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F. Watershed management practices in India: • IWM is the process of planning and implementing
water and natural resources.
The following are the watershed management Practices in
India. • Emphasis is on integrating the bio-physical,
1. Conserving soil and water. socioeconomic and institutional aspects.
• Contour - Contour trenches trap rain water, enable it
to percolate to underground aquifers and break the H. Advantages and Future of Watershed management:
speed of fast moving water • Watershed Development program is a revolutionary
• Gully control - Gully plugs help to control the flow program aimed at fulfilling the water needs in the water
of water, sedimentation and recharge ground water scarce areas.
aquifers.
• Stone bunds - Building stone and nala bunds across • In areas where there is inadequate water supply
the slope arrest the flow of water and control erosion watershed management offers an ideal solution.
in areas where soil work is not possible. • It helps in utilizing the primary source of water and
2. Improving the ability of land to hold water. prevents the runoff from going into sewer or storm
3. Rainwater harvesting and recharging. drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants.
4. Growing greenery – trees, crops and grasses.
• Dry land agriculture, Irrigation, Forestry, • If we take steps to encourage each drop of rainfall to
Horticulture, Pastures. penetrate in the ground at the point where it strikes
earth, it will result in addition of one drop to our useful
water supply and subtraction of one drop from a
potential flood.
A. Recharging of underground storage:
In order to store the surplus surface water the artificial surface
Public Participation reservoirs are constructed by building dams, in the summer,
artificial underground reservoirs are now-a-days developed by
Mainly water artificial recharge for storing water underground. The
conservation
development of such a reservoirs may be advantageous as
compared to the development of a dam reservoir, because of the
following reasons.
i) Much pure water can be obtained from an underground
reservoir source. ii) No space is required for building such a
reservoir.
Socio-economic with iii) The cost of building such a reservoir by recharging the
water conservation
aquifers may be considerably less than the cost of the surface
reservoirs. Moreover in an underground reservoir, the aquifer in
which the water is stored shall itself act as a distribution system
for carrying the water from one place to another, and as such,
the necessity of constructing pipe lines or canals (as is required
in a surface reservoir) is completely eliminated.
Socio-economic,
iv) The water lost in evaporation from an underground
water conservation, reservoir is much less than the water lost from a surface
participation reservoir.
v) The raising of the water table by artificial recharge may
help in building pressure barriers to prevent sea water intrusion
in the coastal areas.
B. Methods of Recharging
The below mentioned methods are being generally adopted
Public participation
planning, design,
for ground water recharging.
implementation
1. Spreading Methods: This method consists in spreading
the water over the surfaces of permeable open land and pits,
from where it directly infiltrates to rather shallow aquifers. In
this method, the water is temporarily stored in shallow ditches
or is spread over an open area by constructing low earth dykes
(called percolation bunds). The stored water, slowly and
Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and steadily, percolates downward so as to join the nearby aquifers.
minority. The recharging rate depends upon the permeability of the spread
Community led water users groups have led the implementation area and on the depth of water stored, and is generally less, say
efforts. of the order of 1.5m/day, though rates as high as 22m/day have
Figure. 3. Graph showing the watershed development program in been possible.
India
2. Recharge-well Methods: This method consists in
V. PROSPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER injecting the water in to bore holes called recharge wells.
RECHARGE: IN INDIA Depending upon the favorable condition of surface, the water is
fed in to recharge wells by gravity or for increasing the recharge
Optimum development and sound management practices are rate, it may be pumped under pressure. The recharge wells used
vital to the sustained use of ground water. Ground water are just like ordinary production wells. In fact the ordinary
recharge may be increased by conservation measures and wells are many a times could directly use for recharge during
artificial recharge procedures. Artificial recharge to ground the off season, when the water is not required in use. With this
water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is method high recharge rates can be obtained. This method is
augmented at a rate exceeding that obtaining under natural widely used in Israel. Moreover, this method may help in
conditions of replenishment. In general any man-made system injecting water in to the aquifers and also where it is most
or facility that adds water to an aquifer is an artificial recharge needed. To avoid clogging of the well screens, the water used
system. Artificial recharge of ground water is, therefore, for recharging well should be free from suspended impurities.
preferred and encouraged in the present days, so as to augment
the natural available underground yield for management of 3. Induced Infiltration Method: This method is
water supply systems. sometimes used for recharge is that of the induced infiltration
which is accomplished by increasing the water table gradient
from a source of recharge. In this method, Renney type wells resources, along with developing additional storages may
are constructed near the river banks. The percolating water is considerably reduce the chance of water famines for further
collected in the well through radial collectors and is then generations to come. In addition to these measures, it is
discharged in to a lower level aquifer ‘B’ for storage as Shown necessary to find out means and ways for increasing the
in fig. No.5. this types of well construction is very common in available usable water by developing artificial rain technology.
France and is sometimes referred to as French system of tapping It is also of vital importance to conserve water by practicing
underground water. In addition to the above mentioned economy and avoiding its wastage. However ground water
methods, the recharge to ground water is accomplished by using exploitation is inevitable especially urban areas. To curtail its
some of the structures are reduction, a strategy to implement the groundwater recharge, in
a major way needs to be launched with concerted efforts by
a) Pits : The pits have been constructed about 3 metres
various Non-Governmental and Governmental agencies and the
deep & 1 to 2 metres wide filled with boulders, gravel and
public at large, to increase the water table and make the
coarse sand such types of ponds are constructed for recharging
groundwater resource, a reliable and sustainable source for
shallow aquifer.
supplementing water supply needs. It is about building our
b) Trenches: Trenches are constructed subjected to the relationship with water and the environment. Harvest rain.
availability of permeable stream at shallow depth. These Learn the prestigious value of each rain drop.
trenches are back filled with filter materials. The trenches may
be 0.5 to 1 metre wide, 1 to 1.5 meter deep and 10 to 20 meters VIII. REFERENCES
long depending on the availability of water. • Agarwal A., Narain S. (ed.) 1997. Dying wisdom:
c) Dug wells: Existing dug wells may be utilized as Rise, fall and potential of India's traditional water
recharge structure and water should be allowed to pass through harvesting systems. (State of India's Environment – A
filter media before storage. Citizens' report, No. 4). Centre for Science &
Environment (CSE), New Delhi, pp. 11-12.
VI. FUTURE PROSPECTIVES • Bhattacharya S. 1978. Land, Soil, Rainfall Irrigation-
some aspects of the backdrop of agrarian life in the
It is very important to make water everybody’s business. It
Arthasastra of Kautilya. Indian Economic and Social
means a role for everybody with respect to water. Every
History Review 15, 211-219.
household and community has to become involved in the
• Bisht, R.S. 1991. 'Dholavira – New Horizons of the
provision of water and in the protection of water resources.
Indus Civilization'. Puratattva 20, 71-82.
Make water the subject of a people’s movement. It means the
empowerment of our Urban and Rural community, i.e., to • Chhabra B., Gai G. 1981. Inscription of the early Gupta
manage their own affairs with the state playing a critical kings in Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol III.
supportive role. Further involving people will give the people Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp 296-
greater ownership over the water project including watershed 305.
development, Soil and Water conservation and water harvesting • Kaushal Kishore (2004) “Rain Water Harvesting”,
will go a long way towards reducing misuse of government Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Review,
funds. It will also develop the ownership (own water supply May 2004, pp.42-48 Magar R.B. and
systems), they will also take good care of them. In this way it is Waghmare S.T. . (2006) “Rain Water Harvesting”
possible to solve water problems facing the county in the 21st Conference on ‘Engineering Technology for Efficient
century. Rain Water Harvesting and Soil Conservation’,
S.G.G.Nanded, 29-30 May 2006.pp. 44-51
VII. CONCLUSION CII, Rainwter harvesting – A guide, New Delhi 2000.
Water is essential element of life. Everyone knows that, if • Rajiv Gandhi, National Drinking water missions
we do not harness available sources of water and use them Handbook on Rainwater harvesting, Government of
judiciously with proper care the problem of water scarcity is India, New Delhi, 1998.
going to be serious. Irrespective of fast development in all fields • Sivanappan, R.K., Soil and Water Conservation and
of science there can be no substitute to water. Hence, it is Water harvesting, Tamil Nadu Afforestation project,
necessary to opt for various water harvesting measures. It is the Chennai, 1999.
responsibility of government organization as well as individual • Sivanappan, R.K. Water harvesting, ICCI, Coimbatore
to harvest each drop of water falling on earth surface. For this, 2001.
it is necessary that each person collect the raindrops failing on • Verma HN & Tiwan KN current status and Prospects
his roof, plot, and farm and recharges it under ground. Two cases of Rain Water Harvesting, NIH, Roorkee, 1995.
of roof top water harvesting for urban and rural area have been • Evaluating watershed management procedures by John
considered in the present study. Similarly for other building roof Kerr and Kimberly Chung.
top rain water harvesting can be implemented. In fact there is no • Watershed management – An Introduction by Gerd
village and habitation in India that cannot meet its basic drinking Forch and Brigitta Schutt.
and cooking needs through rainwater harvesting techniques. • Eye Opener, “Rainwater Harvesting & Recharging
Hence from our study we came to know that we need to do Ground Water” enROUTE, JUL- DEC. 2005, Vol IX,
proper conservation, maintenance and careful use of water PP. 16-17.