President Estrada, was not opened based on the senators' majority vote, the prosecut

y Contained incriminating evidences against

walked out. Also, the people who were watching it since the first day of the trial believed that

the truth had been compromised.

Known figures, like Cardinal Sin, expressed their dismay in public and called on the

neople to unite and gather at EDSA to start a peaceful revolution. With the growing number

of people encamped in EDSA and the majority of President Estrada's cabinet members leaving

their posts, President Estrada had no choice but to step down from office.

This proves that in a democratic society, the media's role is very crucial as it becomes a

reliable source of information. People in a democratic society also use different media platforms

as a means to express their opinion on social issues. With the massive reach of media, it can

greatly influence people's views and actions.

SELECTED THEORIES ON MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Nowadays, accessing information and communicating with other people are fast and easy!

because there are different forms of media we can use. Apart from the inventors who made

high-end gadgets to improve our information and communication technology (ICT), we

should also be grateful to rescarchers who were proponents of the theories about information

and media. With these theories, our modes of communication have become more efficient

and effective.

1. Media Richness Theory. It is also referred to as Information Richness Theory. Richard

L. Draft and Robert H. Lengel introduced this theory in the 1980s. In this notion,

communication serves as a medium that can reproduce information. Media Richness

Theory can be used to assess the richness or multifunction capabilities of specific

means of communication, such as phone calls, video conferences, and e-mails.

According to this theory, personal communication methods, like texting and

making video calls, are generally more effective than other forms of media as the

desired message is sent directly to the receiver.

2. Information Processing Theory. This theory suggests that humans process the

information they receive instead of merely responding to the stimuli. Also, the mind

is like a computer that analyzes the information it gets from its environment. The

Information Processing Theory is also associated with the cognitive development

approach in psychology.

3. Contingency Theory. Based on Joan Woodward's work in 1958, the Contingency

Theory argued about the influence of technology and other variables in organizations.

Contingency Theory notes that a variable can change the behavior and the structure

of an organization in order to complete a task.

4. Media Naturalness Theory. This theory was proposed by Nereu "Ned" Kock based

on the concept of human evolution. In this theory, Kock suggests that face-to-face

communication is the most natural method of communication. Media Naturalness

Theory also proposes that communication is better established and that the message

Unit - Media and Information Literacy from Prehistoric Age to Digital Age

Described below are the three basic types of card catalogs.

1. Author catalog. The entries for the author catalog are listed by author, editor.

compiler, translator, or other parties considered to have responsibility for the creation

or assembly of the work specified

The author's name (surname first) is found at the top of the card catalog. Below it

are the title of the book, the publishing information, and three to five main subjects

highlighting the content of the book. If the book has two or more authors, the first

on the list appears on the card catalog. Refer to the call number with corresponding
code to locate a book

Title catalog. The title catalog has entries which are listed by title only. Tides that

starts with an article like "A, An, and The” should be ignored in searching for the title

of the book. In the ride catalog, the name of the book is found on top followed by the

author's name, publishing information, and the related subjects.

3. Subject catalog. A subject catalog lists books or other materials under the subjects

treated and arranged alphabetically or by classes. It organizes all of the library lists of

titles by the main subjects. Some libraries prefer having multiple entries for the same

book while others list a single main subject in capital letters on the top of the card for

each book in the subject card catalog.

he material needed. But if details such

Words may be entered to locate the

Using the OPAC, the student can type the title of the material needed,

as author's name or book title are not specified, other key words may be entered us

desired book

As a concrete example, if you are researching about materials with cognitive Psy

on its title, you may type "cognitive psychology" as a key word in the search menu and Scie

«Title" in the drop down menu located below the search menu. Once you click Enter,

system will generate information you need based on what is available on its database. When

you click "Next," it will provide you with a different card catalog that is still related to the key

word you are searching.

If you prefer to do a wider search, select "Subject" in the drop down menu. For example,

if you chose “Math," and typed in “numbers" in the search menu, the system will display all

titles under Math including other related fields like Algebra, Trigonometry, and Calculus.

CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY

The library contains a collection of books. Books are classified and properly organized in

the library to enable the user to find the one that matches his research. The following are the

two classifications used in the library: the Dewey Decimal Classification and the Library of

Congress Classification.

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)

Borrow a book from the library and you will notice that the bottom of its spine has Arabic

numerals written on it. This three-digit number pertains to the Dewey Decimal Classification

(DDC) or Dewey Decimal System which American librarian Melvil Dewey created in 1876.

This classification allows a library to categorize the books according to subject, and shelf

it according to relative location and index. Libraries which do not have large volume of books

in their collection apply the DDC as shown below.

If the book you need is about history and geography, you should find books with code

that begins at 900. If you are looking for a book abour Religion, what code should you

look for?

Library of Congress

Bigger libraries, such as university libraries, use the Library of Congress Classification

System (LCC), which classifies books using letters and numbers that are correlated with the

subject, title, and author information. The LCC categorizes the books into 21 branches of

knowledge.

Each book in the library's collection is assigned a unique call number, which is used to

divide and arrange books into she material needed. But if details such

Words may be entered to locate the

Using the OPAC, the student can type the title of the material needed,

as author's name or book title are not specified, other key words may be entered us

desired book
As a concrete example, if you are researching about materials with cognitive Psy

on its title, you may type "cognitive psychology" as a key word in the search menu and Scie

«Title" in the drop down menu located below the search menu. Once you click Enter,

system will generate information you need based on what is available on its database. When

you click "Next," it will provide you with a different card catalog that is still related to the key

word you are searching.

If you prefer to do a wider search, select "Subject" in the drop down menu. For example,

if you chose “Math," and typed in “numbers" in the search menu, the system will display all

titles under Math including other related fields like Algebra, Trigonometry, and Calculus.

CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY

The library contains a collection of books. Books are classified and properly organized in

the library to enable the user to find the one that matches his research. The following are the

two classifications used in the library: the Dewey Decimal Classification and the Library of

Congress Classification.

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)

Borrow a book from the library and you will notice that the bottom of its spine has Arabic

numerals written on it. This three-digit number pertains to the Dewey Decimal Classification

(DDC) or Dewey Decimal System which American librarian Melvil Dewey created in 1876.

This classification allows a library to categorize the books according to subject, and shelf

it according to relative location and index. Libraries which do not have large volume of books

in their collection apply the DDC as shown below.

ame subjects. Books are shelved according to alphabetical

and numerical order. The letters at the beginning of a call number (Class Number) are in

alphabetical order. The numbers directly following these letters are in numerical order.

The following table shows the complete list of the LCC.

SECTIONS OF THE LIBRARY

You may know how to look for the books that you need, but do you know where you can

locate them? Below are some sections of the library where you can find the materials you need.

1. General Reference Section. You can find general reference books in the General

Reference Section. Examples of these books are encyclopedias, dictionaries, thesauri,

and almanacs. Books in the General Reference Section are mostly for library use only.

2. Circulation Section. Books in the Circulation Section are mostly textbooks that

cover different subject areas. Pocketbooks and novels are also found in this section. In

general, both nonfiction and fiction books are found in here. Books in the Circulation

Section are arranged either in DDC or LCC.

Nonfiction books are based on facts and real-life situations. Biographies of

prominent people or textbooks published for school use are examples of nonfiction.

Fiction, on the other hand, are products of imagination and creativity, like literary

books. Suzanne Collins's Hunger Games is a fiction because the setting takes place on

a futuristic dystopian world. The book's plot, which shows the main character Katniss

Everdeen fighting other tributes to death, is unlikely to happen in reality. Fiction

books can be borrowed for home reading.

3. Periodical Section. Newspapers, magazines, and journals are found at the Periodical

Section. Periodicals are for library use only.

4. Filipiniana Section. Filipiniana materials are printed materials written by Filipino

authors about the Philippines and published in the Philippines.

OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION

books, magazines, and journals, a researcher can also access reliable information

through other sources such as the following examples.

1. Theses and Dissertations. A thesis refers to a scholarly or academicies

• A thesis refers to a scholarly or academic research of either

an undergraduate or a master's degree student. Meanwhile, a dissertation Teie

the scholarly work of a doctoral student. If you would like to check previous research

works, browse theses or dissertations.

Views. Interviewing a resource person who is an expert in a specific field is another

way of getting accurate and reliable information. A reporter making a documentary

on juvenile delinquency, for example, can ask a lawyer's objective opinion on how the

law interprets cases involving minors. The people who have survived historical events

like World War II and talk about their experience are good sources of information,

too.

Below are some guidelines which a researcher should remember before conducting

an interview

a. Prepare the questions ahead of time and skim thorough them before

commencing the interview.

b. Observe professionalism by setting an appointment at your interviewee's

convenience.

c. Be punctual to show courtesy to the interviewee.

d Ask for the interviewee's consent before taking photos or recording the

interview so as not to invade his privacy.

c. If the interviewee is a minor, ask for parental consent before conducting

the interview.

f. During the interview, pay attention and listen carefully to the interviewee.

g. Thank your interviewee for his time. You may consider giving him a token of

appreciation

3. Museum. A researcher can go to a museum to find resources for his study. Primary
sources are original materials that were produced during a particular period in history.

Examples of these are relics, artifacts, documents or recordings, and other original

sources of information. The original copy of Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere found in

the National Library is considered a primary source. Museums house sculptures and

paintings too.

Secondary sources are documents made after an event has occurred. These are

second-hand accounts about an event, a person, or a topic. Secondary sources may

render different perspectives from another person, who can also be the researcher.

Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People is considered a secondary source

since it retells the events from the past although he did not personally witness some

of the events.

aber opposite its topic title. The TOC

Contents(TOC), which displays the page number opposite its topic

E ne topic I a DOUN, C

is found on the preliminary pages of the book.

2. Index. You can search for a specific concept, term, or name in the index

words are presented with the page numbers where they are mentioned. For the reade

easy reference, the entries in the index are arranged alphabetically. Some of them

have subtopics that are related to the main key word. If the index entry is Andres

Bonifacio, for example, a citation to see Katipunan and 1896 Revolution may also be

shown for cross reference. The index is found on the book's back matters.

3. Glossary. Some books have a glossary found at the back matters. The glossary

provides a list of concepts or terms with its corresponding meaning. It is arranged

alphabetically.

4. Bibliography. The sources which the author used in writing a book appear in the
bibliography. Each bibliographical entry contains the author's complete name, title of

the material, and other publication details. The bibliography is almost always found

at the book's last page. It is also arranged alphabetically.

PROPER CITATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Textbook authors and other nonfiction writers are expected to present accurate and useful

information. There are different format and style guides which an author can use to present

these information, including citations and references.

1. American Psychological Association (APA). The APA Style contains rules for

the preparation of manuscripts for writers and students in social sciences, such as

psychology, linguistics, sociology, economics, and criminology, business, and nursing.

Below is a sample bibliography for a simple book entry.

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up

poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

2. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). The CMS contains rules on preparing the

manuscript for publication including grammar, usage, and documentation. It has

two documentation styles. The Notes-Bibliography System (NB) is used in literature,

history, and the arts, while the Author-Date System is preferred in social sciences.

Below is a sample bibliography for a simple book entry.

Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

3. Modern Language Association (MLA). The MLA style is commonly used in

writing papers and citing sources within liberal arts and humanities, such as English

studies, language and literature, foreign language and literatures, literary criticism.

comparative literature, and cultural studies. Below is a sample bibliography for a

simple book entry.

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.
IDENTIFYING RELEVANT INFORMATION

In the previous discussion, we have identified the places where students can accesy

Information. Apart from knowing where to access information, a researcher should know

how to identity if the gathered information is significant. Below are some guidelines on how

ro analyze if the information from these sources is useful or not.

1. Printed materials. Check the author's profile at the back cover of the book to know

if he has expertise on the material written. You can also check the preface to have an

overview of the book's framework.

For theses and dissertations, you can check the abstract or a brief description

about the study. You can also verify information about the book's publisher,

Well-established publishers are known for releasing quality books.

Films. Apart from checking out the reviews for a film, you should also check the

profiles of the director and scriptwriter. For example, the 1993 movie Schindler's

List, directed by Academy Award winner Steven Spielberg, can be considered a

reliable source of information about World War II because of the director's esteemed

reputation.

3. Interviews. When interviewing people for a feature article, look for experts who have

actual experience to ensure that the information you will acquire is accurate and

reliable.

2.

Film

Overall, check if the information you have gathered is aligned to the purpose and objectives

of the research being undertaken. This way, you can determine if the information collected are

relevant and substantial.

HOW TO COMMUNICATE INFORMATION

People communicate or convey messages either by talking or writing. For example, news

can be transmitted orally when we hear it on the radio. We can also get information by

reading printed materials, such as newspapers.

Information can also be conveyed visually, such as when watching movies or plays, as

the audience can vividly see and hear the presentation. While some prefer reading William

Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, there are also others who appreciate the story by watching its

movie adaptation

Students communicate information to their teachers when they recite in class or submit

their written output, such as assignments and term papers. Performers carry out portrayals

when they act, sing, or dance. Directors express their thoughts through their films. Writers and

journalists articulate their ideas when writing books or news articles, while artists elaborate

their views through their artworks.

papers. Performer

a nce. Directors exprece

journalists articul

ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION

Citing of sources in form of footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography is the ethical way of

declaring and protecting the intellectual property of an individual. Texts, photos, tables, and

the like should be properly cited to avoid plagiarism and copyright infringement.

1. Citation. A researcher uses citations to inform the readers that certain texts

on his work came from another source.

the readers that certain texts or ideas

2. Plagiarism. A researcher or writer accused of plagiarism means he used someone

work and ideas, whether deliberately or not. Plagiarism. by virtue, is tantamount

stealing one's idea. Proper citation should be observed to avoid plagiarism.

If you quote more than 500 words from a published material or think you may be

violating the “Fair Use" copyright laws, you must formally request permission from

the copyright owner.

3. Copyright. Some printed materials, like textbooks, have copyright. Literary and

artistic works are also governed by copyright law. The copyright protects the owner,

who can either be the author or the publisher, of his exclusive legal rights for the use

and distribution of an original work.

A copyright can expire. The duration of the copyright covers the author's lifetime

plus 50 years after his death. This means that while the author is still alive, the

copyright for the materials he wrote belongs to him. Upon the death of the copyright

owner, permission to use his work should be sought from the legal heirs.

In the Philippines, an individual who needs assistance in securing a copyright

for his own work can go to the National Book Development Board (NBDB) or the

National Library.

4. Intellectual property. While printed materials are protected by copyright, inventions,

literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, and names and images used in

commerce are governed by intellectual property (IP). Through the IP, a person is

credited as the rightful and original owner of his work. Copying the work of someone

else's is a violation of the owner's intellectual property rights.

5. Public domain and fair use. Once the duration of the copyright ceases, the

work becomes available for public domain. For example, Leonardo da Vinci's

painting of the Mona Lisa which dates back during the Renaissance Period can

be used in history textbooks without asking the heirs of da Vinci for permission

to use it. However, proper citation should still be credited to da Vinci.

On the other hand, fair use refers to the limitation and exception to the exclusive
right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. This means that when

a copyrighted material is used for certain circumstances, such as quoted verbatim for

purposes such as criticism, news reporting, teaching, and research, there is no need for

the researcher to ask permission or pay the copyright owner for its use.