Grammar

Voice and Accent, Basic

Parts of Speech
Student’s Manual
Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills
Teacher’s Manual
Voice and Accent, Basic
Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills
Teacher’s Manual

Finishing School for Call Center Representative

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Parts of Speech
In this part of the course, you will learn the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns 6. Prepositions
2. Pronouns 7. Articles
3. Adjectives 8. Conjunctions
4. Verbs 9. Interjections
5. Adverbs

1. Nouns
A noun is a word for a person, place or thing. There are common nouns and
proper nouns.
1. A common noun is a word for a person, place or thing. These nouns refer to general,
unspecific categories of entities. A common noun is not capitalized.
Examples:

building house car assistant

bathroom fruit mother water

2. A proper noun is a noun that is the name of a particular person, place, idea or thing.
It is capitalized.
Examples:

McDonald’s Michael Hudson River United Airline

World Peace New York Africa Metro PCS

Michael went to New York and Africa last summer.

3. A count noun refers to a person, place or thing you can count. Count nouns have a
plural form. These nouns can be modified by numerals, and can co-occur with the
following quantifiers: most, many, more, several, etc.
Example:

There is an orange on the table.

In this example, the word orange is singular as it refers to one orange that is in a particular place.
There are five oranges on the table.
To make it plural you add an “s”. Look at the example.
There are several oranges on the table.
In additional, countable nouns can be used with quantifiers.

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4. A non-count noun refers to ideas and things that you cannot count. Non-count
nouns use a singular verb and do not have a plural form.
Examples of non-count nouns are:

education intelligence clothing soap

air cheese grass literature

Education should be free for everyone.

The grass is greener on the other side.

Non-count nouns cannot take plural forms, and therefore a sentence containing a plural form is
grammatically incorrect.

Example:

The clothings are on the shelf.

Clothings is incorrect because it is a non-count noun. The correct form for this sentence is:

The clothing is on the shelf.

5. Collective nouns denote a group of persons or objectives.

Examples:

People Animals Other

group herd bunch
crowd flock pile
team pack set
class next collection

1. There is a crowd outside of the stadium.

2. The flock of seagulls flew rapidly over the sea.
3. I have a bunch of papers on my desk.

6. Concrete nouns are nouns you that can perceive through the five senses. It is
something material.
Examples:

chair telephone dog textbook

agent stall laptop calculator

The telephone is on the chair.

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7. An Abstract nouns something that doesn’t exist and that is intangible, for example
feelings and ideas.
Examples:

thought health happiness idea

imagination leadership education love

He has a vivid imagination.

Your happiness should not depend on some else’s happiness.

Exercise 1
Write a proper noun for the following:

Example: television – Panasonic

restaurant country
school hotel
singer soccer player
dog movie

cat
Follow-up activity:
Konan
Students sit facing each other. Student A says a common noun and student
B provides a proper noun for that common noun.

Exercise 2
Mark the categories that apply for the underlined nouns in the sentences.

Sentence Common Proper Count Non-count Collective Concrete Abstract

I don’t have money for lunch.   

1. The book was on the table.
2. You can’t buy love.
3. We cannot live without water.
4. A flock of birds flew across the sky.
5. Tobacco is a bad for your health.
6. Wild animals live in forests.
7. Gold is a precious metal.
8. All the girls were singing.
9. The team celebrated with the coach.
10. There is a crowd of women around Tom.

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Exercise 3
Find the mistakes. Underline the mistake and write your answers on the chart below.

My name is Caroll. I am an English teacher. I have 25 studentes. There are fifteen

womans and 10 men in my class. I want to buy chocolats for them, because they
always do their homeworks. They love to participate in all the activitys. They also
follow the rules in class. They put away their phons in the box. They behave like
good childrens. When I teach them new informations they pay a lot of attention.
When they don’t know words, they look them up in their dictionarys. It is difficult
for them to be in an only English class, but I always tell them that changs are good.

Answsers:

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

2. Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or noun phrase.
1. Subject pronouns replace a noun in the subject position.
Subject pronouns are:

I, you, he, she, it, we and they

Examples:

She (Terry) went to the supermarket.

Michael and Mark are friends. They work at the same call center.

2. Object pronouns replace a noun in the object position.

Subject pronouns are:

me, you, him, her, it, us you and them

Examples:
Sara goes to exercise classes. She takes them four days a week.

I talked to her last week. She will go to the meeting.

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3. Possessive pronouns replace a possessive determiner + singular or plural noun. The

possessive pronoun agrees with the noun that it replaces.

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours theirs.

Examples:
My house is big and hers is small. hers = her house
My backpack is orange and his is orange. his= his backpack

4. Reflexive Pronouns is a pronoun that shows that the object of the sentence is the
same as the subject.
myself, yourself, himself, herself, yourselves, themselves and ourselves
Examples:
a. She taught herself how to ride a bike.
I taught myself English.

These sentences demonstrate that these people did these actions without anyone’s help.

b. He cooked himself dinner last night.

They put their make-up on themselves.

These sentences demonstrate that the same person doing the action receives the action.

c. I painted the room by myself.

She went to the supermarket by herself.

These sentences demonstrated that the person is doing the action without anyone’s company.

d. Mike: Who told you she was going to quit her job?

Randy: She told me herself

Randy’s sentence expresses emphasis.

e. Enjoy yourself.
Serve yourself.
Help yourself.

With verbs enjoy, help and serve you can use yourself.

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Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences with the corresponding pronoun. Follow the example.

Danna was worried about her dog, so she asked __her__ husband to look over __it__ for her.

1. Despite ___________ parent’s opinion, Anne decided to live by __________________.

2. If you see Claire and Ben, give _____________ my regards, please.
3. You and ________ are best friends. We have known each other from a long time ago.
4. I have trouble understanding Caroline when _________ speaks Spanish with __________.
5. I can’t find _____ book. Can I use _________, Jacqueline?
6. That car is too expensive for _______. We can’t afford _________.
7. I do my homework and they do _____________.
8. My parents enjoyed _________ a lot at the wedding party.
9. My husband and _________ are planning a trip to Antigua. Do you want to come with
________.
10. Sara will visit her cousins on Saturday. _________ has not seen __________ in a long time.

5. A Demonstrative Pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific

within a sentence. The pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be
either singular or plural.

This, that, these, those

This = singular, short distance These = plural, short distance
That = singular, long distance Those = plural, long distance

Examples:

This pencil was on the floor but those were in the cabinet.
These geese are prettier than those in the lake.

Exercise 2
Complete these sentences choosing the correct demonstrative pronoun. You must use each one
only three times.

1. Hi. __________ is Jerry speaking.

2. Whose shoes are __________?
3. This is my classroom, and ________ one is yours.
4. I can’t believe you bought _________ set of cups. They are awful!
5. I’ll take these boxes. Would you help me with __________ over there?
6. __________ is my friend Gabrielle, and ___________ are my parents.
7. __________ was my mother’s ring. I never take it off.
8. _________ was such a great experience. I still remember how it felt like.

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9. Do you want me to buy ________ shoes, or ________

10. We need to finish __________ exercises soon. The teacher is checking them!

Additional practice

 Relative pronouns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uF6_FwJ5t6U

 Object pronouns practice : http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/jd-pronouns.html
 All pronoun quiz: http://a4esl.org/q/f/z/zz44fck.htm
3. Adjectives
1. An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. Adjectives can describe the
following:

color, flavor, age, size, shape, number, condition, emotion

Some adjectives are:

strange anxious adorable lazy robust

sweet greasy average selfish thankful

Examples:

I ate a sweet plum for lunch.

This steak is greasy.
I feel anxious.

Note:

Adjectives usually answer the following questions: “What kind?” or Which?’” or How many?’”

The blond girls that is driving a new BMW is my friend. Blond tells us which girl and new tells
us what kind of car.

Most of the time adjectives come before nouns however there are exceptions. When you see
the following verbs, the adjective will come after.

be feel taste smell

sound look appear seem

Example:

He looks smart.
The banana tastes sweet.

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2. Demonstrative adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.

This = singular, short distance These = plural, short distance

That = singular, long distance Those = plural, long distance

Examples:
This agent is right on target. These agents are right on target.
That building is old. Those buildings are old.

Exercise 1
Read the sentences. Complete the sentence with a noun that can be described with the
adjectives in the sentence.
1. I would like two, big, tasty slices of ________________.
2. That new, lovely ___________ is in my class.
3. _______________ is a beautiful, tall, European woman.
4. That green, tiny, pretty ____________ is my favorite.
5. ______________ is a huge, graceful, old country.
6. I bought a cute, second‐hand, purple _______________.
7. That fancy, small, Italian _______________ is mine.
8. I believe there are many, tiny garden ______________ outside.
9. That wooden, big ______________ is mine.
10. I love those long, blue, silk ________________.
11. I ate three gigantic, juicy _____________.

3. Adjective order

When you use two or more adjectives use this order.

Opinion Size Quality Age Shape Color Origen Material Type

beautiful big free old circular green Chilean silk evening
nice small safe young round yellow Norwegian cotton training

Example:

I have a lovely gigantic Indian carpet at home.

I ordered a small circular orange vase and you sent me an old square golden one.

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Exercise 1
Put the following words in order to make a logical sentence.

1. father, ugly, bought, my, a, tie, silk, green

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Japanese, launched, the, yesterday, new, the, brand, phone, was

__________________________________________________________________________

3. black, the, all, company, new, case, a, leather, gave, the, customers.

Now you make your own sentences, using three adjectives.

4. __________________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________________

4. Verbs
A Verb is word that describes an action or a state. Depending on the tense and the
time, verbs will change its form.

Belinda drives her car. Simple Present

Belinda is driving her car. Present Progressive
Belinda will drive her car. Simple Future
Belinda drove her car. Simple Past
Belinda was driving her car when she crashed. Past Progressive
Belinda has driven her car for an hour. Present Perfect
Belinda has been driving her car since last week. Present Perfect Progressive

There are two types of verbs: Stative and Action Verbs.

1. Stative verbs (also called non-action verbs) describe a state or situation, not an
action. It is usually in the simple form of the present or past.

These are some stative verbs:

Emotional Mental Possession Sense

dislike believe belong feel
hate feel have smell
love imagine own take
like know possess hear

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Examples:

 She disliked him completely.

 We believe that this is the best way to achieve our goal.
 I had five marbles.
 They feel tired.

2. Action Verbs describe an action.

These are some action verbs:

be buy catch drive forgive

keep read shake stand throw

You can find the irregular verb list on Page A3 of your Grammar and Beyond textbook.
Examples:

 She has fallen from the plastic chair.

 I grew up in Quetzaltenango and then moved to Michigan.
 I can hear you walking up the stairs.

Action verbs are divided into two categories:

Long actions Short actions

work jump
sleep sneeze
eat drop
read fall

Verbs are divided into three uses:

Linking Verbs connect the
subject of the sentence with
other information.
be, seem, appear, become,
sound, smell, taste, look, feel
Examples:
 America is smart.
 Betzy looks good today.
 Pedro became angry all of
a sudden.
Action Verbs describe
actions.
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Examples:
 John cleans the deck.
 Francine washes the
dishes.
 Karen reads every night.
Auxiliary Verbs work
together with action verbs
to show tenses.
be, have/has, do, does, had,
did, can, will, could, may, might
Examples:
 He has gone to the park.
 She will visit us tomorrow.
 I can speak Italian.

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Exercise 1
From this verb list, mark if they are stative or active. Then, create a sentence using each one of them.

VERB S A SENTENCE
hear
think
fall
look
analyze
play
blink
taste
sneeze
understand

Additional practice

 Verb conjugation: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/verb_wheel/

 Verb recognition: http://www.grammaring.com/state-verbs-and-action-verbs

5. Adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, another adverb, or an adjective. You
can recognize there because many of them are formed by adding –ly to the adjective. The
most common questions that adverbs answer are how, how often, when and where.

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EXAMPLES

HOW HOW OFTEN WHEN WHERE

easily always after inside
loudly never already away
loudly never before outside
quickly once early near
slowly everyday now there
sadly everyday since here
silently often son everywhere
nicely twice today aboard

Functions
Modifying a verb
She danced gracefully. Gracefully explained how she danced.
They ran rapidly over the mount. Rapidly describes how they ran.
Modifying an adjective or adverb
The children were extremely sweet. Extremely is an adverb and it modifies sweet. Sweet
is the adjective and it modifies children.
He ran very fast. In this example very modifies another adverb.
Exercise
Analyze the follow sentences and underline the adverbs you see. Write down the questions they
answer.

1. The fox ran quickly near the pen after he hear the gun shot.

2. The girl ate her ice cream slowly before her mother scolded her.

3. Sometimes I read a book here at the park.

Additional practice

 Adverb rules: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PgFbTK2jUI

 Adjective-adverb game: http://www.eslgamesplus.com/adjectives-adverbs-ly-rally/

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6. Prepositions
Prepositions can go before a noun or pronoun to show location, time, direction or a
close relationship between two people of things. A preposition may go before a gerund as
well.
The most common prepositions are:

IN ON AT
TIME  years  days of the week  hours of the day
 months  specific dates
 centuries  vacation
 the morning,  weekends
evening,
afternoon
PLACE  cities  streets  specific address
 states  avenues
 countries
 towns

Examples:
I have lived in London for a year.
My birthday is on December 20.
The train leaves at 8:00.

Other commonly used prepositions are:

Since: used for time I have been studying in this university since 2015.

For: explains duration of an action. I have worked here for 6 months.

From … to…: used to express beginning and end of action. We’re open from 8 to 5.

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Exercise 1
Write the phrases from the box under the correct preposition.

the summer - 3:00pm - Monday - 2007 - noon - dinnertime - 4 November

the Ice Age - the past May - Christmas Day - sunset - my birthday - Fridays
the moment - bedtime - sunrise - the third - Independence Day - the future
the next century - four-twenty - the first day - the 1990's - past years
9/11 - midnight - your birthday
At On In

Exercise 2
Complete each sentence with the correct preposition.

Peter is playing tennis on Sunday.

3. My brother's birthday is _______ the 5th of November.

4. My birthday is _____ May.
5. We are going to see my parents ____ the weekend.
6. ______ 1666, a great fire broke out in London.
7. I don't like walking alone in the streets _____ night.
8. What are you doing _______ the afternoon?
9. My friend has been living in Canada _______ two years.
10. I have been waiting for you ______ seven o'clock.
11. I will finish this project ______ Friday.
12. Stop worrying __________ your exam - everything will be fine.
13. I've waited ______ Judy _____ 30 minutes. I'm going home.
14. Stop talking and concentrate _____ your work.
15. Don't forget to pay _____ the newspaper.
16. He explained the computer program ______ me.
17. It depends ______the weather.
18. The plane will arrive ______ noon.

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7. Articles
An article introduces or identifies a noun. Spanish speakers usually over use this when
speaking.
There are two types of articles in English: indefinite and definite.

1. The is a definite article. Use the with a person, place, or thing that is familiar to
you and your listener. Also, use the when the noun is unique – there is only one.
Examples:

The car is in the parking lot. Here we are speaking about a specific car.

She saw the house of her dreams. We are talking about a specific house.

The moon is made out of cheese. There is only one moon.

In non-count nouns the can be used, or the article can be omitted entirely.
Examples:

I love to sail over the water. This refers to a specific body of water.
I love to sail over water. It doesn’t refer to any specific body of water.

2. A/an are indefinite articles. Us a/an with a singular person, place, or thing
when you and your listener are not familiar with it, or when the specific name of it
is not important. Use a with consonant sounds. Use an with vowel sounds.
Examples:

I want to buy a new cell phone. Here we don’t have a specific brand in mind.
There is an elephant in the zoo. Here we are not referring to a specific elephant.

A/an can only be used with count nouns.

Examples:

I want to buy a bottle of coke.

She saw an orangutan.

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3. Geographical use of the

There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.

Do not use the before:

 names of most countries and territories. However, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic,
the Philippines, the United States have the before the name of the country.
 names of cities, towns, or states
 names of streets
 names of lakes and bays
 names of mountains, except with mountain ranges like the Rockies, the Andes, the Swiss alps
 names of continents
 names of islands, except for island chains like the Hebrides or the Canary islands

Do use the before:

 names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific Ocean
 point on the globe: the Equator
 geographical areas: the East, the West
 deserts, forest, gulfs and peninsulas: the Mexican Gulf

Omission of Articles

Some common types of nouns that don’t take an article are:

 names of languages and nationalities

 names of sports
 names of academic subjects

Exercise 1
Fill in: The, a, an, or --- (leave blank)
1. I have __________ great idea.
2. Columbus was one of __________ first people to cross __________ Atlantic.
3. _______ Americans eat junk food.
4. __________ Nile is ______ longest river.
5. Judith earns $ 2000 __________ month.
6. Dancing is __________ most interesting activity.
7. As __________ captain of __________ ship I have __________ complete authority.
8. __________ people think __________ life if unfair.
9. What’s on __________ TV today?
10. He was doing eighty miles __________ hour.

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11. I visited my relatives ___________ last Saturday.

12. I traveled to France ___________ last year.
13. The thief hit me on __________ back of my neck.
14. __________ Football is his whole life.
15. Did you read __________ book I gave you?
16. Do you go to __________ church on Sundays?
17. This is __________ man I told you about.
18. This is exactly __________ job I was looking for.
19. Little knowledge is __________ dangerous thing.
20. Philosophers seem to think that _________ life is __________ mystery.
21. I can’t play __________ piano but I can play __________ guitar.
22. __________ Prime Minister will give a speech this afternoon.
23. I haven’t been to __________ concert like that before.
24. Of all these cars I prefer __________ Japanese one.
25. Where are __________ scissors you borrowed last week?

Exercise 2
Instruct your students to stand in a line in the middle of the classroom. Then, explain to them that
you will read some sentences without including the article. They must identify if the article needed
is definite, indefinite, or if they do not need to add an article.

 If it is indefinite, they should jump to their left.

 If it is definite, they must jump to their right.
 If no article is needed, they must twirl on their spot.

8. Conjunctions
Conjunctions connect single words, phrases or clauses.
There are three types of conjunctions:

1. Coordinate Conjunction connect to independent clauses, and is often

accompanied by a comma.
and but or yet for nor So

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Examples:

Fred went to the supermarket and Mary stayed at home.

He wanted to buy the Hyundai, but his wife wanted to buy a KIA.
They can go to the beach or they can go to the amusement park.

Exercise 1
Write a suitable coordinate conjunction.
1. I love Italian food, ____ today I will have pasta.
2. Sandy visited Europe last year. She went to England, France, _______ Italy.
3. We can go to the club ______ we can stay home ______ watch a movie.
4. Charlie wanted to play video games, _______ his mother took the controls.
5. Susan took a placement test, ______ she didn’t pass.

2. Subordinate Conjunction introduces a dependent clause, and joins it to a main clause.

These are some common subordinate conjunctions:

after if though
although if only till
as in order that unless
as if now that until
as long as once when
as though rather than whenever
because since where
before so that whereas
even if than wherever
even though that while

Examples:

Even though she missed her plane, she was able to make it to the wedding.
This house is more beautiful than the other one.
While you were out with your friends, I painted the house.

Exercise 2
Join the two sentences using a suitable subordinating conjunction.

1. I will buy roses for my girlfriend. It is our anniversary.

2. Don’t sing that song. I hate it.
3. Students forget their past tense verbs. They study them a lot.
4. I could buy a new car. I had enough money.
5. You can’t go home. You finish this exercise.

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Exercise 3
Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

1. Sharon loves to go on roller coasters, yet she has a fear of heights.

2. Donald ate all his dinner, so he was able to have dessert.
3. Raccoons must push lids off garbage cans, or else they will go hungry.
4. Darren loves to play football, but he does not like to be the running back.
6. May loves to cook, for she has a special talent for it.
7. David has to wake up early, so he can climb the mountain.
8. Sophia ate a lot, yet she is still hungry.
9. The man is fast, but the woman is faster.
10. Derek went to the mall, so he was able to do some shopping.
11. May loves to cook, but she needs a new stove.
12. Stephen loves to play baseball, for he is good at it.
13. We are going to the mall, once my friends get here.
14. I’m having a great time, while you are at home watching television.

3. Correlative Conjunctions links words, phrases, and clauses.

both … and neither … nor

not only … but also whether … or
not…but as … as
either…or

Examples:

Whether she comes or not, we will continue with the project.

Neither you nor I have sufficient experience.
He is as tall as she is.

9. Interjections
Interjections are words that show emotion. They are usually followed by “!”
Examples:
Help me!
I just won the lottery!
Stop!

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Exercise 1
Read the example sentence. Come up with a similar sentence using the same interjection.
1. Ah Ah, what a delicious meal!
2. Aha Aha, now I see what you mean!
3. Eh - Eh? Say it again - I wasn't listening.
4. Hello Hello, Paul. I haven't seen you for ages.
5. Hey Hey! What are you doing with my car?
6. Hi Hi, there!
7. Hmm "He says he's doing it for our benefit." " Hmm, I'm still not convinced."
8. Oh Is that for me? Oh, you're so kind!
9. Well Well, what shall we do now?
10. Wow Wow! That show was amazing!

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PARTS OF SPEECH QUIZ

1. How do we call words that name people, Conjunctions
places, things, or ideas? 6. Words that show action.
Pronouns Adverbs
Nouns Verbs
Adjectives Linking Verbs
Prepositions Helping Verbs

2. How do we call words that take the place of 7. Words that connect the subject to the
nouns? predicate.
Pronouns Adverbs
Nouns Verbs
Adjectives Linking Verbs
Prepositions Helping Verbs

3. What words describe nouns? 8. Types of verbs that do not show action, but
Pronouns modify the meaning of the sentence.
Nouns Adverbs
Adjectives Verbs
Prepositions Linking Verbs
Helping Verbs
4. Words that indicate place, time, or direction.
They are always followed by nouns or pronouns. 9. Words or small phrases that express emotion
Pronouns Adverbs
Nouns Verbs
Adjectives Conjunctions
Prepositions Interjections

5. Words that modify adjectives, adverbs, and 10. Words that join words, phrases, or sentences.
verbs. Adverbs
Adjectives Verbs
Adverbs Conjunctions
Verbs Interjections

Write T is the statement is true. Write F if it is false.

11. In the sentence: Mickey Mouse is a famous Disney character. The word "famous" is a noun. _________

12. In the sentence: Jack Sparrow cleverly tricks other pirates. The word "cleverly" is an adverb. _________

13. In the sentence: Charlize Theron is the sexiest actress in Hollywood. The word "sexiest" is an adjective. _________

14. In the sentence: Metallica was the greatest rock band. The word "Metallica" is a pronoun. _________

15. In the sentence: Angelina Jolie learned how to defend herself. The word "herself" is an object pronoun. _________

16. In the sentence: Brad Pitt is older than Elijah Wood. The word "older" is an adjective. _________

17. In the sentence: Barack Obama is seeking for world peace. The word "peace" is a noun. _________

18. In the sentence: I want to know what love is. The word "know" is a verb. _________

19. In the sentence: You can be the King Kong banging on your chest The word "can" is an action verb. _________

20 In the sentence: You're amazing just the way you are. The word "amazing" is an adverb. _________

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Follow-up Activity - PARTS OF SPEECH REVIEW

Truly, Madly, Deeply by Savage Garden Nouns Pronouns

A. I'll be your dream, I'll be your wish,
I'll be your fantasy.
I'll be your hope, I'll be your love,
Be everything that you need.
I’ll love you more with every breath,
truly madly deeply do
Adjectives Prepositions
I will be strong, I will be faithful
'cause I'm counting on a new beginning.
A reason for living. A deeper meaning.

I want to stand with you on a mountain.

I want to bathe with you in the sea.
I want to lay like this forever.
Until the sky falls down on me Adverbs Verbs

B. And when the stars are shining brightly

in the velvet sky,
I'll make a wish send it to heaven
then make you want to cry
The tears of joy for all the pleasure and the certainty.
That we're surrounded by the comfort and protection of
The highest power, in lonely hours,
the tears devour you Conjunctions Interjections

C. Oh can you see it baby?

You don't have to close your eyes
'Cause it's standing right before you.
All that you need will surely come

oh yeah... oh yeah

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10. Sentence and Question Patterns

When you make a simple affirmative sentence, you use the following pattern.

Subect + verb + complement

I drove my car to the mall.

S V C

The intonation pattern for sentences are:

I drove my car to the mall.

The intonations rises at the end of the sentence. Car is in bold, because that
is the word we want to emphasize. In this sentence drovemy and tothe are
connected.

I drove my car to the mall, the store, and the zoo.

When there is a list, the intonation rises after each item. In this sentence
drovemy, andto and andthe are connected.

When the sentence is in negative, you use an auxiliary in negative plus a verb. The pattern is the
following:

I didn’t drive my car to the mall.

S Aux+V C

When you make a simple yes/no question, you use the following pattern:

Did you drive your car to the mall?

Aux + S + V + complement

If you use the verb “to be”, the following pattern should be used:

Are you driving your car to the mall?

Verb+ S + V +ing + complement
to be

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Grammar

Are you happy at work?

Verb+ S + V +ing + complement
to be
The intonation pattern for yes/no questions is:

Areyou happy at w ork?

In the last word, the intonation rises and are you is reduced to one sound

When you need specific information, use Wh/ questions. The question words are:

What
Where
How
Why
When

Use the following pattern for Wh/ questions.

What were you driving to the mall? My car.

When were you driving to the mall? Last night.
How were you driving to the mall? Quickly.
Why were you driving to the mall? I need to buy milk.
Where were you driving? To the mall.
Whom were you driving? My mother.
Wh/ + verb + S + V + complement
question to be

When are you happy? All the time.

Why are you happy? I have a job.
Where are you happy? Anywhere.
Whom are you happy with? With my mother.
Wh/ + verb + S + complement
question to be

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The intonation pattern for wh/ questions is:

Whenare you happy?

In the last syllable of the sentence the intonation falls and when are is
reduced to one sound.

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