso'
I'vere
irreriu'lar-ltYr sharll edges and iefeci:, on rock surlaces
Iocally s"en at rna nY Piac es .
Because of this, the Cam site was Crvlced inio overall'
tcporr-aphy containi ng steep slopes anc. l-ocai reliefs contairi:rl'
ver.li cat and sharp edgeri shapes, and tne stresses and ief orr'qal'i
Lrn

f o:'
o CreS near the botiom popti on above rocks \Yere calcuJ-ateC
f C

bolh the overall topogr"aphy anci iocal reiie f s. Then, the

stability of cores y.ras exanined and ihe standards for rock
e-xcavaiion I/ere esLablished as iisteri belorv.

-4b -
 Steepest value of siope: TAo
l"la;rimum angle o f shar-p edEe: 2Oo
Lini t heigh t of verticai vrall :

Upoer porti on : A .O xn

Central porri on: L., m

Loler portion: l.O ,,m
( b ) shape of bottor:n portion
of core above rock i n
upstrean and dolvnstrean Cirections
lvhen the heiqh i of dam 1s large ani c cre wi dth i_ s sm.ll]
,
it may be nece:isary to arrange the surfaces of foundatio, 1n
- upstream and downstrearn dj_r-cc tions in such a rnanner
that the c ores
tri11 be compressed b;r water pressuj-e agai nst the base
r-ocks
though thrs is not oone nornal1y. rf topographrcally
difficult.,
' the thi ckness of core may be inc:easec aL the bottor:r portion
of
c ot-e a bov e roc kr,- .

(c ) Treat,Tr:ni of poor s:-ounC at core norti on

Geclogically sof 1. i ayers and def ec l.s f ounc bt, the surr;ey
at the bottom nor:ti on of cCre abov:- r.cCI lvi11
[::3atiy aifecl the
shape and location of core at the t.op cf rock.
ThL..ef ore,
it' j-s :'eoui r-ed io car.lfully exan:ine thi, falrl-ts riir-cctJ-y
af fectlng
tire co]^e, directivlty of rr:actured zone, w.lcth
anci -size of
c'acks, properties of substances in cracks, depth
of weatirering
in base rocks beroi'; the botrom portron oi core,
and strir<e ancr dlp
of stra ta .
f'or preventinq diff r:rential sef tlerer t, sof i layers
are
,ltrnel-l-r:t€js reini'orcerj vit
ti: frr-:Juting or r.e!iaceci ivrtl.i conc:ele.

:l I

i
 (d) Shape of Zone ari;Oining to Ccres anci cna.3cterlst.ics
of rnaterlals
bne delor-..at_.i-on cliarai:ier-j-.rtics of zones adjoining to
If
coi c.! are con:;ir)cr.ably dif fcrent lr-om thcsc of cor?s, the cor,l:i
n,)/ son()lines be sub jected tc dlf ierentl-a.L t;clt.t..i,rrent " F<;r i n:t-.-,r
if the coi-e is cohesi,re 1"o easily def cr:rao"i e v;i,i l: li-re fl I t,"'
hrs a hlgh ri4r11:-t.y ancl not "asriy delormablr, t'ne core will ir''
Sultr oniy at. l* ls Lov/t)r poI-Lion and i Ls tIpI-'rli porr-r'ort vrill bc
supporL.ed in the lorm of arcit by fiiter, thereby resu]-iinB irt
hori zon tal c i-ac ks betvteen th em '
Also , in the CaSe of inc lined c ore , i f i,he rCC kfi}l aS

the body of dam is differentially seitledr the core is also

sett}edaccordingJ.y.InthisCase,itisreCornmendedto
j
provtclr; a t;.ansj tion z,one f or the zone ad,ioj n nr: to t'he c or') '
As staterl above, if ti-re defornat-ion cilerac+-ertst'i cs varJ
bcr.yeen zones and the dif f erential scttlenent rs l'ke to
ocr:l'11''

of li'j'li1
it is reo uire,l to exani-ne the stabi iity of dam t,y means
based on difference in defornation betlveen zones and lo
takr:
genepali'o:
necessary counterneasul'3s. Scilematic diagrams ol the
of cracks are i-ncicated belolr'
Fig. )-5 Examples of cracks in darns due to cii f f erential
set,tlernent in the direc ii-on of a:<is of dam

I
Ia Open cracks 2. Cross section
PIan 4' SteePIY sloPed abutment
6 , Ve.Y c ompressive deposi f ed
soi l-
tr Shapp edge of abutment

- 49'
 Fig. r-4 Cracks in boc.y of darr

i. cracks
Open 2. Ver y compressive deposited soil
i. Rolted core 4, T,oose rock
,. Exanpres of c:-acks in to oi f f erent.iar sett lement
dam oue
1n upstream anci oownstrean direclions
a . V e:'y c ornpr-essive c,Jt'e ? . iion-c om!res.s1ve sh e Ii

3. Compressi-ve ciepositeci soil- such as ctay

9. lrlon-compressi.ve oeposited soil- such as sand gravel
IO. Ver.y compressive ciepositcti soil
il . Concrete cut-of I' wall-

). Desi-gn of Seni-pervious Zone

For the zone lype ciam, a seni-pervlous zone is provicied between
ir'.rpervious zone and pervi ous zone . The semi-pervlous zone has
the rol-es of avoiding a sudcien change in gr-adi-ng between both
ti:c zones anci of easing the i nfiuence of Cefor-rnation by making
tfrt: transfer of stres;sell smcoth. Thi s zone is sonetimes calleci
tiri: transi-tion zoite.
liri'nr
n *a- ^ i)::!i.'.-:eI--J:ouli :, 1)n?:, iil.rl.'',vh-ich )raci
Lii.:
+1.
-
5:-ari:rg adjrrsc::r ,r:,
allij use.i 1'or prev,:nlinrr the runolf oi periic l-es f r.om j_mIti:rvious
z(ri)e -n,i r'cr- saf ,:i;,r ci rai-ni ng seepa,rjr-. v/.1 t(ll' are speciairir caiieci
liig lil ler-s.
I f thi: m;r tcr Lal-s oi' i mnrlr.vious; z,ot1o are rela tively c oarse,
* ':i nrr. L '-layt:r
a .JrLrtr f 1l-tr:r' In.ly br: usorl . ijr-rt a rrruit-i-fil-ter. with
*
more
tilan tivo lalters i 5 nacessar-J/ i j- a f. ne
_ ,qri;.i:reo mater.iai rs useci

-,iYi C-

.'#
anci its gratiinrl .Ls cons-lderab i;r cir i ier"enl ilrom ihat oi the i

1.:l
,)* iipr:r.r,ril-'; of F:lLers
If two kinds of materj-als wiih extremely different grarii,;1
fr-crn e-ach other such as siJ-ty matr:r ial an,r rcck rnater-iaI .rr-,1
pi,acr:ri acr jaceni to eacit other anti tvarcl' i:r nourcci j nio the
siliy maieriai, materiaL vr.liI run oii int.o tir,.
Lhen Lhe sirty
ro,ck materi:r1, thereby resuitrng in rj()-cail-ed piping pitr:norTl.rrr)
I f a malerj_al satisfyine certain grading requirementS iS pL,rr:r:
at. the bounrlary betiveen two materials, oniy watcr vrill pacs l.lt
thereby prevent.ing tire movernent of par-lic1es. i'lalerials havirr6
-uhis role is cal led the filter-, and the fil-t'er must be alvrayr;
c onsi.dered when designing a fili dar.r "

It is saio tnat most water l-eall aCCldenls 1n iill Cams

j-n the past were caused by the }acir ol fil-Ler zone or b"'iml)r'O
lilter zone . I'lo,,vevei-, tLiis I<j nci oi leakaSe ohenomena are
harCl-y seen in lhe filr da:"ns recencly rlesigneci and burit by

fuily taidng accounl of the functions of'fi1ters, frorn rvhic)r

the importance of the filiers beccrnes obvious.
)-Z Thl.ckness of Frit-er:
A iilter can be extr,.me l J/ thi-n Lheore tically but. ,6;uai);1'
an ampl e alior,,rance in tirr ckness is neeied i n vierv of th e vrot'ii
during work, Cecrease in effective section due to clogging a11
unneasurabl-e causes due to eartho uake or ihe rike T- thp C.'l
r -L ll

- 5C-
 horizonLa) fiiter, the rninlraum rvidt,h is cften 2.4 to ) . \, Il j

for the convenience of work for a -ye::ticaI or i nc lineci fi l- ter

with L, cn of sand and jO cm of gravel"

Tabl e ,-3 Dimensions c f fill darns

l. I'lame of Cain 2. Shape of imperviorrs zone
t,7
1 Volume of dan boi.y (1fl'' n-')

4. Dam height Il(m) 5. !'Jidtli ol Cam cr-esL (r:)

6. Ilini-mun wi dt.h of imper..rious zone (m)
7. V/idth of inpcrvious zonc at i;h,: bctLon B(n)
B" Min'i murn thickness of fi-1ter (n)
9. Upstrean IO " Downstrearn

l-I. Shrinkage allorvance h(m)

12. i" Taf.:ase 2. i'edori,galYa
') " i'iiirol'o /.
+ o
t'-. u.Ju- .'/ u

( Yrrr-
- ttL^J<)
rro 5 , llanalru ra
7, Shir:rclloto:"t B. 'ianazr:
9 - Sr,'l:o l0 " i'l:rlli c
i1 " l,1i:.;a iiu bo L2" lrii.kar;rr
LJ . h. ur e i'..'r '.Ya lq " i:hsirir-okav;a
Lr. i,lj ircr f5 " Fukuchi
!7. li-i-senl/arne1 f'3. I"a tsu.sa
I9 " i,1yo;in 2C. Futar
?-L . Dai se L su 22. lianbara
?1. Yuya Zt+. Tr:rai-rcirj-
-:, . r I'U:; i: i .:.:r iv:i ^/ jt. ! 'r.\,..-.
t- L ^ ').,r'

7*7. iionza'"ia 28, Shi rakala

29. I:ciri l.enr
*5{ -.

..-"--.*-!ei$-
ll iri tr r:
il- " C oa r-:,; e

lq (enuai t.hickness)
1( .r\ (J L i,', . Firure sho',vn i tl t.hr: colunn of rtshape of impervioug
c o]-resPonds to Lhe shape I:-steri belovr.
17. Sira Pe il 1lt
rll-() l, rlil i-il tt ?tl
o

19" lr ll3 f'. 'r r,

|,ij.ninur:Lhic]<nessoffi]ter-clTili:]e7_:i.ncicatesthenritli
rviithoIfi}ter-neartheCrovinofiarn,andltislnostlyabout
) rt m r.r.ardless of heiqht of darn"
a o\r l,l

Graote.nt Of lhe inclinecl iilter dr)wnstream of the inpervi-orr

zoneistobeSodeternined+"rattheSeeDaSef}owlronthe
rescrvoil- wr11 llo,,v do"'in throuSh the filLer rvithout
ciegratlin4

the st;r'D-i:-ty of Cownstrearn pervious zone '

)-i Gr;rriing of liilter
ti ons o I'
As sLateci abo're, the fi lter r'iust have both the func
prer/r:ntitlg the runoff of par-ticl-es oi i-milervrous na terials
anrl

the f unc tions of saf eIy drai-ni-ng seepage flow'

trv"r since the announcernent of the sLandards for filters
havj-nq the trvo functrons stated abo''re by Terzaghi
in L92o'
rnany resciarChes lvel'e conr-iucted by Bet-ii-air, U'S' Arny
Corpl;" of
Y/ere proposcr:
Ingirle 3-l-rq, U.S H !. and other-s and many slanciar-ds
as shclvn .n Ta DIE :_/,-' -.
 tl'.'rhl o tr-1, q F-^r^.-J^
I

-L{ vr c )-,+ ^rrandards f.^-or fil-ters

^
l. Standard fornula 2. References
" By Ter-zaghi L+. By U.S.B.R., Corps of Eng.,
anci
Karzakanni

' r?here, Bi j s i'", grain size of core rnateriai, Fi is i?i Erain

slze of fil-ter- r:naterial, and the gr-ading of fir-ter-
,i 1s determined
oased on the graciing of less than 25 mm where
cobble is

Left exDressj-ons of eguat:-ons (1) and (il are the

r.equirernent
for- safely dra-ining seepage water.
;:iqualion (l) and right expres.sions of equations (r-)
and (z)
are the reo uirerents f or- Ix-errenting the r-unof f of particles
f rom irnpervious zone.

n th: dam desrgn standarcis, the gr-arilng of filt .er-

I
and
)0rng cf rnateriaf.:: to be Dr-oiec ted are pr?sci-:_beo.
a s f ol,1. ows:
L) t.L)i,6r-.rj-n l.zc of filter- maleriat ) / (i;:,: grai
n size of
ma teri_aI to be protec t er-i b y ft
I t.er) ,) ;
:) (11.', gr-ain siz,: oI' ri 'l 1-..n r..ra t er:- a\) / (.Aj% gra i n
size of
ma:erial tr i'r-. or-ot.r:c ted b :{ 1a_LLer) ( I
I t; Grading cur:/,, of filt.
i

teria I is cic.sireri t_o be almost

AF M.

to the g:-ariin g cur ve of mater-ial to be prr:tcc'l.ed"

I1,., RaraI-Lc-L
rr) t1'a ma-,eri.,?I to be p rot ec ied by fj
l-ier contai ns ;t c oarse-6rai ned
i material, then t.hc i tc r- 1\ and il shcurd be ap plied to
I

I tnc portion cn.ril_c.r^ th an ?_7 mm r>f g:ain size ol LirC mateflal"

-sl- ,lr

ri

N
ll

d :lL
 have rio cohesiveness' and its
)) L'j-Iter maLerj-aI shouLct
]'io ' 200 sieve shouid i;'
fine-lirarneci content passin5; through
lessthanl?t'asar-ule'Ifthemat'erialtobeprotectec
then the above requf rennn'
is c I ayey or have a goorl grarlinri '
maY ce slirhilv ':aseC'
llJhen ernploying a filter harri ng t"vo coarse and fi ne grainer:

layers,thereouir-eogr-ad.ingoftheCCarSe5rarnerifi}ter
filter shouid conform to lhr:
cori-esp(lnding to tiie fine grained
pr'ovisionsstatedabove"Anexamplr-:issho..vni.nFi8.i-ifor
ref,-'r811ce "

!'ig' ,-, ExarnPles of standard val-ues for

fi ne ani coarse grained f if ter"s

l. Core materl aI (-2, mm)

2. Fine grainecl filter ma terial-

mat erial
) . C oarse grainerl f il-ter
I s f il ter sLandaro
,t,,. 'n a-'7inhi

Large Dam Conlerence

i. Filler standards by Japan
6" Kavrakamits fj-lter standaros
-/ t ^-n.i
rJlalrr
n <iz.e
u!a-
(nm)
is for core materi-a1'
B. Iiote: \r/idlh of each stancrard value

of Facing TYPe Darns

1-4 Design of Transition Zone
betlveen the
A facing tYPe dam musl have a transi t'ion :,ooe
rvall and body of dal:t' This zone is instatled to
innpervious

j'i -
-,b.1
 orstrrbule the yrater pressure to t,he
bocilr of dam as unlformly
as Possible and to ease the
infiuence of diif,erential settlement
of bocjy of dam upon the impervious
warr. In conventlona]- rei-nforceci
ccncrete faci ng t'ype dams rubblestone
t_ :;
r masonry rnade of J-arge rock
ra(r-ses wali as transitioit zane, on: its thi-ckness ,\1,,8s
cmpJ oyecl
abcul 2") to --'-a m norrna-r to
tl:e face of rnper-viou-. wal1.
!'or t.he asphart ccncr-ete facing type clam,
the transitlon zone
:s i'orneC as semi-pervious zcnc havinr:
il:_ainage iuncljons by
c'JnDactr ng r- gra,ced crushed r-ock narer-iar cr .sanci
rvef
gravel
raicria)-, and it.s thicirness is cieternineci
by taki-ng account of
t)te vrorl<ability f or assuring
f ull_ compac tion.
i. !eslgn of pervi_ous Zone
Pervious z.one of the zone type riam and f;rcing
type ciam will
::',:afly govern the stabiiity
of ciam" ,Ihe p.rryious Zoas mtt.st be
::t'ic oi materi.rls iravin6
a required :-:ical. r;,_l.ength , haVe a reo uirerj
:i'adrent and thicilnes:s and be
irrcper_r-y ar_la.n15ed.
i1a terials uscrl lor . p^rrri,orr.s z(.:)nelr ar(_. nr.r r.nalI.y
irarcj ror;ks,
:i;biesrone, s.)irJ flrave j ancr roc;.:
via-i. a{-, i'r.r)rii c:(cavation
{.<-.r-
'. ',i. Ltlrlri SUCt) a:.; s;I;f-li_w;t.1,s.
l'.r ' -. r
AfOfil L);r, j_l,tI_y,- OU: zOneS, LhOSe
: ltlc ricirnsi.rc:r.t: si cie nu.sl
be abie i_i,, eaiirt _r.1/ ora.j n the
rjoellage
lir,rt- or i-ainYiaier lrorn j
iri{lrv.ous zLrl)l) i,;i..1 I r lhol;r,,
a L the. upsLrearn
"i': musl- br: able to easiiy clr';-ii. the
rl(il-; w:rier resul-iec 1-r-orn
13 ]owered
\,rater _l c.ve1 j_n reservoir anci, 1..Jt^
Lhis; pLtrpose,
lD :;cnes shoulci
have fi.nc flr-ained pcr-t.i o. .1i-,-
litt-r_e as possi-bre.

ii

;li
.:l

t.
,l

,i

-ti-
:,:l

1l

li
 si rie j-n the ran63 where
At IeasL ihe per-vi-ous zones aI upstr-3am
Lhe vrater IeveI fiuctuates siroulo
be rnarie ol ourabie maieriais

havingahighper-neabil.ityancihi.gn:;hearresis;tarrcefornot
rtory*rrli nq. the stabil-ity againsi sirdinri ol
upslream 'sIope due to
qv')i u

in t.late:: ievel of
reS}dual pore tvater- pressure after a dec:eaSe
the rcservoil'.
Lo seepage vraier from
1f downstrearii water level is hlqn oue
of dovrtlsLrean: pervi-ous zono
cores because ol a lov; permeabirity
il; l-:i:eiy to be degraded '
and the s tabiii t.v oi dovrnstre:trn slopc
a drainage layer j-s sometimes ernployed "

Forpreventingafailurecausedbycrlckl;Cuetoraj.nvlater
orasurf'acr-'sliprthepervirlrtszon(-mtl:;l-lle[]o'lt'ttililnkedthal
CoarSegralnednaLer-j.aIswiI}belocatetjnearthesuriace"
ApreCeterr::iineishear-strengihisrecitii-erilc:keepingthe
the shear streng:h increastt'
safety against sliding fallures, anci
more rollec' F-cweVerr
as the nnaterial becones harder anC ls
increase in fr ne 8r'ained
excessive roll-ins will result in an
portionandaciecreaseinper:neabiJ-ltySCthattheselection
be car-ef u11-v made.
of rnar_eriars ani rnethod ol work xnus:
frorn excavatlon
As naterials for pervious zone, roci< vla.s+'es
CaSe, pervious
of cians or spi}}ivays are of ien usec ' I n th:.s
Zo,{\zs are sonet nes embankeC
i bef ore Lhe em-cankrnent Of imperviOu:

zones because ol ccnstructron process but lhe location of

per.viousZonemtts|-beexamj-nccibyfurlytak.tnraCCol]nlof
the trrne of matertal borrolling anci €il'i;ankn:ent.

st)
 it
H
H
ill

-5, Dan Crest

'*5-l iTrdth ol I_)am Crest
i'lldiiL oi d.rm cre.st is norrally 10 to ]5 m fcr hrgir
dans anci
(r to 9 tn for loiv dan.s
and shoulci be riet.rrnineci b.v t.aking account
ol variou.,; ef r:nDri-l;- stateii bel oiv.
(1) fiafety oi'bociy oi ca:n
i) core wlcrth and thrckness cr'.Dr-otecr-jnE la;rer must
i;e sui'f rci::ni for rna i;rtaln ing
the sal.ety anainst seepage vrater fl
-Ln bod;r of can whcn water. 1evel. is: ma;<inurn in
resL.rvo.r.
?-) .S1ncr:: t-he ciam crest i.s eas: ly .,rifectecl hy earthcuake,
its wrcith shoriici be suffrcrenLry:af",: ariainst settrenir.:nt ancl
'iieiornation of rian.

'* 3) wrat.,n i.,r dam crest should bc s;-l1',.r against wave-q

ret;ervolr ancl erosion Cue L.o s(jepaf. fIorv.
(Z) Purposr: of use oi' dam c:-est
1) lvhen using the bocy of carn also as a r-oaci, the dam
cresL
shoulo conlorrn to the RoaC Structural l,;rw and have
a reoul-reC
wldth and reo ui.eci thickness of pavernent . r
f the dam c res t is
to be opened 1-o vi si tors, i t rnust be suf ficient
ly vricie and saf e.
?_) A suf f, cient space should be D.ovideci
on t.he clam crest
t'or neasuring operation and instarrini: instrumenLs
such as
setsno,qraph, settlemeni gau6es, eLc"
(;) Reoui,red width for execut.lon of work
i nce the core, filter anc per-vious
zone are concertraLed
al t.he Carn crest, a rnininu,: wldih io:- tiie
el:ecution ol.r,.,ork for
"tach portion siioulcl be secrtreC.

-! ,'* I
 iVid th of iarn crest of exi strng dans i 5 rndi-cated i-n Table q

5-a Section of Darn Crest

Iior preventing damages due to splashe.s lrom rainv,rarer. cr
waves near the clan crest, fine graineci r-ccll materj-a1 or

sanci gravel mater-'i-al abor,rt. L, to )C cr r-hick shoulo be conDacta

'l
to lorr a ccre p:oieciing :((J-rr-r . t .
.'r

i f the dar: crest rs to be used also as a road, 1t should be

pt-ot.ec tei f rorn Cairares due to traffj-c. A gradient of Z L, j,/ i
nor,ral-1y made in both the uf,strearn and downstream directions
of dam crest for drainage. Section shapes of the crests of
e:<isting dams are shown in Figs. ,-6 through 5-8.

Fig. ,-6 Section through crest of the l'lisakubo Dan

1. rli idt.h of dan crown 2. 35O, subgrade
1. Riprap work {. Rockfi}l aL upstream side
,, Filter at upstream side 6. fmpervious wal-I
7. Coping stone on crown, 2 m long, I m wi_de, C"9 r:n high
8. Shrinkage allowance, 1", m max.
9. Crown of dam without shrj-nkage allo,,vance: 445.OOO
IO. Focl<f ill at ciovrnstream sicie
}t. Filier at cioln.:tream side
l-2. Starting elevation of shrinkage allolance: 4iE m
i"1axi-rnum gradient on upsti"earn face: L:2.25

I,laximum g:aolent on do',vnstream face: l:1.90

-18-
 I

t; . ,-'i s ec ';i o. tirrorii:ir crest of Llir: Yanai"c Darn

i
) Core (r+) Rockfil-1 (nediun grained

) r'ilter (r) RiPraP

) RocL:fitI ( fine gr-aineo )
c 1-icn of I " iu of shrinkage allowance

is oi Catr l+" Dan crcr;t

p of impei-v:t.otts wail-
i;'iij. ,r-g ,lcction Llrrourlir cr-esL of t-i'ic Toriitrchi Dam

pira ), 1- Ptiv'-'rnt) n t

f) Core
2,1 Core

, Fiiter
4) Rocl<
)ne rr 4' zone

Itability Calculatrons
]tabilitycaiculationsbycircu.larrupturemethod
ii-mpli- f i ed slic e me bhod being used by the !'i aler I?esoulrc es
LopmenL Public cOrporaLion for stability calculations
oi
of dam will be er:plai-necl herej-naftet"
For simpii fying t,he problem, a case wnere there is no
ivater pressure anrl cohesion during orc.ij-nary time wirl be first
i*derecl by ref erring to Fig. 6-I '

I
fr
't
-'-r-l -
 l'ig. 6-I F'or-ces ac.trng to a ^t i ^ ^

L Ceniral- Point of siiP c1r-cle

?.. Siicirnl; srtrface

.,,;.-.-^
$/1..-:I r: , nn
iri, xn+i:
rr, In'ternal lcrce aCting to each si-ice ilne and

Paralie-L lo siiCinr sttt'facr:

li
: Ver-iicai iorce of sli-ce ',

..\ : ljornal lorc e ac tinri 'ro slidinq' surlac e

i : Length cf s;iirilng surfacc

- : Sl ant r:f sl-idinr surface f rorn the horizontal
(: r- | ' e .-,ho.:i on (c : total
,v . vulruJrvrr str-ess indicaLion, c' : elfec liv,:
slrr:ss inoication)
brfr': Anqle of inter-naI friction (.t5: iorai stress inrlic;rii
,t-tt : t: f fec t iv e s tress i tttjicit 1-i on)

il: Fore water Presslli e

1f the internal force act.ing to the slice is assuneC to bt:
parailel to the slidi nB surface, tho eo ui'l-ibrium of f orces nol'r:r;r
to the slirling surface is as follows:
V/ cosd- N = o ....'"....(I)
Il- w cos{ ....o"..--(e)

Considering the fcrces acting in parailel to the sliding

sur-lace of the r';hoIe cf slip cir-cie,
Total resisting force is
ll
L //; {os*ito".9;
L=l

t-,!
 "i-ci-aI siiriinr: force i-s

tL(
Ljtf;*,-f,)" tv; or^'J;
)

I
.".(+)
L=l

Anci safet'7 lactor i.s givr:n bY

-t.
E vt/; r-o s +; I-a'"fl;
tr-- -L=:
t 1f ri-,- E, ) ' r,y'; .r--.ii i
--
lnter-nal. iorce" E has ai r'ie:'ent riirt:c Lion ior each s.Lice, ancl

'.hus ior tirs) rvhole of siip ci.;-clr-,

,1
. 2- ( E;-r -E;) =o ."(6)
i-t
''irorelore, eoLralion (ir) is i-ewr-i-Lten as; ir:l
Y\
-Io''vs:
I^
L vVr cosli tc^9i
r>'
:._
l-
I Wi S i'1- di
Ilora eouation (?), both bhe case of assun;li on cf internat force I
!,tral1e1 to titc sJ-iding sui'lace ancl the casc ol ct-tniplgi3 ignorance
oi the intern.ii force can be expressed by tre sane safeby factor"
COnside:-in;3 lhe pore wa Lcr pre.5.;ure ;rnci COhesion, the resisLing
I'orce against sliding is given bl,
11 [ t
Resisting lorce against sli-ding = L jL,{,1(w'iros.f; *t'r(.,)to,,dil.. (8)
I: _i_

Thus, the safety factor is given by

'! I / \
(C;/; *
|, _i: ( Wr (:s'i; - L,/;e;) tr,,.'g; i
l'= __= (9';
L:1
_r_;,
i'iovr, Iei' s c onsider the sei srnic - f or-c e and hydrcstaiic pressure
hr:rei naiber'. 1rr i.ig. 6-2, lcrces acti nt Lo lhe slice tvhen
q,i;nsideri-n11 tlic, sei smj-c for-ce anci hycros;t.alic pressure are

indrca Leo.

-hl-
 I'i g . O-Z Forc e s ac ting to siic e

ln this figurr:, Iin antl lln+l are the for-ces in horizontal

di:-ections actin,q io slice lincs n anci n+l rcspecli-"rgly.
Driiorence be Ltieen ior-ccs i n ho:-lz(lniaI dirr:c*uions; ;ir-1-i nc rn
bclli the enis i-',f t,;re si'ce il; 5l','en by

'i Ht,-, - i1'. ( irj)

vrirer-e. ll : iiycrcsia act-i-nr tc slice

K'\i: S ei srni c f OrC e aC 1:inf] to slicr: (!l: seismic coolficit-.nl

Lafei;r factor coltsior:ring 1-he sei scric force ancl hydrostati-c

pressure is given cY
^ - (w.tor j; -Ur0i - 4Hisi^e,)ta^$'l
+lC,l-,
n
1
...(1r)
Z ( W; iii\+. - aHl
-{,:r
Cor +,)
consider n5 t.he vrhole of slrp circlr:, eqLlai-ion (11)
\t/hen
n
as lovrs sinc \" ATI
can be rewri t.ten f ol e
i=l rii
-et'

,{-
-1
!,1 Ci 0-, - ( w; co (|i .- Ur4l - kwl :r$)!,:1]- . .. . . . . ( 12)
F- --D
t. \/i ( s..,1.+, - k tot |;)
(f-i) '
[,quati-o1i' ( l2) can be srrpl' fied as sholn by ecuation
zf c-'t + ( N-u-&t ) t^-e'J
F'
S Z {r-r. 1

lvhcre, Fs Sa f e t;.r fac tor

crc r ' Coiresi on of rnaterial- oi sllding surlace of

each slice (c: Lotal- slress inolcaLion, cr: effectlv(r
stress l-ndication)
b, A': Angle of shear-ing resistance of rnaLerial of
sliCinf surface of eacn slice (d: tolal stress
indica'"ion, b' : ef f ecij-'re stress inciicaii on)

u-
-1^)-
 I:
L-
i,eng'-it of sliding sr-irlace of eaci-r silce (=.b,/cosc\)
b: '/iiclth of each sl-i c e
ll: liormal comoonent rtf i.esuf tant . of ioali act-ing lo
tirc sli,li ng surfiico ol' e:rch sf rce
'l':'I'arnri:r.t-ial- cor::oon.lnr- r:l rcsLtlta:tt r)l: l.rr.l rr-li ns iO

thr: s-r,r-.n.1 srrrlacc ol eacl slic.

it..: l;orra I ccnooncnL, r;1.' seisnic Ir,,:tri to the
slrdilr surierce oi eaclt ll.ici:
'l'^: 'J'an.,i,ri.:.ia1 cornol':i:+" Ci seisrric loari .-r.t:i:tg Lo tiie
C

si.drl:i surf:ice cf eacir siicr:

ii: Pore ter pressur-e actinr to trr,,. slr ri i r-,g surface of
'rz,r

: ezCi-t s;i'tce (resultant of pore waii:r pu?scl.trrl of seepate

vl;r'tcr ar',i excess pore y,,at,or pres_;aure g(3noraLed dur"ing
crnbanhnr:nt)
" For the Dole waLer pressure (U), it. ls rroL reauired to
rclude thc srjLrpage pressurc due to seef),'rrie i;a ber- in bocly of darn,
ren making caiculations us;i ng the safet-7 fact:r. given by
re atrove i'orrnir la , t.he sa f e t.y fac lor mrrs t be a Lways gr.eater- than
2 1n Lhe proc ess of desrgn.
Vaiues of li, il-U, T, li" and Tu in th+ above f ormriia
oul-ci be deler:ined fr-on the wei;lhL oi each slice .ls
plained below"

-6:i-
,
l- ) '//ithout ltaferl storage i:tredratel v af enbankneni (reie:-
"er
Fi -
a r€J. ,---( /)
-' -/

I f tota] rveigtrl of slrce is

r/i:

\!'= [,tL A( [ ": lreL unit werght of fill r:aterlal)

(=n.b)
A: Arca of ,.l.ieo

)t-"1 r{
l:-tt ^.r-
'vU.l
\l\

T- '\'l sl n ..
A - rl r-nq ..1

.J/ * ti"t,'/
e
ll'e =','/'r;i.ni\
(l

m -itl r\
-e e
^n-

K'
l\ - D,,'qi
l/uu!Li,^.
qn sei smic intensi tY
U'Au.0= au. b (Au: excess pore ivater Pressure generat'o11
COS A
ritr-i_rr5nrr ornbanknent aCti ng
uu-
to an unit area of the slidi-n
surface)

Fig. 6-1 For.ces acting to slices on circular sli-di-ng

surface (without water stoi'age)
l. Center of circle 2. l'Vidch of slice, b
3. Seisnic for-ce
l'ag . b-rf Forc es ac i j-ng to slic es on circular
/t sli di ng
r
,'^^ A !l,L'-
-n

surlace (with water storal:er several-

l
JUa- -cu
fi7\
\J)
1. Cenler of c irc le ?-" For slices @ anci

(c,
3. For sli-ces G; t hroush \z-)

- b*-
i
.:\ ',Vith vrater sbor,rr;e !ie',',)r.tl yo:tt-t; lrlor i,- S-reiiOlv SleePafiC

r;taie (r'efer to Firy. 6-li)

!rr
tl=,1 -',1.t-;
a
tU (
ti _ r, ,!t
a -L ',1

'.I rr l
\ ll r
UT'

t.t iT _:l;
r=i'i + ',V, ) COS i
1i-' -iY L -,)ll
a o'
rl ci n aA
-lll OLL. -

ru
lV
o.f=
t.. t I
f, I .r o a -r- ,r" sat'
'^a .\,.) =r.(',V* J,; ,,.b), iv!'rD-,)
rr:rL -,,, ,t Sat iq
..^ saturateC

uni t ureight o f fitl materlal

ll a -,'l -i
J^ n
rr .F

'T COS A
e =iY e

"A
a
Area of slice on seepat{e face (o?)
{t lYet unil lreight of fiil maLerial (t/il)

t,o Alea of slice beiovi seepage face i=r;lp3tion zone, but

welgnt in water in thrs case) (n2)
t wcight. of fill materi:rl- irr rvaL,er- (=f"rt - [
, Unr (t/ ,,?
tr' ro)

trsat: Saturated unl- i vreight of fj-l-i nat.eriai (Z/*1 ,\

rlt. I-rnrf vrei ght of rvar-er. 1Y7r,j)

.

b) Siices belovr vrater surface (srices (O Lhroug;n

1n 1.i.,(. b-ty)
lll-
,,- f I
I
t
A^ (a

-:-'i
l'r._rJ=,, A-i,{ t irc./
A ) u,Jt)
,,-n< !,1
LL,*.,_r'_\u
^..^

T=i'i st-n .$

D)
i
 es 6; .
ltsiroir}dbcIlOte(ithetdbi--C()IneIjDo:jiLjVefors}ic
in the
(l,j and (:, anci negative f or s;iice:; O and O)
r_-.

exanple of Fl.g' 6-L+'

rl -;'
rre -r! ' ir_-L^.e
i -: (l,'i'- Iw Ae )

i,'
.(:{l= ll sin'.1\
-e
f,r .n,' -1.
-. l,

e
wai-.:I- sur f ac e
1t.: Ai'rtzi oi i'-ril- niateria- below
in r,'1,1tr'l (=i"rt - [
r': Iln,l-t 'reiflhL of fiII ma;i"r'ial
ri z
ru)

c f lj IL rr;rL,'rial (t/n')
Y ,: Sa tur"r Lec-i unj- L weigir
'1 sat
o

7
r : i,nit wei ght of water (t/n')
,,
\,,.

Cal cuiations
.- 1. Procedure of iational- Circular Rupture
fii I darr
14oreratj.ona}pr.oCedureofcieierminingt}resectionof
i' (r\YCiia rt oi Fig' 6-6.
,,viIl- 1;; e-':p iaine'i bel ovr by ref er:ing tc th'r
( 1) l ssunPt':on oi sec tj-on

ilas,r-caL-i;t, t'he sectj-on is assumea

as folloivs:
l)Graiientofstopeistobecleter-minecifromtF.efor.rnuiaof
sii C,inf; o f sur- lac e sedinent s '
2')i,/hr;nprovio.;-nganinternalroc}rZC)ne,t}recritj-calcIrc}e
j-i lhe ran{Ie of
nay sotnetines appear in a deep par:
is snal i ' Thus ' the
inte:nai rcck is; rvide and strengtir
change in strength as well
change Ln safety factor duc to
In thj-s case'
as 'rhe rant:e of rnaterj-als musL be gr'asiled'
ieveI, and an a-i1cr';a::c
lhe Ioacr snouiC be basect on nor:xal ivaLer
fot- t'he safeLy faclor'
oi aboiii i t.o Lri!, should be considereo
of 1.2"

-6L-
 :
\2) I:lirdj-nl; calcr:l:tiions 1'or Ilornal wati:r' Ieve'
- Loaci cases I^ to )-^ ^r,,,^.,.- considered
be air.vays ^,r-^i.lorr.,-l in
i siioin;; cal-CUiatiOnS

,r re asj shown in 'iab] e 5-i "

F.ir. ()_.. iiiotvclr.rrt- of .:iet,crminatlon r]f .;r:ct.ir)o

i,l/ s i I .i : nr, c'-l i c "t-j-a t-l' Oit l;

- ii;:i-€-rI'nal foI'ces 3' pir,vsicai (loIlIjLatlbl;

/tsl;urn1lli or ill' sectr on:
(,rladi ent. oi suri':lcrl, tlitr:t'llal i"orli-Ili'

Llt.lrng caiculaLlons iul'ing nornal w;-ttilr lt:vei

rl. C scn o f sa f etlr f ac t or
oii pari-
(Shallow sircing) ( (leep sliding)

_\r Re.ri evl of section zoning

i). Ca I culations lor intermediate water 1'r-'vel

a Illidrng caicuiar.iOns for other loading concirLlons

o" cohesion, angle of internai frict.ion, unit rvei-ghi,
pore water
pressllre, ,iensi tY oi bodY of dam
'). CaIcuIatj-ons for: sliCinr; of surlace sedlments
l().RevievlofsafeLyfactorwithrespcct,ioc.nangesinranseano
sLrength of malerials
Table6-ilevj-ervCaSesforsiidingiaiiuresCorresponding
to the cond,Ltions ol P05cPvoir
(a) iiqr-::rai waiep le.rel (b) immeciatety afier compleiion
(c ) During int errneciiate wa ter' Ievel"
(cf) r)trring surcharge'rratet- levei
i

!
(e ) l)irri n5 design f Iood I evel
( f ) 1)urrnq sucicic'n rlrop in water- levei

r ) Daily operateci dam.s

i.j) Lthcr rlarns

l. i;-,'rr:r-. of slope t-i-r be calculabeci

2. 5 eismic intensi Ly of 'crtciy of' Garn

5. rriaLr:r- ievel
1'. lore rvater pr-e:ist.tre
,. llpstrean & clovrnstream 6, Upsr.rearn
7 " Iipstrean B, Upscream
9. l'{orma} water level l-O. Inter:redi ate leveI between
nornal- w:rLr:r l-evel & lol llater-
11 . Surcharge water- level IIA: Design flood leveI
12. i\iorn:al water l-evef Iow water'
->
L). Surcharge water leve] -+Iimit water- leve_r riurj-r:g flood
i{errmal waLer level --) lorv rvater

f4. Steady seepage pressure

15. I?esidual pore urater pressure du:rns construction
16" Steady seepage pressure
L7. Residual pore water pressure
rB " llote: lYater level between norn:al waier r-ever and 1o,,,; warer
,rhen the safety becomes the most daniierous.

-/.? -
 I

t-o lire rci;r i- j ons brll:.riq,'ai;1 L.hes oloa,i carrcl rnri cr-i',.i L "-Irr
uur

:ri;:Of ,
llrn
'.''
{'nl I
I r'r'7j.-
LUIILIIjJ
n.)nnl tr.-i ir:' can b t-^ *^:
l:.(lLirl. -
.

dei_e-pni nsrl by lhe

t-ire siate of nc:'rnaI

cl u.r i.o ;1 lei-.p sJ-rcirng,

lho NOS t danrercr-rs.

Fror tirr: ilb()\,(., if iht: 1l .-td Cas;-: rlf

r; 'oascri on .-ho norral wa t.i::- leVr:i er'lij
i:t; ttrl; j. n f.iti: l;u r' l';lc c I;-.ly()r, th..:n tlt,r
'ra,li ng c on.l 1 ti i-.ns shoulci be chec ke ci

r' th c -L
r) norrna wn ; et- l- e.re l- "

r) Sl-iriirq calculat,ions for intermeci.a;e rvater ieve.l-

Saf :.Ly fac r"or f or sh,rIl-ov/ slroing \ saf eiy i'ac ior f or
deep sliiii-ng
In th:-s case, the mi nimur:n salei.v fac Lcr becornes the sarne

as the sa iety fac tor f or sllriing of sLlr-fac e sedinenls, and

the stab{-'ol nor-mal- water level- becomes the rnost ciangerolrs
vrater le\rel conditions. Thus, the section rieie:'ni-ne<i by
the calc ul al'i 9n- f or norrnal t,,'a te1 io,rei snorrid be pSerJ
f cr checit-i n8 t.he saf ei)/ factors f or oiher- l:ariing conrliiions.

A',r; )- Safety factor for sh.allory s'lidinrr)Satet;, factor- for

deep slidrng
In tnl s case, the r::inirnum safety facLor occurs i n a deep
part, ani thus lhe centei- an,cl e of its cj:cie j-i.rcleaseS,
Thus, tho inLe:::r:11i a t.e vrater- lc!'e i :;i:or-lirj br :ev,-:evleC anci
: ic sec ti or: be cneci.:ed.

-b9 - I
:
I f tne ninj safet;r fac tor i 5 determineci by oeep sl iClnr,
rnuri:
" t,he oec:ease in saf ety f ac tror- fr-om the state of nornal v'rater l-eve.r
t.o titc statc of intr:rrnediate lvat'e: I orrel becomes i to
!+1'' r:a'xi i:nuil

oi the sal,:l)r lac tl;r duri n8 nornai r,var t.i:r- Le'rr,'-l "
Stanciarrj sec+-ion v;iih i,;hrci-r the s;afci;r I'acror fcr- ihe inier':r:,i
wacer l9,.,al- l-s sho'*ln in Itrf " 'c-?, and the colrel-atl''::
,,vas e:.:anlneci
'l

bet',vcen letle l- and saf ety lac-'or 1s snown in r'iq'6-8"

"','rter
f.'i
1 llr rrr i--?
u .'-r.anciard scc-t-ion cmployect lcr rcv'r e\'/r ng
I

saieLyfactorforinter-:reclial':t"'ater'level

Fig. 6-8 Change in safety factor ior- interneci ate

t,lat.ct- Ievel
I. \Yater level 2. During or-CinarY lime
) . D uri nrr earthq uahe ( loo% ) l|. Safety facLcr

(q) !eviet'; of zonlng

I f a saf ety fac i-or- of L.2 is obtaiied as a resul-t of calculati
for inter:nediale ,,vaier 1eVe1, the saf eiy fac tor f or: other loadrnti
cond'i tions rxay be revievied using Lhe sec i
j-on f or intermedrate
r,vater l-e.reI.
T f j- i 1s 1o',vcr than I "?-, then the sec t-i on ancl zoning are to
ree:<aminerJ..

L . S eePage Flovr ,nLnalYsis

For per-forminq sbabil-ity calculations for the body of dal'11 r
j-t is filsL reo.uir-ed '-o nake e Seepage f i ovi anal vsis and fi nd
the,lines of equal water pressure vrl-thin the body of dan.
i.jethod of fr ncli nq the Iines of equal tvater pressure for u nf form

-)o-
.i.yp e ciarn rvjir hc t:xDiajrrcri hc:li:.i-nai1--er.
.(1) i'1e bhocl of f incllng sce!agc ii nes
A. Casagi'ande's ne thi-;,1 is nopna |ly usei for'fincirns the
seepage lrncs
linifor-:n t,yte iilr cian (..,, Casariranrje,l; mr:ihod):
n irr,1. 6-ll, tlre lr(-.c{);ri;c iine is t.h.r ba.sic jraraboi:r passin5
r
i'rorn point A;l:l f'ocr.rs at- ti:i: tot-. of d()u/nr.ltrt:alr siope of bod;r
of dain
l.r) pc-llnL. A vii;ich il- y /? a|art lrom ncli::i -u- ;rrrd Lo point
B_ o:r
;ite water suri'ace at upstrean: side. rf point A is useri as
\r r r6r1r,
rtni ci n th-n
ulrrjrl 1-he basic paralbola in thc coordi naies of :<-axis anci
li-axj-s (axls of ordinates) can be expresseC bl" eo uation (S.S,J_5) .
' Fig. 5-3 iieepahe line of unif orm i;;pe fil-l- dam
-- ( trasic parabola)

i" Seepage iine ) rm,r^Fr.,eoie foundat.i-on (round

y= iGt]..Ii-
where, )r,_, = i-li - dt - cL

h: Vertical dis;ance betiveen p.tints A and B

ci : Horizontal distanc e between poj-nts R an.i
q:ru
"2 r-.1

Lt r Hori zonial distance betrveen points E anci :l

?,a, Horizonla-l distance betveen points AandE

lL: Toe of downstrearn slope of body of dar,r ( lmpelvi ous porti on )
( fccus of basic parabola)

'7r'
 Iurnt ,vilLe ir rt Ju/' al)aI'L ,i'rlr Ft'i::'- A Lowaro eor,,instrear
A^:
t,

sicle ( oi-i,3rn of coorciinates)

i-r: C on Lac I pr;r nt be Lrveen r-ipstrear: siopt'- 3no reser-I/oir Ieve-L

(-coini of i;assing of ba:;ic per-abcia)

'l i
jl.: Inters;:clion bet"'reen basic p;Li-aoclia ernd ver- Licai ne
i
titrour,:il rloln i 3
i n+
;l ; oi :r.'--ch il; ().=, (, al)ar1- ii'o:t
'.ui:
I,rr

ii rec"i on towarrj uP sLrean sicie

'lhe basi-c ilal.abola can br: obiaincci lron the abovc'. However,
tti Lcn Liai l;ui'l "r
sinc() up:;Lrcam :; Lope of bht: bu<iy of ri;rrn .Ls :rn eo Po
t.he fol-lorving correcij-ons are reouirL'd lo m;rlte t.he Parabola
noI'::'r

of the bodY of
to ihis surface anci locate the parabola outsicle
oan at the dovrns Lrearn siope slde '

,a Fig. 6-g Seepage line of unifcrt":r t'lrpe dan

(corrected Parabola)

l-. IjeePage Iine 2. Ir.rperneabie founciation gr-ound

Basic parabora (Er-: o-Ao) of Frg. 5-8 was corrected and

the seepage 6ne ( B-C-A ) of Fig. 6-9 was obtained. Thus,
the stream Ilne aL the inflosr poini- becones nornal' io tire
51ope'
Aa to point c'
anci point co cirops by,a clia8onal ciistance
surface
This A;1 varies dc:penctlng on the angie oi sianl of runoff
and can be ob'"ained from equat'ion (J 'i -._?) '
a+Aa 'Jo o.o.6......(5"3'5-7)
= 1 - rc:,J
where, a: diagonal disrance AC

Aa: Diagonal di-stanc e C

oC
6-9)
i,\: Angie of slant of runoff surface (r'efer to Fig"

-,J 2-
 Fi6. 6-10 Vaiues of rralr due io chanrie i n

gracii ent of runoff surface

1. Runofi surfacg
1n Fi6. 5-i1 ,.C=6.u7(a+aa) is obtained from
valui: of d, and
varues of a anLl Ail are cbia:-neci frorr
() J ")-Z)
"qlotron
Anci rrail r,,rhen angie of .sla:t (+) of runofl
"

surface j-s si:na1ip-

tiran lOo. can be obtained by the fol i orv: n;
r'ornrrl,r:
a=

FiS, 6-l-i iiel-ation between C and gr-aciient (c ) oi r-unofl

sui- f ac e

I. llormal surfac 2. d =f,radi

e rlr;.u of runof i surlace
(1) An exanple ot caiculatlon of seepage
ltne
& . For uni_ f or-::r type fi 1l- cianr (
dral n a t the toe ol riunsirea.n .slope
)

Fig .6-l- 2 Seepage lrne of uni f orn typr:

ir l-L Catn
;
h2* (l- ( z? .oo)?'
/) oOtr : !+.1i.i,"],] 4.,

vril e fe, lrorr 1,'j1. h-12

. t,- t
"

h--)
?.ca m

c=0 .-.-il Li ' [ - =l]",]i :i

L(

!:,rsic palar OC-,.,:r : l, ron ilo I.]lL i-i On

l-<-
2,t \:
'-" +rJ
=,/';.rbj: + ,r2.3r;
o..

If 'r -tl
Jl*'J,

If ;a)

-7r' -
#ii:rii':J:rw+___--

,',r-tnofl surface:
It,rUn^to-^
A,
Fron l,lg" 6-l-1, if d=-L4i-t OO' , U= --1-nlr
;;;7 -\]oI.j

From eo u:t t-i on (

).).)
- -\t / )

, r)

a +Aa =+
!t . -/,)
nnn: r /
= ?-.69 n (st): tt,.Oc=-O.
l-cos c' l+L) . t' I ,/ LL!?

aa 'l
-r\ 2

a+Aa 2.6 ,a

There lore , A, = C '12 n

:2
(z)For-grapiiicailySo}v].nglhef:-owneL,t,hefoJ.lol'rrngi."enrs
should be knorvn:

Irlor.rnetCornpriSestwog]]ol]Dsof6;}|.reS;oneoithemis
in Fr8' 5-U ' anri
a line showl-ng the f lovr ciircction as inoicateci
co uipotenti-al Lt'
is call ed the stream lj-ne, anci the other- is the
nor-ral- io the si:rean Irne anci connecter-i
tc pornis where the
potenlial
notential is eo.ual. llurnerotls strcai:n I ines anC equi
ted f ot'
lines el{ist but only representative liner; wi}1 be selec
--^t,,-.i
cl ,ld!./ i!u.
c

c ertain
If t.here are rectanSles uBCD and ArBrCrDl betuteen
sti-ea:] lrnes, the anouni of seepage f iovring cnl
y throu6h an uni
Ienqth for reclangie ABCD i s given by
ahb l('!'n'
q =kib =V-;c= 0,

Uni t arnount oi seepaEe frl: rectangle A'BrCrDt IS

Aqt -r:t. ahl

._(r '' -ut.A)
 I

ll 1 C ;\-
v LlI a IrIOv,, li^t ilia-ran
i. Strean line 2. E<;uipotential I'j ne
I f rec tanrf cs A BCD anci A ' il , (.)
' i) ' beconc souares anci
b -J-l
*l -t occur-.3, ther.: Ah becomes eoua.t to [h,,
-T =
Thr:r:cfoi-e, if til,t rcctansle for-ne11 by the streal liitr:s
anrj
poir:n1-1 ar lines becornes a so rlarc, thcn thn
f lcv; not can bc,
rnolrc ea:rI-v solveti graphrcalI.y. Prrtper-ties of the floiv.
net
cbtained as 'statea above are:
t\
Arount oi seellage flovi flovrr nq lirr.ough eacl-r sii_eam l:-ne
L;

is the same, anC the total- anount of secll:tAe, O is glven by

l'lf
r l- ;..r.r.i-t
Ilc
,,rhere, llf: liumb.r- oi divrced poriions br' .str-eam rlnes
lip: Nunbr.,r or divrccci portion: b,., ,oientiar lrnes
i.: Coef i: c j ent ci r,:r:reabilit-..r-
il : To i-a l- h caC

B: Length :.n Ionsrtudtnaf oireclicn

2) stream 1-rne ano potertiai 1ir:r: intcrsect perpencicurari;.,

tc each o1-her-.
3) rlead losr; a1 betiveen acijaceni potentral 1i-nes is constani.
i-') \ielocil.y of fir..,,,an,-l it;rdraulic gt-ac-ent are inver_sei-v
paocor-tlonai to li-re "j n:erva-L celtr,,et:n f1o,,y net"
1) ,,.,rill:ria:'.y l--:tc be'..',,r,,ten serjpaq.: lace anci irrperne;ibl-e la)rer
is .:t sil-ea3 llne.

-x-*
 anr'i i'ounciaLion i q
6) infl-ovr surlacr: at' Lilg body of da:i
an P0 triPotential Il-ne
of basic
In arl,li+-j-on to the above, Lhe rlethoo of col-rectj-ons
par:_ibo-t a stated f or- seepaAe iine can
be also applrec to tile
prePar;rti-on of f-Lorv neL
'
(-i) irlo'.v nei ani li nr: oi eoLlal l'rater pii:rssuril
f)Totalheatllc::sofseepaSeliners't'obediv:-ciedinton
( i n*,o 9 porti ons j-n this case) '

2) i.l:.rI'.i: b}-re sLroan }inc nerpenciiCu.l.:rr

io t,he eoLtipotential
the rectangl-e surrouncerl bl, both of
't-hern squarc
1j ne ancl make
,DratvlinesrepeatedlyandmaKether-eclang}eother-than
enr-l portions unifornly square' Draw
a circle and make
four sides
correctlons so as to IeL t'he circfe contact with
of the square.
illi . (:-14 Flow net
I. SecP:rge }ine 2' Totai head h (r.r)

1. EquiPotenti-al line 4' Stream line

,. Li:-le of eo ua] rvat-er Pressure
(A) of Fi-g ' 4-11 can be
Seepage pressure hR al. a *l-ven pornr
given bY the f ollovri ng f ornuia:
h.]i' - JIL-.i1 = + x L vg/cn2 = I.7B kg/cn?'
Iip
pO}'ential poi n t'
wher-e I np: l{umber of potentra} cliv* sions for zero
and given Point.
N^l
p Total_ nunber of potential divisions (9)

h: Total- head (4o m 4 xg/cn2)

=
4) End portlon shou-l-d become a rectagle having a constant
ratio betlveen i'ts height and rvirjth il-orver str.eam line of
.; Fig. 6-14, O.6l: l- )
5) Seepage pressure shoul_d be cie ter,,:linerl.
6) conneci points of equal hycir-ostatic pressure bogether. and
prepare a diagram of the 1.jne of eouai rvater pressure.
 i;{' -l c,,l 'i\r

icrr',r'-: j'1r,\i\

2:nI,--r.l Ct-c,,i,^,-

il' !

IP fnil \,,i:r-rica[ ,:lrc.i rr,

----_-__-:_
n\- I

-lt\-ll
irrtr.t,,', .l.,fC lln,n )

:
' ,':rr ]
]) )

(i,; Comt>o*-d Cr:.i.,

'.r r-l '_rl I I

Lr. '),/
i, o{ Jr:i,n:
I
\ I Ir:.
rr!{oai -
\
LoccrF,o
-l \r
tir i-;OnQQenggliq i r* , d C.t\ir S
o

-7? -
t iq.
o
L-L A Se cl\on hau 'ng hernfspaino Ia7ers
on tpstrearn .,C Cown;tream Cope s

(i) Cen-ral cre l"pe rl lrniervious Eone

(2 !a.-i- F:t-vrorrs ?Ong
0 lerviou.r scr-e

(ii) LnctineJ ccre

-[r,r,- . rs
c.i 2- 3
Fi". '/f*' ut ECF€J 1-7r= Cc.roS
 Ir-'c\e ',/-- [a*.;",,',.rata L.larvi{i11 \€r.,t-,,.r-., -. /\
-li-,,-1.- t::
.-Lr-..1 i, ,: I' I r_,..._rfr.,l -i7v"'
T
!t-=,'r
+

61 tc.t.1- n,,ciI.c..,,.\ic 11ro.rir'er: I

c.--.", L o.t .:,;i -i r.> r-r'i-r i r.a\ C-_rrc. i.y7g

,{r'i'^i,.i ,t.l,_,,,,,. ,', ,c.rt,r.,,,..;;.;;,,;;,.,.,;^,,,,,,_^,r..._\;,,,n" :

ll' ,=,r-..-,j-
,-. l,:. ;r;
' ir1 .i,,
'l'r i$'' .,,.",.r':r.=,.
I

j
\
'' ''li'--.1.
/ r..:rr .-- ,r
\(.^.;.,.1

..r-t:1 . rrrJ,
li,, 1nrf.i- ;;;;..-.i-.,-,;";1;";,1.,):l;,:;:l:1,,i;l;
.',*,, ;'[,-' , rc.-nc:nrtjrr..l:.).-C'r.rr,, ,,.,,:.,:
,fti::
(.(;,rilrFiri .,,. l[r-. I y.,,.1r.,, ., _,, r..-:].)r\',- ,. .l^X,,1 .'",.,
1-
*"
:r.r.. i.r,..?r__t.1r.,].\> ..---,lrr,e tS
i,.-, "\g

.- itr/;rL:- qir, riu€r\of !.r:i gint,s ltv\u ri . n.[.rr,k1,.,€rri ct dcunshq*,r

- '*
!.',rr'.'e of '\tr,.-dorn jiLe wa;.b i:. ohc4 :)tuv1._<t
I

il,utr,,icus. a,cne i_s;.,-x:iL\g,

*n'-t L'u'"lotion.
'-urr[c<,, ]j'rt)Lt"i3
.:t tbe frx'.'calicn oF
,rirrinQ.
(I 't-.r:t;r*.t
': wu/ L ilftl
I wc"t jr"i*:r,.,ictrs -.=-.cne- rno.y be
t'r?e"\/lous zonc
iot ---
----r irr- c<_luonc€..I [:1j_,,.]_I'_.rl
n \(,\tltl q.uiIn-nTY SlnCQ.tte
.r r.ri-,7
/' ,)t ir.,y.r',,.-.'r.:
"I-
r.,.crie*i",lc,
""'- jJr\ti\i u,uo,r..,ty
11r,o,..11 U,L\OI\rr siric<. 11,,:t:.f ^li[l:*r;lyl:
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