Basic Guide to f

2900"F
@ rronrrorrronol{ naNoE. In this range steels uodergo inte.nal atomic
2800" chaoges which ndically afrect tbe properties oI the miterial.

27W'

2500"

2500'
Termed Aca on heating, Afg
tructure consists wholly of

Htr"'iilff::ffi yiiij
24C0"

2300"
f,rr**,r, ,, prr.,,.u,ly pure rron (rn plain carbon steels) existinq below
lli temperature Ir is magneric and has very slight
sot,(1o1:.,,I1nu9,.",'on
solubilrty tor carbon,
22C0'
frrlnLrrt js a mechanical mixture ot FERRITE
and ctMnnrrre
2100' fcrnrtrtr, or rRoN c RBTDE is a compound of iron aod carbon, FerC.

rhe noo.magnctic form oi iron and

2000" ?*yf:.
orssorve (arbon and alloyjng elements.
has rhe power ro

| 900' ts of
tnen
uctil-
| 800" NITE

i:fJ?L1Hi:ff:#:*f
higher strength and hard,
ng.

@roro,*o IANcI extends to severaL hundred degrees above the upptrR

TMNSFORMATION TEMPERATURE,

@ rr*r'ro is above the FoRcrNG RANGE, Bufned steel is ruined

naNcE
cdnrot be cued except by remelting.
r400' ^nd
@ to a pornt below the lovER
t300' ;:lli
someti
"
:,'"Ti.';,;,:fi::l:';."f,t
| 200' @ rl'u,. rnrtu ntNo! occurs approximalelylrom 300. to70O.F. peeninp
or worklng ol steels should not be done between these tenrperaturesl
since they are more brittle in thjs range than above or below j't.
|00"
@ rntrilrNc ton wItDtNc
pREHEATING
is cafried out to prevent cfack form^tion. See
TEMprLo cHlnr for recommended temperature for varjous
t000" steels and non-ferrous metals.

@ ,O*rU*,r'Uo consists o[ dis ving carbon into surfsce of sreel by herF

900" Ing to above traoslormation ra e in presence of carburizing compounds.

@,UnnD,no consists of hecting cert^in lpetialJlrclr to about 1000"F

800" lor lor.lg peflods tn the presen.e of ammonia gas. Nitrogen is nbsorbed
Inro Ine surtace to produce exLremely hard 'skjns .

7Nr" consists of heatiog to just below the lower transforma_

AI for a sufficient length of time to put the cEMaNTrrE
ARUTE jnto globular Iorm. This produces softness
and
600' od machinabilitu_

Itre and
no*rr,ro,
500' is for
the M, tempe
thrs lemDerat
400' transfor;ing

f rUrtctoto slrEr contains approximarely o85% c rhon

300 "
fr."*,no o..u^ In mony altoy steels and is a defect characterized bv
r@alrzed mrcro-cracking md "Rake-like" fracturing. It is usually
attrib'_
tlN cure consisrs of cycle cooting ro ar leasi 600"F
;$:,:jn::ffii-"ts.
r00" I ou* o* nr*,rn fiEH. has nor ed and the
inSol solidifies with , sound surlace on contain-
ing blowhoJes which are welded in
0' | *,u,0 ,rrn has been deoxidized at least sufficiently to solidify wjth-
oul appreciable gas evolution.
-t00" ! u"rfttuo stlEt hrs been partirlly deoxidized to reduce solidi6cation
shflnkage rn the Ingot.

-2n' I o trr,rrt., RUtr: Brioell Hardness divided by two, times 1000, equals
appruimate Tensile Strengrh in pounds per iguare inch. (200
Brjnell
- 2 X 1000: rpprox. 100,000 Tensile Strengh, p.s.i.)
-300"F
0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6
PERCENT CARBON

TempYloo,u,r,o", Brc rHREE ,NDUsrR:l'l,t;fito]''''"

Bis Three rnduskies' rnc printed in u s A'

Hamilton Boulevard, South plainfield, New Jersev

07080