7th Standard

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT)
Support Material
7
SEVENTH STANDARD
LEVEL II
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society

No-8, M.S.B -1, 6th and 7th Floor, Cunningham Road,
Bengaluru – 560 052
PREFACE
M.R. Hiremath K.A.S
Executive Director
KREIS, Bengaluru-20
Computers have become a way of life in the present day world. Everyone need to be
educated about the implications of this technology. Now the Karnataka Residential
Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) has proposed a course/textbook in this regards. The
course outlined for this textbook is an attempt to design a generally friendly course that
would not only be contemporary but also leaves sufficient scope for expansion into unknown
realms of computer activity that may emerge in future.
The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that theoretical component of

Higher Secondary stage should emphasise on problem-solving methods and that the
awareness of the historical development of key concepts be judiciously integrated into the
content of a subject. It also recommends that given the pervasive impact of information and
communication technology (ICT), a course related to this, should address this infrastructure
challenge seriously and explore viable and innovative alternatives with regard to hardware,
software and connectivity technologies appropriate for rural schools.
NCF 2005 speaks about the tremendous effectiveness of the information and
communication technology in shaping modern society which has created the need for an
educated public that can utilise such technology most effectively for the betterment of society
and humankind. This book is aligned with these broad guidelines of NCF.
The book has been conscientiously designed and is the result of the renewed efforts of
the textbook team comprising of computer teachers and subject experts. Some of the
members worked at the advisory level while others worked towards the actual developmental
activity. It is hoped that the students will appreciate the beauty and logic of information and
communication technology. It has truly been a team work.
A conceptual coherence is derived with the pedagogy, the use of easily

understandable language, simple mathematical formulations in a logical fashion. This book
has some features which, we earnestly hope will enhance its usefulness to the students. Each
chapter is provided with learning outcomes in the beginning and the worksheets at the end of
each chapter.
I thank Dr. Shalini Rajanish, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Former Department of
Backward Classes and the then Vice Chairman, KREIS, Bengaluru, a National awardee on
Sakala and Panchayat Raj whose spontaneous and continuous support for initiating this work
with distinct guidelines and made it happen. We express our gratitude to Sri E.Venkataiah Retd
I.A.S, Former Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and the east while Vice
Chairman of KREIS, Bengaluru who was the path maker for KREIS. Sri Gangaram Baderiya
I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Vice Chairman, KREIS,
Bengaluru. Sri Naveen Raj Singh, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Backward Classes
and Dr. S.C Sharma, Former Vice Chancellor, Tumkur University, Karnataka, Prof. Rajaram
Sharma, Joint Director, CIET, NCERT, New Delhi, Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint
Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi and also to the Director, DSERT, for
supporting us with the task of preparing these textbooks. I thank our core team of computer
teachers who worked restlessly for formulation of these text books in the leadership of Sri.
A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education, Mr. Santosh Elemmi,
Mr. Sunil C.S and Mr. Keerthi Kumar H.M.
We welcome suggestions and comments from our valued users, especially students
and teachers. We wish our young readers a happy journey to the exciting realm of ICT-
Support Material.
(M.R. Hiremath K.A.S)

FOREWORD
A N Ramachandra
Formerly- Joint Commissioner Acad
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti,
Min of HRD, Govt of India
an.ramachandra@gov.in
It is well said by Sir Winston Churchill that “Men occasionally stumble over truth,
but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened”. Computers
have entered into classrooms so naturally than expected. While a decade ago teaching the
school children about the use of computers was a challenge. Now children in even remote
areas also know that a lot of fun can be understood by the touch of mobile screen. The 21 st
century digital children are at par with the pace of the Technology and its multiple
dimensions affecting all spheres of their life.
What is planned to teach the children through this support material is to engross the
children towards understanding the computer and its functional competency. This effort
surely enhances the learning pattern and desired outcomes. Parting computer in the school
curriculum brings paradigm shift from teaching to learning and also:
a. Use of computer by teacher increases their efficiency and quality of teaching.

b. Integration of ICT in curricular activities makes children learning a joyful event
c. Inter-disciplinary approach in learning brings higher order concepts
d. Computer aided learning gives impetus to Multiple Intelligence such as; Creative
thinking and problem solving skills.
Let me also caution that this support material does not contain material to learn
specific software. Further, learning computers is not designed as a substitute for learning core
subjects. However, by association with the computer and with the help of this set of support
material students will be able to explore the possibilities of using computer as a tool in
enhancing knowledge, understanding of subjects and skills and concepts dealt in core
subjects. I am happy to be associated with the team in developing this material to assist the
teachers and children in Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS).
The team involved in this work has also taken into account the constraint like availability of
time of the children in the Residential school pattern. Hence, lot of activities could be
planned to be conducted after the class hours through a formal interaction with the computer
teacher and the subject teachers, using the techniques explained in this support material. With
this material it is expected to enhance collaborative activities and interdisciplinary
approaches. The support material in this series has links from level to level. Over a period of
5 years students are expected to integrate ICT tools in their core subjects at ease. Although
teachers can use their own methods to evaluate themselves the efficacy of use of this material
from time to time , learning concepts explained in this set of support material is not expected
to be evaluated through a formal set of examinations. The fun of learning the skills is
incorporated in various exercises and activities recommended.
Special features maintained in series of support material are:
 Minimum skills required at the age group for operation have been attempted to be
incorporated
 Time share of 100-120 periods (80 hrs per year) is planned
 Exercises and materials are designed in such a way that children Learn through
independent operation and collaborative work
 Play-way/Conversation /interactive approaches are adopted
 Brand neutrality is maintained to avoid specific alignment to any particular brand
 Kannada compliant inputs are exhaustively attempted
I wish that teachers will make use of this material more informally to have full
participation of the students in productive manner. I thank the Karnataka Residential
Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) for reposing confidence in our entire team in
developing the material. Thanks are also due to the team members who have invested
valuable time and expertise.
(A N Ramachandra)
TEXTBOOK COMMITTEE
ICT – Support Material Level II
CHAIRMAN:
Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New
Delhi.
MEMBERS:
Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.

Sri. Sunil Kumar S B.E, MDRS, Mellahalli Gate, Yelandur Taluk, Chamarajanagar.
Sri. Praveen L M.Sc(CS),B.Ed, MDRS, Haranduru, Koppa Taluk, Chikmagaluru.
Sri. Ravindra B Booyi M.Tech, KRCRS, Humnabad, Humnabad Taluk, Bidar.
Sri. Annappa Naik M.Sc(CS), KRCRS, Ramnagar, Joida Taluk, , Uttar Kannada.
COVER PAGE DESGINER:
Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.
COORDINATORS:
Sri. A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education and Consultant,
KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Santosh Elemmi S.C M.Sc(CS), M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Keerthi Kumar H M B.E, MDRS, Belur Town, Belur Taluk, Hassan.
I
TEXTBOOK COMMITTEE
ICT – Support Material Level II
CHAIRMAN:
Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New
Delhi.
MEMBERS:
Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.

Sri. Sunil Kumar S B.E, MDRS, Mellahalli Gate, Yelandur Taluk, Chamarajanagar.
Sri. Praveen L M.Sc(CS),B.Ed, MDRS, Haranduru, Koppa Taluk, Chikmagaluru.
Sri. Ravindra B Booyi M.Tech, KRCRS, Humnabad, Humnabad Taluk, Bidar.
Sri. Annappa Naik M.Sc(CS), KRCRS, Ramnagar, Joida Taluk, , Uttar Kannada.
COVER PAGE DESGINER:
Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.
COORDINATORS:
Sri. A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education and Consultant,
KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Santosh Elemmi S.C M.Sc(CS), M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.
Sri. Keerthi Kumar H M B.E, MDRS, Belur Town, Belur Taluk, Hassan.
I
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 7th Standard
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This book is prepared for teaching about the computer to children. The teachers’ role is
primary that of a facilitator encouraging active learning. Specific guidelines can be found in the
Teachers’ Corner at the end of the book. The teachers’ should read all the books in a series before
starting any class and understand the flow of content to ensure that the contents are comfortably
communicated inside the classroom. Ensure that the conceptual understanding is mastered before
proceeding to the skills. Use the group activities and projects to stimulate creativity and knowledge
sharing. This book can easily be covered in one year, with four classes (40 minutes) per week. See the
table below for an overview of the concepts, objectives covered in each lesson along with periods.
Sl
Topic Name Concepts Objectives Periods
No
1. Parts of computer
2. Characteristics of computer
Overview of 10
01 3. Uses of a computer  Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.
Level I (5+5)
4. Input and output device
5. Paint activity
 List major milestones in the development of modern
day computers.
History of 1. History of computers 12
02  List names of the person responsible for the
Computers 2. Generations of computers (10+2)
development of the computer.
 Identify the generations of computer.
1. Introduction  Recognize different hardware components.
Hardware and 12
03 2. Hardware and Software  Differentiate between hardware and software.
software (8+4)
3. Data and User  Define data and user.
Introduction to 1. Introduction  Define operating system.
12
04 Operating 2. Types of operating system  List the types of operating system.
(8+4)
System 3. User interface  Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
 Define command.
1. Introduction to DOS
 Open the command prompt.
2. DOS commands 20
05 DOS and UNIX  Execute DOS commands.
3. Introduction to UNIX (6+14)
 Differentiate between internal & external commands.
4. Shell commands
 Differentiate between DOS & UNIX.
1. Introduction  Navigate the windows desktop.
Windows 2. Desktop and its components  Manage and organize files & folders. 20
06
3. Working with files & folders  Personalize the desktop. (4+16)
4. Control panel  Create user accounts.
1. Introduction
 Navigate the Ubuntu desktop.
2. The Ubuntu desktop
 Manage windows.
LINUX 3. Managing windows 20
07  Browse & open the Files.
4. Browsing and Opening files (4+16)
 Customize the desktop.
5. Customizing the desktop
 Terminate the Session.
6. Session Options
1. Introduction
 Use the keyboard for text typing.
Hands on 2. Types of Keys 20
08  Create and format the text document in text editor.
keyboard 3. Basics of typing (2+18)
 Save and print the text document.
4. Typing skills using text editor
1. Introduction
Using Regional
2. Baraha  Use different regional languages software. 14
09 Languages in
3. Nudi  Type Kannada in the computer. (2+12)
computer
4. Indic
II
CONTENTS
SL.NO NAME OF THE LESSON PAGE NO
01 Overview of Level I 01
02 History of computer 07
03 Hardware and Software 14
04 Introduction to Operating System 18
05 DOS and UNIX 24
06 Windows 36
07 LINUX 46
08 Hands on Keyboard 54
09 Using regional languages in Computer 66
III
DOS
External
Hardware
UNIX
Internal
Inside Software Operating System
Hardware
Computer WINDOWS
System
Software LINUX
Application
Abacus Safety and Security

Napier’s bones
Pascaline Computer History
Differential Engine User Accounts:
Analytical Engine  Creating User Accounts
 Login in using Password
7th Standard
Familiarity with Computer
Level II
Usage Skills
First
Second Execution of DOS and UNIX commands
Third Computer Generations Exploring Windows Desktop
Fourth
Fifth Helpline Exploring LINUX Desktop
Text Editor
DOS – HELP Command  Creating a Text Document
 Saving an Text Document
UNIX – MAN Command
 Formatting Text Document
WINDOWS Help
Using Regional Language
LINUX Help  Typing in Kannada IV
Chapter 1: Overview of Level I
Inside
Revise the topics learned in the previous class.

 Parts of computer
 Characteristics of computer
 Uses of a computer
 Input and Output device
 Do’s and Don’ts with computer
 Paint Activity
 Number System
Learning Objectives:
After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:
 Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.
Chapter 1: Overview of Level I 7th Standard
 Parts of Computer
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the most important part of a

Computer. It is like the brain of the computer. It controls all other parts such
as Monitor, Keyboard, and Mouse.
 Monitor
A monitor looks like a TV screen. The CPU uses the monitor

to show us a text, photos, movies, and games. The front portion of
the monitor is called screen or display. The monitor is a standard
output device. The monitor shows whatever we type or draw on a
Computer.
 Keyboard
The keyboard is a standard input device. The

Keyboard is made of several small buttons called keys. Each
key has a number, letter or word written on it. The keys
which we see are alphabets (A-Z), numbers (0-9), special
keys (Spacebar, Backspace, and Enter etc.). While you are
typing, you can press the:
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 2|Page

Chapter 1: Overview of Level I 7th Standard
 Spacebar: To leave blank spaces between words or numbers

 Backspace: To erase letters.
 Enter: To move to next line
 Mouse
The mouse is used to point to the items shown on the monitor.

The mouse usually has two or three buttons and a small wheel between
the buttons. Mouse consists of two buttons- left button and right button
and a scroll wheel.
 Left click: used to select an activity after you point to it.

 Right click: used to control the activity after you have started it.
 Double click: used to start the activity after you have pointed at it.
 Scroll button: you can move up and down a page using the scroll button.
 Characteristics of Computer
Some important characteristics of computer are:
 Speed  Versatility
 Storage  Flexibility
 Accuracy  Reliability
 Diligence
 Uses of a Computer
A computer can use for many simple tasks such as
 Writing letters  Drawing pictures

 Watching movies  Playing games
 Listen to music  Adding number
 Input and Output Device
 Input device: The device used to accept the data and instructions from the user is
called input device.
 Output device: The device that displays output to the user is called output device.

Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard
Some of the Examples for Input and output device are
Input Device Output Device

Track Ball Printer
Joystick Plotter
Scanner Speaker
Web camera Projector
 Do’s and Don’ts with computer
 Keep it clean: We should always keep the computer and its nearby area clean and
cover when it is not in use. Do not take food or drinks into the computer lab.
 Be safe: It works using electricity. Do not pull any wires connected to the CPU. Do
not put your fingers or any object on the computer. Do not touch any part of the
computer with wet hands.
 Keep a correct posture: Keep your chair at the proper height and maintain a distance
from the monitor. Do not keep your hand on the mouse continuously.
 Be gentle: Do not hit the keys on the keyboard too hard. Do not remove or
disconnect any cable. Do not remove or take any item away from the computer.
 Share equally: Do not fight for your turn to use the computer and give space to your
classmates while they are using computers. Take turns for using the keyboard and
the mouse. Do not disturb others by making noise.
 Paint Activity
Steps to open Paint
 Click start button  Click all programs  Select accessories  Click on paint

Home tab contains the groups of tools for writing and editing the text. It also contains
tools such as brushes, shapes, colors to create images and color them.
 Text tools: These are used for writing and editing the text. These tools are:
 Pencil : Used to draw freehand drawing of required thickness

 Eraser : Used to erase your drawing
 Text : Used to insert text
 Fill with color : Used to fill color to the entire picture or an enclosed shape you
want.
 Brushes : It is used to draw lines that have a different appearance and texture—
it's like using different artistic brushes.
 Drawing Shapes : You can use Paint to draw different types of shapes.
 Line : Used to draw Lines’

 Curve : Used to draw Curved shapes
 Oval : Used to draw Circles and Ovals
 Rectangle and Rounded rectangle : Used to draw Squares and Rectangles
 Paint Options:
 New option to create a new picture.

 Open option to open an existing picture.
 Save option to save the current picture.
 Print option to print the current picture.
 Exit option to exit the paint activity.
 Number System
"A set of values used to represent different quantities is known as Number System".
 Classification of Number System
 Decimal number system

 Binary number system
 Octal number system
 Hexadecimal number system


Chapter 2: History of Computer
Inside
 History of computers
 Generation of computer
 First Generation Of Computer
 Second Generation Of Computer
 Third Generation Of Computer
 Fourth Generation Of Computer
 Fifth Generation Of Computer
 List major milestones in the development of modern day
computers.
 List names of the person responsible for the development of the
computer.
 Identify the generations of computer.
Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard
 Introduction
Today, the computer can be seen almost everywhere, in offices, shopping malls,
schools, railway stations, and almost every home. So computers are an integral part of our
lives. It is important to understand their evolution and knowing the history of the computer
helps us to understand the design and capabilities.
History is nothing but the study of past events. For example, the history of human
beings.
 Abacus
Approximately 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus. It was the first
machine used for counting and calculating. It is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and
wooden beads. It takes a great deal of time and practice to learn how to master over the use
of an abacus. An abacus is a person who is very experienced in using an abacus. Today, the
abacus is still used widely in China and other Asian countries to count and calculate, just as
we use calculators.
Each bead has a specific value. Reading from right to left, the beads in the first column
are worth 1, in the second column the beads are worth 10, in the third column the beads are
worth 100, etc. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed by moving
the appropriate beads to the middle of the abacus.

 Napier’s bones
In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish

mathematician, invented another calculating tool. “Napier’s bones”
was based upon manipulation of rods with printed digits. The
rods were made of bone, ivory, wood or metal. The set consists of
10 rectangular blocks with multiples of a different digit on each of
the four sides.
 Pascaline
In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician by the name of

Biaise Pascal invented the Pascaline. The Pascaline is known as the first
mechanical and automatic calculator. Pascal invented the Pascaline to
help make his father's job as a tax accountant easier. The machine is
sometimes called the La Pascaline or Pascal's machine.
The Pascaline was a wooden box that could only add and subtract by means of a series
of gears and wheels. When each wheel rotated one revolution, it would then turn the
neighboring wheel. On top of the wheels were a series of windows through which the totals
could be read. About 50 models were constructed and were made of wood, ivory, ebony, and
copper.
 Jacquard loom
In 1801, Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom. It was a weaving

machine that was controlled by punched cards. While the loom was

being pumped, cards with holes in them were attached together in a pattern through which
strings of thread were automatically fed. These cards would feed the right pieces of thread
into the loom to make a beautiful cloth.
 Difference and Analytical Engine
In the early 1820s, an English mathematician by the name

Charles Babbage designed a computing machine called the Difference
Engine. This machine was to be used in the calculating and printing of
simple math tables. In the 1830s, he designed a second computing
machine called the Analytical Engine. This machine was to be used in
calculating complicated problems by following a set of instructions. The
computing machines made in the 1900s and even those today are based
on the designs of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. This
is why Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of Computers."
Ada Augusta was a first computer programmer, who

designed program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
Ada Augusta
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 10 | P a g e

 Generations of Computer
Depending on the development of the technology the generation of computer is

classified into five generations. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their
time period, characteristics.
 First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)
The first generation of computers is started with using

vacuum tubes as the basic components. The speed of these
computers were very slow, storage capacity was very less and
these computers are large in size.
Some computers of this generation were ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), IBM (International Business
Machine)-701 and 650.
 Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963)
In this generation transistors were used in place of vacuum

tubes. These machines were much faster, more reliable than their
earlier machines. It generates less heat and consumed less
electricity as compared to first generation computers.

Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC (Control Data
Corporation) 1604 and 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.
 Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)
In the third generation of computer Integrated

Circuits (IC's) were used in place of transistors. These
IC’s were increased the speed of processing and storage
capacity. These computers were more reliable, smaller
in size and faster. Maintenance cost was low comparing
to the previous generation and consumed less electricity.
Some computers of this generation were IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP
(Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168.
 Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)
In the fourth generation of computer,

microprocessors were used in place of Integrated Circuits
(IC’s). The fourth generation of computers is marked by the
use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. This
made computers smaller in size. Fourth Generation
computers became more powerful, reliable and more efficient.
Some computers of this generation were Mini Computer and Mainframe computer,
Personal computers.

 Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-till date)
Fifth generation computer

involves the concept of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) which made the
computer think like human beings. This
generation uses VLSI (Very Large Scale
integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology. These computers
are more intelligent and faster comparing
to other generation computers. Types of
this generation computers are Desktop,
Laptop, Notebook, and Robot. etc.
Generations of Computer
Remember
Generation Material used Features
First very slow, large in size and storage capacity

Vacuum tube based
Generation was very less
Second faster, more reliable than their earlier
Transistor based
Generation machines
Smaller in size and faster. Maintenance cost
Third Integrated Circuit
was low comparing to the previous
Generation based
generation
Fourth VLSI microprocessor Fourth Generation computers became more
Generation based powerful, reliable and more efficient.
These computers are more intelligent and
Fifth ULSI microprocessor
faster comparing to other generation
Generation based
computers.

Chapter 3: Hardware and Software
Inside
 Introduction
 Hardware
 Software
 System Software
 Application Software
 Data
 User(s)
 Recognize different hardware components.
 Differentiate between Hardware and Software.
 Define data and user.
Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard
 Introduction
There are different and various types of computers available in the market ranging from
a small computer that is integrated into our household electronic equipment to very large
supercomputers. A Computer is not a single device; it is a group of components.
There are four parts in the computer system. They are:

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 User(s)
 Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system called as hardware. The hardware components
can be seen, touch and feel. The hardware components are fixed inside or outside the
computer system.
Example Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, RAM, CPU etc.
 Software
A Set or collection of programs is known as software. The software is a computer

program written using some computer programming languages to operate the computer.
Software tells the hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, we can’t touch the software.

Example Operating System, TUX Paint, Office Packages, Nudi, Adobe Reader,
Computer Games etc.
 A person who writes computer programs is known as a

Software Engineer or a Programmer.
Know This!
 Classification of Software
The software is broadly classified into two types. They are
1. Application software.
2. System Software.
 System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to control and work with
computer hardware, to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, DOS etc.
 Application Software
Application software is a type of Software written by the user to perform a particular

task like drawing a picture, playing computer games.
Example: Paint, Nudi and Office Package etc.

 Difference between Hardware and Software
Hardware Software
Physical components of a computer are

Set of programs is called Software.
called Hardware.
Hardware can touch, see and feel. The software can not touch and feel.
Constructed using physical materials or Developed by the programming

components. language.
Not affected by computer viruses. Affected by computer viruses.
User cannot make copies User can make copies
Example: Monitor, Keyboard, RAM Example: OS, Text Editor, Nudi
 Data
Data is the raw information or basic facts that

computer can process. Data by itself doesn’t make much
sense to the user. It will give a meaning only when it is
processed by the computer. The processed data is called
information. Data can be text, numbers, audio or video that
the computer manipulates.
Example All the information fed by the user.
 User(s)
People who use the computers are called users. These

computer operators are called computer users. You may be
surprised as to why the users are included in a computer system.
No computer system is 100% autonomous. They need the human
interface in one or the other way. You may quote some computer
systems example which themselves work on their own, it is
somewhere the human beings are involved in designing and
developing the computer system. Therefore, the user is an inner part of the computer system.

Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating
System
Inside
 Introduction
 Types of Operating System
 Single-User Operating System
 Multi-User Operating System
 User Interface
 Character User Interface
 Graphical User Interface
 Define Operating System.
 List the types of Operating system.
 Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard
 Introduction
The operating system is the most important program that runs a computer. An operating
system is a bridge between user and system. Operating system perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track
of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers. Without operating system a computer is a dead machine.
“An operating system (OS) is system software that manages

computer hardware and software resources and which acts as an
interface between the user and the computer”.
Definition
Example: DOS, UNIX, Windows (XP, Windows7), Linux, Mac, Android, etc.

 The basic functions of an operating system
1. Booting the computer.

2. Performs basic computer tasks.
3. Provides a user interface.
4. Handles system resources.
5. Provides file management.
 Booting computer
Booting is a process of loading the operating system into the system’s main memory.
Booting plays a very important role in computers. Whenever you switch on the computer the
computer checks itself and check` all parts are ready to work properly or not.
 Performs basic computer tasks
The operating system performs basic computer tasks, like managing the various
hardware devices such as the mouse, keyboard, and printers. Most of the operating systems
support plug and play which means a device such as a printer will automatically be detected
and configured without any user intervention.
 Provides a user interface
The interface can be defined as a communication link between user and computer. The
main function of the user interface is to communicate with the user so that the concept of the
application is easily and effectively put to use.
 Handles system resources
The operating system also handles system resources such as the computer's memory and
sharing of the central processing unit time by various applications or peripheral devices.

 Provides file management
The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and directories
(folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the
user to perform tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, copying and
moving files, and deleting files.
 Types of Operating System
Operating System
Single User Multi-User

Operating System Operating System
 Single User Operating System
A single user operating system allows a single user to

operate a program at a time.
Example: DOS, Windows XP etc
 Multi-User Operating System
The multi-user operating system allows two

or more users to use the computer resources
simultaneously.
Example: Windows NT, Linux etc
 User Interface
The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program as it determines
how easily you can make the program do, what you want. There are two types of interfaces.
1. CUI (Character User Interface)

2. GUI(Graphical User Interface)

 Character User Interface (CUI)
The user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard
and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor
Example: DOS (Disk Operating System)
The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox

Corporations Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s.
Know This!
Features of a command-line interface:
 Character user interface is a text-based interface.

 The keyboard is the main source of input.
 Instructions are given to the computer by typing commands.
 Requires knowledge of commands and also, instructions to run applications.
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphics, along with a keyboard and a mouse, to
provide an easy-to-use interface to a program. A GUI provides windows, pull-down menus,
buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, and the mouse to enable users to interact with the
operating system or application.

Example: Windows
Features of a Graphical User interface
 What we see is what we get

 The mouse and the keyboard are used for input.
 The user can use the mouse and the keyboard to point to a particular point on the
screen and click on icons and objects.
 The user can easily work by looking at menus and icons
 Comparison between CUI and GUI
C.U.I G.U.I
Command-line User Interface Graphical User Interface
Interact with Text only Interact with Standard input device
Requires knowledge of commands to run The user can easily work by looking at
applications. menus and icons
Example: DOS Example: Windows

Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX
Inside
 Introduction to DOS
 DOS Commands
 Internal Commands
 External Commands
 Introduction to UNIX
 Shell Commands
Learning Outcomes:
 Define Command.
 Open the Command Prompt.
 Execute DOS Commands.
 Differentiate between Internal & External Commands of DOS.
 Open the Terminal.
 Execute Shell Commands.
 Differentiate between DOS & UNIX.
Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX 7th Standard
 Introduction to DOS
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for

"Microsoft Disk Operating System".
DOS is a command - line based operating system means that a user works with a
keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. It is called a disk operating system
because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each
time the computer is started (booted) up. MS-DOS originally was written by Tim Paterson
and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and
otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI.
“Tim Paterson” is an American computer Programmer, best known as

the original author of MS-DOS; the most widely used personal
computer operating system in the 1980s
Some important Terminologies

 File: A file is a collection of related information or data. Every file has a name to
identify it and is called the filename. Almost all information stored in a Computer
must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text file, program
file, directory files
 Directory: A directory is a location for storing files on your computer.
 Command: A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to
perform some kind of task or function.
 Starting DOS
A command prompt is an entry point for typing computer commands in the Command
Prompt window. By typing commands at the command prompt, you can perform tasks on
your computer without using the Windows Graphical Interface.
 Open the Command Prompt window by
1. Click Start button

2. Select Programs

3. In that go to Accessories
4. Click on Command Prompt
5. DOS will open in a window with white text on a black background. The screen
will appear as below
Another way to open a Command Prompt: Click the Start button .

In the Search box type Command Prompt or cmd, then press the enter
key.
Hint

 DOS Commands
DOS commands are the commands available in MS-DOS that is used to interact
with the operating system. Entering a command incorrectly (wrong syntax, misspelling, etc.)
could cause the command to fail to do its operation. Press enter key (↵) to execute every
command.
DOS commands are divided into two types
 Internal Commands
 External Commands
 Internal Commands
Internal commands are built in commands of MS-DOS. All these commands are
combined together and stored in Command.com file, which is an executable command file.
These internal commands are further grouped according to their properties.
Examples: CLS, DIR, DATE, MD, RD etc.
 External commands
An external command is MS-DOS command that is not included in command.com file.

External commands are commonly external because either they require large requirements or
not commonly used commands.
Example: EDIT, LABEL, TREE, SORT etc.
 Some of the Internal and External commands are given in the following table:
Sl .No Commands Description
INTERNAL COMMANDS
01 CLS This command is used to clear the screen

This command is used to display all files and subdirectory in the
02 DIR
current directory.
This command is used to display the version of DOS currently
03 VER
being used in the system.
04 DATE It displays the system date the form of MM-DD-YY.

05 TIME It displays the system type and enables the user to change it.
06 EXIT This command is used to exit from the command prompt
07 COPY CON This is used to create a new text file.
08 TYPE This command is used to display the contents of the text file.
09 COPY This is used to copy any file to another location

This command is used to change the name of any file or
10 REN
directory.
11 DEL It is used to delete or erase a file from the current directory.
12 MD This command allows for creating a new directory.
13 CD This command is used to change the directory.
14 RD It is used to remove or delete a directory
EXTERNAL COMMANDS
1 EDIT This command allows to view, create, or modify any file

Label command is used to create, change, or delete the volume
2 LABEL
label of a disk.
This is used to check a disk and display a status report with
3 CHKDSK
properties of disk
This command is very useful to view the list of directories and
4 TREE
subdirectories present on the disk in graphical form.
5 DOSKEY This command is used to keep a history of commands.
This command is used to arrange the data in a file in ascending /
6 SORT
descending order.
7 ECHO This command is used to hide/ show the batch files
 DIR (Directory): This command allows the user to see all files and subdirectory in the
current directory. DIR Command lists file information in five columns; (first) column
gives primary name of the file (second) column gives extension of the file (third) column
gives the file size - number of bytes used; (fourth) column gives the last updated date;
(fifth) column gives the last updated time.
Syntax:-
C :\> DIR [/Attributes]

Attributes:-
DIR /P (Page wise) page by page display of file name and directory names;
DIR /W Width wise display

Displays all subdirectory and files in the subdirectory of the current
DIR /S
directory.
 DATE: Displays the system date and allows the user to change it if desired; it is
displayed in the form of MM – DD – YY.
Syntax:-
Type DATE without parameters to display the current date C :\> DATE
setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date.
Attribute:
DATE/T: This command tells the command to just output the current system date,
without prompting for a new date.
 COPY CON: It creates a new text file. Copy con command copies whatever typed on the
keyboard to the file. After you type the file name it will allow you to type the content.
Once you have typed the content press Ctrl+Z to save the contents or press F6 key.
Syntax:-
C :\> COPY CON <Filename>
Example: C :\> COPY CON mdrs
[Content of the file] Ctrl+Z
 TYPE: This command is used to display the contents of any text file to the display device.
Syntax:-
C :\> TYPE <Filename>
Example: C:\>TYPE mdrs
 COPY: It is used to copy any file to another location. That is, it duplicates the existing
file.
Syntax:-
C :\> COPY <Source filename> <Target filename>

For copy command, you need two parameters, the source (location and name of the file
that you want to copy) and the target (the location and file name that you want it to be
copied to).
Example: C :\> COPY mdrs kreis
 REN (Rename): This command is used to change the name of any file or directory.
Syntax:-
C :\> REN <old file name> <new filename>
Example: C :\> REN mdrs krcrs
 DEL (Delete): It is used to delete or erase a file from the current directory.
Syntax:-
C :\> DEL <Filename>
Example: C :\> DEL krcrs
 MD (Make Directory): This command allows for creating a new directory.
Syntax:-
MD [drive:] path
Example: C :\> MD school (Now press ENTER key)
 CD (Change Directory): We can enter or exit from any directory using this command.
Syntax:-
CD <Directory name>
 If we keep two dots after CD command then we will exit from the
current directory.
 If we are in the list of sub-directory and want to come back to the
command prompt in one go use CD command followed by a
Note slash”/” (use CD/)

 RD (Remove directory): It is used to remove or delete a directory. Make sure that the
directory is empty, before using this command, that is, there should not be any files or
folders in that directory. Otherwise, the directory will not be deleted.
Syntax:
C :\> RD <Directory name>
 EDIT: The MS-DOS editor is a command line text editor that allows you to view, create,
or modify any file on your computer.
Syntax
C :\> EDIT <Filename>
 TREE: This command is very useful to view the list of directories and subdirectories
present on the disk in graphical form.
Syntax
C:\TREE [drive] [path]
 SORT: This command is used to arrange the data in a file in alphabetical order (A to Z
and 0 to 9) in ascending or descending order.
Syntax
C :\> SORT <attributes> [content of file] ctrl +Z (enter key)
 EXIT: This command is used to exit from the command prompt.
Syntax:-
C :\> EXIT 
 Getting Help!
 HELP: This command provides help information for windows commands
Syntax:-
C :\> HELP 

 Differences between Internal and External Commands
Sl. No Internal command External command
These commands are not inbuilt in

1 These commands are inbuilt in DOS
DOS
An external command is an MS-
These commands are stored in
2 DOS command that is not included
Command.com file
in command.com file.
These commands do not change These commands may change
3
from system to system from system to system
There is no need for any external There is a need for the internal file
4 file in the computer to read internal in the computer to read external
commands. commands.
5 Example: CLS, DIR, DATE, etc Example: ECHO, TREE, etc.,
 Introduction to UNIX
UNIX is an operating system developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in the
late 1960’s. It is stable, multi-tasking and multi-user system for desktop and laptops. UNIX
system also has Graphical User Interface(GUI) similar to Microsoft Windows which provides
an easy to use environment.
Popular versions of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux & Mac OS X.
 Shell Commands
The UNIX Shell is a command line interface similar to DOS prompt. It is much more
powerful and customizable. In addition to providing a command line interface to the operating
system, the shell also provides a programming language. Shell programs (also called shell
scripts) are collections of commands listed in a text file. Shell commands consist of one or
more words separated by blank spaces. The first word is the name of a program or built-in
shell command that is to be executed. The remaining words are the arguments to this program
or command.

 Starting the Terminal

To open the Terminal in Ubuntu Linux,
1. Open Dash
2. Search for Terminal
3. Click on Terminal
The Terminal can also be opened by using Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut keys
Hint
 Some of UNIX commands are given in the following table:
Sl .No Command Description
01 ls List files and directories
02 ls -a List all files and directories
03 mkdir directory Make a directory
04 cd directory Change to named directory
05 cd . Change to home directory
06 cd .. Change to parent directory
07 pwd Display the path of the current directory.

08 cp file1 file2 Copy file1 and call it file2
09 mv file1 file2 Move or rename file1 to file2
10 rm file Remove a file
11 rmdir directory Remove a directory
12 clear Clears the screen
13 wc file Counts the number of lines/words/characters in file
14 who Lists users currently logged in
15 sort Sorts data
 Listing Files and Directories
ls (list): The ls command lists the contents of your current %ls

working directory.
 mkdir (Make directory): We will now make a

%mkdir <directoryname>
subdirectory in your home directory to hold the
files. To make a subdirectory called “computer” in your current working directory.
 cd (Change Directory): The command cd

%cd <directoryname>
directory means to change the current working
directory to ‘directory’. The current working directory may be thought of as the directory
you are in i.e. your current position in the file system tree.
 pwd (Print Working Directory): Pathnames enables you to

%pwd
work out where you are in relation to the whole file-system.
 cp (Copy): cp file1 file2 is the command which

%cp filename1 filename2
makes a copy of file1 in the current working
directory and calls it file2.
 mv (Move): mv file1 file2 moves (or renames) file1 to file2.

To move a file from one place to another, use
%mv filename1 filename2
the mv command. This has the effect of moving
rather than copying the file, so you end up with the only file rather than two. It can also be

used to rename a file, by moving the file to the same directory, but giving it a different
name.
 rm (remove), rmdir (remove directory): To delete (remove)a file, use the rm command.
You can use the rmdir command to remove a directory
%rm filename
(make sure it is empty first). Try to remove the backups
directory. You will not be able to since UNIX will not
%rmdir directoryname
let you remove a non-empty directory.
 who: To see who is on the system. %who
 wc: A handy little utility is a wc command, short for word

%wc –w filename
count. To do a word count on filename type
 Getting Help!
 Man: This command to read the manual page for a

%man commandname
particular command.
alternatively,
For Example, to find out more about the wc (word %whatis commandname
count) command: %man wc
 Differences between DOS and UNIX
DOS UNIX
Single user operting system Multi User operting system
Simple and Basic Powerful and customizable
Not Case sensitive Case sensitive
DOS has Command prompt UNIX has a Shell
DOS has batch file UNIX has Shell scripts

Chapter 6: Windows
Inside
 Introduction
 Desktop and its Components
 Working with Files & Folders
 Control Panel
Learning Outcomes:
 Navigate the Windows desktop.
 Manage and organize files & folders.
 Personalize the desktop.
 Create user accounts.
Chapter 6: Windows 7th Standard
 Introduction
Windows is a GUI based operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation to run

Personal Computers. Currently, Windows is the most popular operating system used in
Personal Computers.
Microsoft released the first version of Windows in 1985. Since then it has released
several versions most recent being Windows 10.
 Desktop
The desktop is the workspace that appears when the operating system is booted.
Desktop gives access to programs, folders, and documents that you use frequently. Like an
office desk, the Windows desktop contains items you can use to do your job. For instance,
from your desktop, you can perform file-management tasks and run software applications. A
typical Windows desktop contains – Icons, Start button, Taskbar and System tray.

 Icons
Icons are the small pictures that represent a file, folder, or application. The Desktop is
where you’ll find icons for many of your most frequently used programs. You’ll most likely
see icons for Computer, Documents, Recycle Bin, and Internet Explorer.
Allows to see what drives are attached to the computer (for example,
your local hard disk drive, your CD/DVD drives and external drives,
such as a USB flash drive).
Stores the deleted items temporarily before they are permanently

deleted.
Used to access the Internet. This is the inbuilt web browser of the
Windows operating system.
 Arranging Desktop Icons:
To arrange the icons on your desktop, right-click in an open area of the Desktop, click
Sort By, and choose the appropriate option from the list below.
 Name – Sort the icons alphabetically from top to bottom, left to right.
 Size – Sort the icons by file size
 Type – Sorts the icons by the type of file that it is, such as Word Documents,
programs, etc.
 Date Modified – Arrange the icons with the most recent items in the top left-hand
corner.
 Taskbar
It is a horizontal bar located at the bottom of the screen. The Taskbar allows the user
to locate and launch programs through the Start Button or view any program that is currently
open as small buttons.

 Start button
The button with the Windows logo on the left corner of the taskbar is called Start
Button. It is used to access files, folders programs and settings through the Start Menu.
Start menu is to do these common activities:

 Start programs
 Open commonly used folders
 Search for files, folders, and programs
 Adjust computer settings
 Get help with the Windows operating system
 Turn off the computer
 Log off from Windows or switch to a different user
account
 The search box
The search box is used to find things on the computer. The search box will search
programs and all of the folders in the personal folder (which includes Documents, Pictures,
Music, Desktop, and other common locations).
 Computer
The main file management tool on Windows is Computer. The computer can be
accessed through a desktop icon or through the start menu. The Computer window allows
you to navigate through the file structure on a particular drive.
The toolbar at the top provides options for navigating file structures, such as the Back,
and Forward buttons. There is also a Search box to find a specific file or folder.

 Hard Disk Drives – This area lists all of the physical hard drives you have installed
on your computer. This does not include any external hard drives or flash drives.
 Devices with Removable Storage – This area lists any external hard drives, flash
drives, or CD/DVD drives.
Clicking on any button in the left pane brings up a file tree-like structure on the left-
hand side of the Computer window. This view allows you to see the entire file structure in
one window pane and the contents of a particular folder in another.
 Libraries
Windows tries to group related types of user files into Libraries. The following is a
summary of Libraries along with their file types:
 Documents - Documents like text files, Word and Excel files, etc.
 Music - Music files
 Pictures - Image files
 Videos - Video files
 Managing Files and Folders
Files are used to store data and information, songs, pictures etc. Folders are used to
keep related files together and also locate important files quickly.
A folder helps you to organize files on a computer. Geometry box is like a folder that
contains the files which are your mathematical instruments.
 Creating a new file or folder

1. Move the mouse pointer to an empty space on the desktop.
2. Right click.
3. Select the New option and choose either a File or Folder.
4. Enter a name for the file or folder.
 Copy and Paste

1. Right click on the file or folder
2. Select Copy.
3. Right click on the place where you want to paste the file or folder
4. Select Paste.

 Cut and Paste

1. Right click on the file or folder
2. Select Cut.
3. Right click on the place where you want to paste the file or folder
4. Select Paste.
 Drag and Drop

1. Select the file or folder.
2. Hold the left button pressed and move the mouse towards the destination. The icon
selected also moves as you move the mouse pointer. This is called Drag.
3. Release the mouse button when the mouse pointer is on the folder. This action of the
mouse is called Drop.
Copy and Paste creates a replica of the file or folder. Cut and
Paste moves the file or folder to the desired place.
Remember
 Control Panel
You can use Control Panel to change settings for Windows. These settings control
nearly everything about how Windows looks and works.

You can explore Control Panel by clicking different categories like System and
Security, Programs, or Ease of Access, Hardware and Sound, User Accounts and Family
Safety, Clock, Language, and Region. The common tasks are listed under each category.
 Appearance and Personalizing

You can personalize the desktop screen like color, background picture, screen saver,
sounds in the Personalize window.
 Changing the Desktop Background:

1. Click the Desktop Background option in the bottom left corner of the Personalize
window.
2. Click on the desired picture.
3. You can also choose picture position and interval to change the pictures
4. Click Save changes button.
 Changing the Screen Saver

1. Click the Screen Saver option in the bottom right corner of the Personalize window.
2. Choose the desired screensaver from the drop-down menu.
3. You can also set the interval to start the screensaver when the computer screen is idle
for a while.
4. Click Apply and then OK button

 Configuring Mouse
You can customize your mouse in a variety of ways. Open control panel, select
Hardware and Sound and then click on Mouse. This opens the Mouse properties window.

 To change how the mouse buttons work

1. Click the Buttons tab, and then do any of the following:
 To swap the functions of the right and left mouse buttons, under Button
configuration, select the Switch primary and secondary buttons check box.
 To change how quickly you must click the buttons to perform a double-click,
under Double-click speed, move the Speed slider toward Slow or Fast.
 To turn on ClickLock, which enables you to highlight or drag items without
holding down the mouse button, under ClickLock, select the Turn on
ClickLock check box.
2. Click Apply and then OK
 To change how the mouse pointer looks

1. Click the Pointers tab, and then do one of the following:
 To give all of your pointers in a new look, click the Scheme drop-down list,
and then click a new mouse pointer scheme.
 To change an individual pointer, under Customize, click the pointer you want
to change in the list, click Browse, click the pointer you want to use, and then
click Open.
2. Click Apply and then OK.
 User Accounts
In Windows, several people can easily share a single computer everyone who uses the
computer can have their own user account. This allows each person to have their own settings
and personal documents. Every user can have a password so that only they can login to their
account.
 Creating a user account
1. Click User Accounts and Family Safety in Control Panel.
2. Select Add or Remove user account.
3. Click Create a new account.
4. Type the name for the user account, click an account type, and then click Create
Account.
 Creating a password
1. Click User Account and family Safety and Select Add or Remove user account
2. Choose account name and then select create a password.

3. Type your new password and then confirm your new password.
4. Click Create a password.
 Windows Help and Support
Windows Help and Support provides help topics, tutorials, troubleshooting and other
support services.
To open Windows help and support, go to start menu and click Windows Help and
Support button or press F1 shortcut key.
You can select multiple files or folders while performing actions

like Cut, Copy, Drag, and Drop.
Hint

Chapter 7: LINUX
Inside
 Introduction
 The Ubuntu Desktop
 Managing Windows
 Browsing Files
 Opening Files
 Customizing the Desktop
 Session Options
 Navigate the Ubuntu desktop.
 Manage Windows.
 Browse & Open the Files.
 Customize the Desktop.
 Terminate the Session.
Chapter 7: Linux 7th Standard
 Introduction
Linux is UNIX based operating System. It is free to download and

use. UNIX is one of the oldest types of operating systems. Linus
Torvalds, a young man studying computer science at the University of
Helsinki in Finland created Linux between 1991 to 1994 with the help of
other programmers across the Internet. A penguin called Tux is the
mascot (representative) of Linux.
 Advantages of Linux
The main benefits and advantages of Linux over other operating systems, particularly
Microsoft Windows, are:
 It is free to use and distribute.

 It is very reliable.
 Large numbers of free software’s are available for it.
 It does not get affect by computer viruses.
 It runs on a wide variety of machines, even very old computers.
 Distributions of Linux
Since Linux is free and open source

software anybody with a programming
knowledge can modify and improve it. There
are many distributions (called distro for short)
of Linux available today. Each distribution is
slightly different from others but inside they
are all same. Some of the popular Linux
distributions are Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora,
Redhat, etc.
 Ubuntu Linux
Ubuntu is considered as good Linux distribution for beginners because

it is very easy to use. The word ‘Ubuntu’ is from African Zulu language and
translates as “humanity to others.”

 Ubuntu Desktop
Initially, you may notice many similarities between Ubuntu and other operating
systems, such as Microsoft Windows. It is because they are all based on the concept of a
graphical user interface (GUI) i.e., you use your mouse to navigate the desktop, open
applications, move files, and perform most other tasks.
After logging into Ubuntu, you will see the Unity desktop. This desktop consists of the
desktop background and two bars – a horizontal one located at the top of the desktop called
the menu bar, and the other bar is vertically oriented at the far left, called the Launcher.
 Desktop Background
Below the menu bar is an image that covers the entire desktop. This is the default
desktop background or wallpaper.
 Menu Bar
The menu bar contains common functions used in Ubuntu. The icons on the far right
of the menu bar are called the indicator area. The most common indicators are (starting from
the left):

 Messaging indicator: Used to access instant messages, email etc.

 Network indicator: Used to connect quickly and easily to a wired or wireless
network.
 Sound indicator: Provides an easy way to adjust the sound volume.
 Clock: Displays the current time and provides an easy way to access the calendar.
 Session indicator: Provides an easy way to access system settings and options for
logging out, restarting the computer, or shutting down completely.
 Launcher
The vertical bar of icons on the left side of the screen is called the Launcher.
The Launcher provides easy access to applications, devices, and the Trash. All
running application on the system will place an icon in the Launcher while the
application is running. The first icon at the top of the Launcher is called the Dash.
 Running Applications
To run an application from the Launcher just click on the application’s icon.
Running applications will have one or more triangles on the left side of the icon,
indicating the number of application windows open for this application. The
application in the foreground (meaning on top of all other open application
windows) is indicated by a single white triangle on the right side of its icon.
You can also run an application through the Dash.
 Dash
The Dash is a tool that helps to access and find applications and files on the computer
quickly. Dash is like a more advanced Start Menu of the Windows desktop. To open the Dash,
click on the top-most icon on the Launcher; the icon has the Ubuntu logo on it. After selecting
the Dash icon, another window will appear with a search bar on the top as well as grouping of
recently accessed applications, files, and downloads.
The items on the Dash are grouped together into categories called Lenses. The lenses
at the bottom are links to Home lens, Applications lens, Wikipedia lens, Files and Folders
lens, Social lens, Music lens, Photo lens, and Videos lens. Lenses act as specialized search
categories in the Dash.

 Managing Windows
When opening a program in Ubuntu (such as a web browser or a text editor), a

window will appear on the desktop. The windows in Ubuntu are very similar to those in
Microsoft Windows.
The top part of a window (the title bar) will have the name of the application to the
left. A window will also have three buttons in the top-left corner.
From left to right, these buttons represent close, minimize

window, and maximize window. Other window management options are
available by right-clicking anywhere on the title bar.
 Browsing Files
Just as Windows has Windows Explorer to browse files and folders, Ubuntu uses the
Nautilus file manager. When you select the Home Folder shortcut in the Launcher, the
Nautilus file manager window opens.

To navigate between folders, use the bookmarks in the left pane of Nautilus file
manager. You can also retrace your steps by clicking on the name of a folder in the path bar.
Double-clicking on a folder will open it.
 Opening Files
To open a file, double-click on its icon or select the file and press Enter key. The will
open with appropriate application. To open a file for a specific application, right-click the icon
and select one of the Open With options and the file will open in the selected application.
 Customizing the Desktop

Customizations can be reached via the Session Indicator and then selecting System
Settings to open the System Settings application window and clicking on Appearance. The
Appearance window will display the currently selected background wallpaper and theme.
Under Background, we can choose from Wallpapers, Pictures Folder, and Colors
and Gradients. When Wallpapers is selected, Ubuntu default backgrounds are displayed. To
change the backgrounds simply click the picture. Our own pictures other than the ones shown
here can also be set as wallpaper by clicking the + button.
Themes control the appearance of windows, buttons, scrollbars, panels, icons, and
other parts of the desktop.
 Session Options
After finishing working on the computer, we can choose to log out, suspend, restart, or
shut down through the Session Indicator on the far right side of the top panel.
 Log out: Logging out will leave the computer running

but returns to the login screen. This is useful for
switching between users, such as when a different
person wishes to log in to their account.
 Suspend: To save energy, we can put your computer
into suspend mode, which will save its current
condition to internal memory, power off all devices,
and allow you to start back up more quickly.
 Reboot: To reboot your computer, select Shut Down…
from the “Session Indicator” and click on Restart.
 Shutdown: To totally power down the computer, select Shut Down… from the
“Session Indicator” and click on Shutdown.

Explore!
ANDROID
Android is a mobile operating system (OS) currently developed by Google, based
on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets.
Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that
loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to
manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input.
In addition to touch screen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for
televisions, Android Auto for cars and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a
specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles,
digital cameras, and other electronics. As for 2015, Android has the largest installed base of
all operating systems. It is the second most commonly used the mobile operating system in
the United States while iOS is the first.
Android was developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance

(OHA), a coalition of hardware, software and telecommunications
companies. More than 30 companies were involved in the OHA,
including Qualcomm, Broadcom, HTC, Intel, Samsung, Motorola,
Know Sprint, Texas Instruments and Japanese wireless carriers KDDI and NTT
This! DoCoMo.
Android Versions: Each version of Android since 1.5 has been developed with a specific
codename. These codenames are chosen alphabetically and have thus far all been dessert
items (or, generically, sweet/sugary foods). The following names are used for the currently
existing Android releases.
Android Versions Code Name Android Versions Code Name

Android 1.5 Cupcake Android 3.0, 3.1,3.2 Honeycomb
Android 1.6 Donut Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich
Android 2.0, 2.1 Eclair Android 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Jelly Bean
Android 2.2 Froyo Android 4.4 KitKat
Android 2.3 Gingerbread Android 5.0, 5.1 Lollipop
Android 6.0 Marshmallow

Chapter 8: Hands on Keyboard
Inside
 Introduction
 Types of Keys
 Basics of Typing
 Typing skills using Text Editor
 Structure of Text Editor
 Formatting Text Document
 Saving Text Document
 Printing Text Document
Learning Outcomes:
 Use the Keyboard for text typing.
 Create and Format the text document in a text editor.
 Save and Print the text document.
Chapter 8: Hands on keyboard 7th Standard
 Introduction
Before actually put our hands on keyboard let us learn what is a keyboard, keyboard
structure, and the keys usage.
 Keyboard
The keyboard is a standard input device used for typing the text. The layout of the
keyboard is like that of the traditional typewriter. Most companies use the standard PC
keyboard with 104 keys. The number of keys varies from model to model. The keyboard
looks like,
The keys on keyboard are broadly divided into 5 types, they are
 Alphabet Keys
 Numeric Keys
 Symbolic Keys
 Functional Keys
 Cursor Control Keys
 Special Keys
1. Alphabet Keys(A B C….X Y Z)
A keyboard has 26 alphabet keys from A to Z.

These keys help in typing the data in the form of
text.

2. Numeric Keys
These keys are used for typing the numbers. They are marked with
the digits from 0 to 9.
3. Symbolic Keys
These keys are used to enter the Special Symbols into the text document.
4. Functional Keys
The functional keys are used for the special task. They are marked from F1 to F12. They
are placed on top of the keyboard.
Example:
F1 - display help
F2 - rename a selected item
F3 - search for a file or folder
F5 - update (refresh) an active window.
5. Cursor Control Keys
The cursor is a blinking symbol that appears on the screen. The cursor
control keys are used to move the cursor in any one of the four directions,
i.e., up, down, left or right. The arrow marks on the keys indicate the
direction in which the cursor will move when the key passed.
6. Special keys
Special keys are used to perform some special effects to be added to the text like giving
space between words, for entering new line, delete selected text etc.,
Examples: Enter Key, Backspace Key, Delete Key etc.

 Enter Keys
Enter key is used to start a new line of writing.
 Spacebar Key
This is the longest key on the keyboard. It is used to insert blank spaces between two
words or letters.
 Backspace Key
This key is used to remove one character at a time to the left of its current
position
 Delete Key
Delete Key is used to delete the character just to the right of the cursor and
moves the cursor to that position.
 Shift Key
The shift key is a modifier key on a keyboard, used to type capital

letters and other alternate "upper" characters.
 Caps Lock Key
This key is used to type upper case letters continuously without having to
press the Shift key at the same time.
 Tab Key
Tab key (tabular key) on a keyboard is used to move the cursor 5 characters forward. It is
the advance key of the space bar.
 Ctrl Key (Control Key)
This key is used in combination with other keys to doing the particular purpose. It is used
in many keyboard shortcuts and selecting several items at a time.

 Esc Key
A keyboard that allows us to stop an action leaves a program.
 Alt
It is a Short form of Alternate key; this key is like a second control key.
 Home Key
This key is used to move the cursor at the beginning of the line,
 End Key
This key is used to move the cursor at the end of the line,
 Insert key
This key is used to switch between the two text-entering modes they are:
text insertion and replacement of the text. Insert mode is used for entering text.
In replacement mode for replacing new character in place of existing character.
 Page up and Down Key
These two keys are used to scroll up or down the page in documents.
 Windows Key
Windows key acts as a shortcut key for Start button on the taskbar. Using
the Windows key in combination with another key allows you to perform
common tasks more quickly.
Example: pressing window + E opens windows, Explorer
 Basics of typing
Now that you have learned about the keys on a keyboard, let us learn the basics of typing.
 Place the tip of the small finger of your left hand on the alphabet key “A”
 Place the other three fingers of your left hand on the alphabet keys “S, D and F”.

 Your forefinger on the left hand is used for both F and G.

 Place the small finger of your right hand on the “ ; ” key
 Place the other three fingers of your right hand on the alphabet keys “ L, K and J”
 Your forefinger on the right hand is used for both “J and H”
 All these steps were shown in the below figure.
Keyboard Keys and Description
Remember
Key Description
Caps lock To change the text capital to small and to capital
Tab To move the cursor five character space at a time
Spacebar To give space between words
Caps lock To change the text capital to small and to capital
Shift To change the text case like Capital or small letters
Ctrl Used in combination with other key as shortcut key
Alt Used in combination with other key as shortcut key
Arrows To move the cursor to Up, Down, Left, Right
Back Space To remove the text from right to left direction
Delete To remove the text from left to right direction
Enter To Start a new paragraph
Home To Move the cursor to the beginning of the line

End To Move the cursor to the end of the line

Insert To overtype the text
Page up To Scroll the page upside
Page down To Scroll the page downside
Esc To cancel the command
 Typing Skills using Text Editor
WordPad is software used to type the text. Currently, there are plenty of software’s
available in the market to create textural documents. This is the default software available in
all versions of windows operating system. it was first introduced in windows 95.
 Features of Text Editor:
Text Editor allows simple formatting:
 Change font style, size etc.

 Margins can be changed / created.
 Insert bulleted charts / graphic and sound files.
 Find a word or sentence, replace them easily.
The File extension of WordPad is “*.rtf“(Rich Text Format)

Hint
How to open WordPad?
The steps to open WordPad:
1. Click start button

2. Select Programs
3. Select Accessories
4. Click WordPad

 Structure of WordPad Window
 Title Bar: Title Bar is the top most bar in the WordPad Window. It displays the name of
the document.
 Quick Access Toolbar: Quick Access Toolbar gives quick access to a commonly used
feature like save, undo, etc.
 Windows Control: As the name indicates it controls the window such as closing,
minimizing, restore the window.
 WordPad Button: The WordPad button will appear at the top left corner of the window.
It contains a menu of file related function such as New; Open, Save, Print Exit, etc.
 Ribbon tabs: The Ribbon is the panel (Toolbar) at the top portion of the document. It has
several tabs such as Home and View.
 Ruler: Ruler is used to aligning text and graphics in the document.
 WordPad Document window: It is a place where we can create or type the text.

 Zoom Slider: The zoom slider is usually in the lower right corner of which is used for
zooming in and out of documents quickly and easily.
 Cursor: It is a position indicator where the user can enter the text.
 Formatting the Document
Formatting means changing the appearance of the text to make it more stylish. We can
change the text color, size, and style etc.
WordPad has more formatting options. It has options like Font style, font size,
Alignment, indentation, Line spacing, so on. These formatting tools are available in home tab.
Home tab has five types of five groups: clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Insert, Editing.
 Clipboard
Three options are available in the Clipboard: Cut, Copy, and Paste.
 Cut: It is used to cut the selected text from the document.

 Copy: It is used to copies the selected text from the document.
 Paste: It allows you to paste both selected cut and copied text.
 Font
 Font family: it is used to change the Font style (Text style).

 Font Size: To change the size of the text.
 Font Grow and Shrink: To change the font size where will increase the text
size and decreases the text Size

 Bold: To change the text to Bold style.
 Italic: To change the text in Italic style (slanted text).
 Underline: To Underline the text
 Strikethrough: It Places lines Through text.
 Subscript(X2): It is used to make a letter to subscript.
 Superscript(X2): It is used to make a letter to superscript.
 Text highlighted color: It is used to highlight the text with color.
 Font Color: It is used to make the text display with a different color.

 Paragraph
 Indent Increase and Decrease: To change the indent level of the paragraph.
 Start a list: It is used to list the text with bullets and numbered points.
 Line Spacing: It is used to change the spaces between lines of the text.
 Alignments: It is used to align the text like align text left, center, align text right
and Justify (Align text to both the left and right margins) the text in the Document.
 Insert
WordPad allows inserting pictures, drawing, date and time,

and other objects in documents.
 Picture: this option allows for inserting a picture. Click on down arrow to change
or resize a picture.
 Paint drawing: it is used to insert drawings created in Paint.
 Date and Time: It allows for inserting date and timing in different formats.
 Insert object: it is used to insert a graph, text etc from other packages.
 Save the document
Steps to Save document:

1. Click on WordPad Button
2. Choose Save option from the drop down list
3. Give appropriate file name
4. Click on Save button
 Opening an Existing document
Steps to Open document:

1. Click on WordPad button
2. Select Open option from the drop-down list
3. Select required file from the list
4. Click Open button.

 Print the WordPad document
Steps to Print document:

2. Select Print option from the drop-down list
3. From that screen set the Page Range and enter Number of copies to be print.
4. Click Apply button and then click Print button.
 Exit from WordPad window
Steps to Exit from document:

2. Select exit option

Keyboard Shortcut Keys
Remember
Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + B Makes the selected Text Bold.
Ctrl + I Makes the selected text Italics.
Ctrl + U Underlines the selected text.
Ctrl + = Change the selected text to Subscript
Ctrl + Shift += Change the selected text to Subscript
Ctrl + C Copy
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + X Cut
Ctrl + Z Undo
Ctrl + Y Redo
Ctrl + A Used to select entire text content
Ctrl + L Left alignment
Ctrl + E Center alignment
Ctrl + R Right alignment
Ctrl + J Justify
Ctrl + Home Move to the beginning of the document
Ctrl + End Move to the End of the document
Ctrl + F Display the Find window
Ctrl + H Opens the replace window
Ctrl + N Creates New document
Ctrl + O Open an Existing document
Ctrl + S Save the document
Ctrl + P Open the Print window
Alt + F4 Exit the window

Chapter 9: Using Regional languages in
Computer
Inside
 Introduction
 Baraha
 Nudi
 Indic
 Use different regional languages software.
 Type Kannada in the computer.
Chapter 9: Using Regional Languages in Computer 7th Standard
 Introduction
Some software was developed with an intention to enable and encourage Indians use
their regional languages on computers. Such software can be effectively used for creating
documents, sending emails and creating websites regional languages.
Examples of that software are Baraha, Nudi, and Indic input etc.
 Baraha
Baraha is a text and Unicode text editor for Indian languages and it Supports Kannada,
Konkani, Tulu, Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Gujarati, Gurumukhi,
Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri, and Oriya languages.
 Features of Baraha
 Phonetic keyboard - a user-friendly keyboard for Indian languages; as easy as writing

our names in English.
 Useful for learning Indian scripts and Latin transliteration Translation and a web
search for Indian languages.
 Spell check to correct the documents and create a notation for Carnatic & Hindustani
music.
 Convert Indian language text between different scripts and the ISO standard.
 Sort Indian language text in ascending/descending order of the script.
 Font Convert which converts documents between Baraha and other 3rd party fonts.
In Baraha we can type Indian language text in any application; compatible with MS
Office and Open Office.
 Steps to Open Baraha
Following steps show how to open Baraha:
 Step 1: Click the “Start Button” - then Start Menu appears

 Step 2: Select “All Programs”
 Step 3: Go to “Baraha Software”
 Step 4: Select “Baraha”

 Baraha editor
By default Baraha having Phonetic keyboard structure
 Vowel:
ಅ=a, ಆ=A,aa, ಇ=i, ಈ=I,ee, ಉ=u, ಊ=U,oo, ಋ=Ru, ೠ=RU, ಎ=e, ಏ=E, ಐ=ai, ಒ=o,
ಓ=O, ಔ=au,ou ◌ಂ = M ◌ಃ = H
 Consonant:
=k, =K,kh, =g, =G,gh, =~g
=c,ch, =C,Ch, =j, =J,jh, =~j
=T, =Th, =D, =Dh, =N
=t, =th, =d, =dh, =n
=p, =P,ph, =b, =B,bh, =m
=y,Y, =r, =rx, =l, =v,w, =S,sh, =Sh, =s, =h,~h, =L, =Lx
= j~ja. = kSha

 Baraha Input Method Editor (Baraha Direct)
Baraha Input Method Editor can be used to type Indian language text in applications such
as Word processor, PageMaker, browsers, and other applications, When Baraha IME editor is
started, it shows as an icon in the system tray at the bottom-right portion of the screen. If you
want to type Hindi in Word processor then follow below steps:
1. Step 1: Click the “Start Button” - then Start Menu appears

2. Step 2: Select “All Programs”
3. Step 3: Go to “Baraha Software”
4. Step 4: Select “Baraha IME”
 Baraha IME in Word Processor
 NUDI
Nudi is a computer program and font-encoding standard used for managing and
displaying the Kannada script.

Nudi editor provides saving in Unicode and Nudi engine provides inputting data in
Unicode provided the system provides support to Unicode and system has an open type font.
Nudi supports most of the windows based database systems like Access, Oracle, SQL,
DB2 etc., it also supports MySQL.
 Steps to Open Nudi
Following steps show how to open Nudi:
 Step 1: Click the “Start Button” - then Start Menu appears

 Step 2: Select “All Programs”
 Step 3: Go to “Nudi”
 Step 4: Select “Nudi 4.0”
After that SCROLL LOCK light will becomes ON.
 Keyboard Layout:
The picture will show

keyboard layout of Nudi

 Nudi Direct
When you going to type Kannada in Word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, click
on Nudi Direct, then Nudi symbol will display in down right corner of the screen. When you
right click on that symbol it will display the following screen.
If you want to type Kannada in Word processor.
1. Click on Nudi Direct

2. Open Word Processor.
3. Select one of the Nudi fonts.
4. Check whether Scroll Lock is ON or OFF.
(If it is OFF, press Scroll Lock button)
 INDIC
If you need to type and edit documents in more than one language, you can add input
languages. Many input languages support a variety of keyboard layouts, input method editors
(IMEs), and speech and handwriting recognition programs. Deciding which of these options
to use is usually a matter of personal preference. Experiment with the options to discover

which work best for you. Even if you do most of your work in one language, you might want
to try other keyboard layouts.
 To change/add input languages in Indic, we need to follow the steps
 Step 1: Select Control panel and then click Change keyboard or other input
method option on Clock, Language, and Region.
 Step 2: We get Region and Language Dialog box, to change input language we have
to select keyboards and languages tab on dialog box and then click Change
keyboards option
 Step 3: Select Add button to insert new input language and then select any language
and press OK.
Example: Kannada
 Step 4: The input language is displayed as a button on

the taskbar. By default, input language will be English
displayed as EN and to change input language we have
to select required language (For Example KD
Kannada).

 Keyboard Layout
If we select input language as Kannada then keyboard layout will be shown below.
By default, the font name selected as Tunga
Example
ಅ=D, ಆ=E, ಇ=F, ಈ=R, ಉ=G,ಊ=T, ಋ=+, ಎ=Z,ಏ=S, ಐ=W, ಒ=`, ಓ=A, ಔ=Q, ಅಂ=Dx, ಅಃ
=D_
ಕ =k , ಖ=K , ಗ =i ,ಘ=I ,ಙ=U
ಚ=;ಛ=: ಜ=p, ಝ=P, ಞ=}
ಟ=’,ಠ=”,ಡ=[,ಢ={,ಣ=C
ತ=l, ಥ=L,ದ=o,ಧ=O,ನ=v
ಪ=h,ಫ=H,ಬ=y,ಭ=Y, ಮ=c
ಯ=/, ರ=j, ಲ=n, ವ=b, ಶ=M, ಷ=<, ಸ=m, ಹ=u, ಳ=N, =&, =*, =^

Teachers’
Corner
 It is important that students completely learn the earlier topics before they start new ones.
Ensure that you allow adequate time for the hands-on practice of what they have already
learned.
 Inform the students about the milestones that led to the development of modern day
computers. Summarize the major developments, year, and the person responsible for
development.
 Most students would have seen smartphone and may be aware of its functionalities. You
can demonstrate a smartphone in the class and tell them about the history of its
development.
 Tell the students that the observable parts are referred to as hardware and the different
applications such as games, word processor, and presentation are labeled as software. Ask
them where you think these are stored. Use this opportunity to establish how the hardware
and software work together for us to be able to use the computer.
 Demonstrate the Windows desktop. Show the students how to personalize the desktop,
handling files & folders, change settings in control panel and accessing Windows help
and support.
 Tell students the value of organizing things. Ask them why they have separate notebooks
for each subject rather than writing everything in a single notebook. Ask them what will
happen if they write the answers for different subjects on a separate sheet of paper and
then bundle them all together. Ask them, how they will search for a specific answer for a
specific subject. Show that it is necessary to organize things in order to find them easily.
 Give a demonstration of Linux operating System to your students. Show them how to
work with Linux desktop. Use Ubuntu Linux for the demonstration of both desktop and
execution of UNIX commands. You can use Ubuntu without actually installing it on the
computer. Ubuntu can run from a CD or USB drive called live media.
 Download Ubuntu from www.ubuntu.com
 Follow the instructions given on www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/try-
ubuntu-before-you-install to create a bootable CD/USB.

 Boot the computer with the live CD/USB inserted and select Try Ubuntu in the
welcome screen.
 After the demonstration shut down the computer and remove the live CD/USB.
 If Ubuntu CD/USB is not available, you can still give your students a virtual tour of
Ubuntu desktop from a browser on your Windows system. You will need a working
Internet connection. Visit Ubuntu online tour at www.tour.ubuntu.com from a browser.
A simulation of Ubuntu desktop appears within the browser and you can demonstrate
many features of Ubuntu desktop.
 Demonstrate your students how to input regional language text in a text editor. Use any
one of the software mentioned in the lesson. However demonstration of Nudi is preferred
since it is the most widely used software to create text documents in Kannada. You can
download Nudi freely from www.karnataka.gov.in/pages/nudi.aspx
 Encourage your students to create more content like poems, articles, short stories etc., in
Kannada. Take printouts and send them to magazines and newspapers.

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GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society

The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that theoretical component of

A conceptual coherence is derived with the pedagogy, the use of easily

(M.R. Hiremath K.A.S)

a. Use of computer by teacher increases their efficiency and quality of teaching.

ICT – Support Material Level II

Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.

COVER PAGE DESGINER:

Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.

ICT – Support Material Level II

Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.

COVER PAGE DESGINER:

Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

03 Hardware and Software 14

04 Introduction to Operating System 18

05 DOS and UNIX 24

09 Using regional languages in Computer 66

Abacus Safety and Security

Revise the topics learned in the previous class.

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the most important part of a

A monitor looks like a TV screen. The CPU uses the monitor

The keyboard is a standard input device. The

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 2|Page

 Spacebar: To leave blank spaces between words or numbers

The mouse is used to point to the items shown on the monitor.

 Left click: used to select an activity after you point to it.

Some important characteristics of computer are:

A computer can use for many simple tasks such as

 Writing letters  Drawing pictures

 Input and Output Device

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 3|Page

Some of the Examples for Input and output device are

Input Device Output Device

 Do’s and Don’ts with computer

Steps to open Paint

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 4|Page

 Pencil : Used to draw freehand drawing of required thickness

 Line : Used to draw Lines’

 New option to create a new picture.

 Classification of Number System

 Decimal number system

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 5|Page

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 6|Page

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 8|Page

In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish

In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician by the name of

In 1801, Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom. It was a weaving

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 9|Page

 Difference and Analytical Engine

In the early 1820s, an English mathematician by the name

Ada Augusta was a first computer programmer, who

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 10 | P a g e

Depending on the development of the technology the generation of computer is

 First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)

The first generation of computers is started with using

 Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963)

In this generation transistors were used in place of vacuum

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 11 | P a g e

 Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)

In the third generation of computer Integrated

 Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)