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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Contents

1 The Project ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Project Road ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Site Appraisal ......................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Scope of Work ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................................. 6

1.6 Engineering Surveys and Investigations Progress ........................................................... 6

1.6.1 Topographic Surveys ............................................................................................................ 6

1.6.2 Memorandum of Inventory Surveys .................................................................................... 7

1.6.3 Traffic and Axle Load Surveys ............................................................................................. 7

1.6.4 Pavement and Material Investigation Surveys ................................................................... 7

1.6.5 Inventory & Condition Surveys for Bridges, Cross-drainage Structures and
Hydraulic Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 7

1.6.6 Geotechnical Investigations ................................................................................................. 8

1.7 Purpose of this Design Basis ............................................................................................... 8

2 HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC STUDY ....................................................................... 8

2.1 Main Objective ....................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Description of the Project Site ............................................................................................. 9

2.3 Data Collection and Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 9

2.4 Methodology of Discharge Calculations ............................................................................. 9

2.4.1 Area Velocity Method/Manning’s Formula .......................................................................... 10

2.4.2 Catchment Area Method ....................................................................................................... 11


a) Rational Formula ........................................................................................................... 11
b) Dicken’s Formula : ......................................................................................................... 13
DESIGN BASE REPORT

2.4.3 Synthetic Unit HydroGraph (as per CWC Manual-subzone 3e) ........................................ 13

2.5 Design Discharge .................................................................................................................. 13

2.6 Design HFL ............................................................................................................................. 13

2.7 Linear Waterway .................................................................................................................... 14

2.8 Afflux Calculation .................................................................................................................. 14

2.9 Results : .................................................................................................................................. 14

2.10 Scour depth : .......................................................................................................................... 14

3 BRDIGES AND STRUCTURES .............................................................................................. 15

3.1 Bridge Width .......................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Vertical Clearances................................................................................................................ 15

3.3 Loads ...................................................................................................................................... 15

3.4 Partial Safety Factors for various limit state: ..................................................................... 17

3.5 Durability ................................................................................................................................ 17

3.6 Method of Analysis:............................................................................................................... 17

3.7 Bearings ................................................................................................................................. 18

3.8 Substructure .......................................................................................................................... 18

3.9 Foundation ............................................................................................................................. 18

3.10 Retaining walls ....................................................................................................................... 18

3.11 Materials Used: ...................................................................................................................... 19

3.12 Codes and References: ......................................................................................................... 19


DESIGN BASE REPORT

1 The Project
1.1 General

Public Works Department, Maharashtra (SH Zone) has decided to take up the
development of various State Highways stretches/corridors in the country where the
intensity of traffic has increased significantly and there is requirement of augmentation of
capacity for safe and efficient movement of traffic.

Public Works Department, Maharashtra (SH Zone), is engaged in the development of


State Highways and as part of this endeavour, it has been decided to Up-gradation And
Widening to 2 lane /4 lane from Pachod to Ashti Road section of SH- 61 in the State of
Maharashtra Under MRIP on Hybrid Annuity. In pursuance to the above M/S Kalthia
Engineering and Construction Pvt. Ltd. is appointed as a Concessionaire through
competitive bidding. M/S Translink Infrastructure Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad has
been appointed to provide the detailed Design Consultancy services for project road.

1.2 Project Road

The project road starts at Pachod (Km0+000) on SH-61 and terminates near Ashti
(Km 77+800). Total existing length of project road is 77/800 km while design length of
project road is 75+800 km. Project road lies at the Aurangabad district in which the entire
project road is within the state of Maharashtra. Existing alignment poor to Fair geometrics.
The present carriageway of the Project road is two lane of 3.5 to 7.0 m width. The project
road section is traversing through several villages such as Pimperkhed, Chinckhhed,
Ambad, and Ghanasavangi, etc. Key Map of the project road is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Key Map - Project Road

Project Road Start: Km 0/000 (Km 0+000) Project Road End: Km 77/800 (Km 75+800)

1.3 Site Appraisal

Terrain
The existing project road alignment runs through plain terrain with cultivated fields and
plantations on either side.
Climate
The climate of Maharashtra state is sub-tropical in nature. It has a hot dry summer
between March to May, followed by monsoon rains from Jun to August and a cool but
relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 90.1 cm (35.47 in). The annual rainfall in
the state varies significantly. It decreases from west to east. The southeastern districts
have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 74.1 cm (209.1 in), while
western and northwestern districts receive 100 cm (39.4 in) or less. While our project road
falls in the western parts of the state where rainfall is less than 80 cm (31.49 in).
Land use and Existing ROW
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DESIGN BASE REPORT

The land use pattern along the alignment is mostly agricultural along the project stretch.
The project road traverses adjacent to many villages and towns. There are small stretches
of barren lands on both sides of the project road. The important built-up area along the
project road are Ambad (Km 15/100 to Km 16/500), Gansavangi (km 42/200 to km
43/300), Chincholi Village (km 49/200 to Km 49/400), Kumbhar Pimpalson (km 59/700 to
Km 62/200), Ashti (km 77/300 to 77/600). Existing ROW is varies between 12.5 m to 23 m.

Carriageway
The existing highway is mixed lane configuration of 3.5 to 7.0 m width. The project road
surface is generally Fair. However, some stretches are fair to poor having cracks, potholes
and patches, etc. In general, pavement condition is fair to poor along the project road.
Existing pavement type is flexible along the project road.
Bridges/Structures
The existing road alignment crosses, 23 Minor Bridges, 01 Major Bridges, 54 Pipe
culverts, 2 slab culverts. The carriageway widths of these structures are generally varies
from 7.5 m to 8.2 m. The following Table 1.1 shows the summary of existing structures.
Table 1.1: Summary of Existing Structures
Sr. Type of Structure No. of Structures
No.
1 Minor Bridges 23
2 Major Bridges 01
3 Pipe Culvert 54
4 Box Culvert 02

Railway Crossing
There is no railway crossing on the existing alignment of project road.
Bus Bay & Shelter
There are 05 bus-bay/bus shelter in the existing alignment of project road.
Truck Lay Byes
There is no truck lay byes in the existing alignment of project road.
Roadside drains
No drain is provided along the existing road.
Intersections/Junctions
There are no. major junction and 57 nos. minor junctions exist along the project road.
Bypasses
There is no bypass on existing project on project road.
Utilities
Several utility lines cross and run parallel to the project road. The different types of utility
lines observed are as given below:
a) Electric Line (including junction boxes, lamp posts and transformers, mainly
overhead)
b) High Tension Transmission lines
c) Water and Sewerage lines (underground), Well, Hand Pump etc.
d) OFC Lines (underground), etc.
1.4 Scope of Work
The development of project highway shall include design and construction of following
scope as per Schedule B.
Table 1.2: Scope of Work

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Upgradation/Widening of Part b) Pachod-Ambad-


Ghanasavangi-Ashti Road (SH-61, Length: 75.800
Name of the Project
km) to Two Lanes/Four Lanes] in the State of
Maharashtra under MRIP on Hybrid Annuity
Client Maharashtra P.W.D. (SH Division)
Concessionaire M/S Kalathia Engineering and Construction. Ltd.

Design Director M/S Translink Infrastructure Consultants Pvt. Ltd,


Ahmedabad
Independent Engineer
M/S Chaitanya Projects Consultancy Pvt. ltd.
(joint venture with) Sai Geotechnical lab.
Period of Construction 730 Days (2 Years) from the appointed date
Project Road Design Length 75.800 Km
10 m wide paved carriageway with 3 m Earthen
shoulder for 2 lane in Open Country & 18 m wide
Carriageway Width
paved carriageway with Median 1.5 m CC Drain in
Built up Area.
2 lane with paved shoulder in
Existing 3.5m Carriage Way 21.000 Km
(TCS -1A)
2 lane with paved shoulder in
Existing 5.5m Carriage Way 45.800 Km
(TCS -1B)
2 lane with paved Shoulder in
Existing 7m Carriage Way (TCS - 7.450 Km
1C)
2 lane Rigid Pavement with
paver Block in Existing 3.5m 0.250 m
Carriage Way (TCS-2A)
4 lane Rigid Pavement with
Median in Existing Road 3.5m 0.750 m
Carriage Way(TCS-TCS-3A)
4 lane Rigid Pavement with
Median in Existing Road 5.5m 1.700 Km
Carriage Way(TCS-TCS-3B)
4 lane Rigid Pavement with
Median in Existing Road 5.5m 0.850 Km
Carriage Way(TCS-TCS-3C)
Minor At Grade Intersections 57 nos.
Covered Drain
1. Km 9+750 to Km 10+500
Road Side Drainage (Both Sides) 2. Km 15+400 to Km 16+450
3. Km 41+950 to Km 43+250
4. Km 49+950 to Km 49+750
Main Carriageway (Flexible Pavement)
BC - 40mm
DBM 60mm
WMM - 250mm
Type of Pavement GSB - 200 mm
Main Carriageway (Rigid Pavement)
PQC - 300mm
DLC - 150mm
GSB - 150 mm
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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Reconstruction of Existing Major Bridge - 01No.


New Minor Bridge - 3 No.
Reconstruction of Existing Minor Bridge - 19 No.
Retained of Existing Minor Bridge - 02 No.
Structures
New construction of Box Culverts – 05 Nos.
Reconstruction of Box Culverts – 07 Nos.
Reconstruction of Pipe Culverts - 42 Nos.
New Pipe Culvert- 2 Nos.
W-Beam metal crash barriers shall however be
Hazardous Location provided with minimum length of 600 m at all
hazardous location as per schedule D.
Bus Byes 13 nos.
Toll Plaza Nil
Truck Lay-byes Nil
Road Side Furniture, Land scraping and tree
Road Side Furniture
plantations as per as per Schedule D.
Highway lighting Lighting shall be provided as per Schedule D.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

To meet the vision and scope of detailed design & construction, approach and
methodology is split in following stages. Each stage has been further divided into various
activities. Detailed methodology adopted for detail design of project road is shown in
Figure 1.2 below.
1.6 Engineering Surveys and Investigations Progress
Design Consultant has undertaken the following necessary field activities for detailed
engineering design of project road. The design team have undertaken detailed site visit
during 30th-31st March 2018 and select the traffic survey locations, revalidate the widening
scheme, appraisal of Authority documents i.e. schedules, Agreement & project reports etc.

1.6.1 Topographic Surveys


Topographical surveys have been carried out during 14th
July 2018 to 30th Sep 2018 as per IRC: SP 19-2001,
“Manual for Survey, Investigation and Preparation of
Road Projects”. The field survey have been carried out
by high precision instrument i.e. Total Station. The data
from the topographic surveys are available in (x, y, z)
format for use in a sophisticated digital terrain model
(DTM). The horizontal control grids are fixed using
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) with two
geo-receivers at every 3.0 km on a pair of control
stations. These are called as Primary Control Stations.
Secondary control stations are established on Average at
200 m intervals using Total Station and through closed
traverse distributed linearly running between two nearest
Primary Control Stations. Next, bench mark was fixed at
an interval of 200 m with BM No. marked on it with red paint. The topographic survey
extends up to the proposed Right of Way (ROW). Wherever necessary, the survey corridor
width was further increased to accommodate situations arising out of encroachments and
any other contingencies. Collection of details for all features such as structures (bridges,
culverts etc.), all utilities, existing roads, buildings and fencing etc. falling within the extent
of survey. The Consultants shall review the requirements of schedules and the design

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

standards proposed for the project road. Based on the design standards, the designs of
horizontal and vertical alignment will be done using MX Road software. After finalising the
centreline, the designed centreline will be staked on ground at 10 m interval with nail and
yellow paint for further levelling work.

1.6.2 Memorandum of Inventory Surveys


Joint memorandum of inventory survey was carried
out during 10th Sep 2018 to 15th Sep 2018.
Memorandum of inventory was carried out for the
existing 2-lane road along the project highway and
reported various existing features of the project road
i.e. exising ROW, carriageway, CD structures, Road
furniture , utilities and encroachment etc.

1.6.3 Traffic and Axle Load Surveys


Traffic surveys were carried out during 12th Sep 2018 to 18th Sep 2018, which includes
Classified Volume Count at one location for 7 days 24 hours continuous at chainage Km
41/800. Axle load surveys were conducted at same locations of classified volume count
surveys for 1 day 24 hours.

1.6.4 Pavement and Material Investigation Surveys


Pavement investigations were carried out from
11th Sep 2018 to 14th Sep 2018, which includes
trial pit investigations, Field Dry Density test by
Sand Replacement method, Dynamic Cone
Penetrometer Test (DCPT) for field CBR. Material
Investigations were carried out from 15th Sep
2018 to 16th Sep 2018 to identify the potential
source of these materials near the project site so
as to economize on the cost of construction besides early completion of the project. It
includes the investigation for the borrow area soil for the suitability in the construction
process.
1.6.5 Inventory & Condition Surveys for Bridges, Cross-drainage
Structures and Hydraulic Data Collection

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Pipe Culvert Km-60/140 Minor Bridge Km-2/550


A detailed inspection of all the culverts, cross-drainage structures was conducted by the
bridge/structure expert with the help of supporting staffs. Detailed inventory and condition
survey were carried out mainly by visual means. Inventory and condition survey of total 69
structures. 1 Major Bridges, 23 Minor Bridges, 45 Pipe culverts was carried out from 11 th
Sep 2018 to 14th Sep 2018. The report for Inventory & Condition surveys for Culverts,
cross-drainage structures will be submitted separately.

1.6.6 Geotechnical Investigations


Geotechnical investigations conforming to the established
standards and as deemed necessary has been carried out
for the reconstruction and new construction major/manor
bridges. The sub-soil investigations were carried out for
finalizing the span arrangements and designing the
foundations for the proposed structures. The data of
particular importance for the design of structures include
Soil profile and parameters, Foundation strata, Safe
bearing capacity and rock strata etc. Geotechnical
investigations is under progress for all the required
reconstruction, new construction and widening structures
during 10th October 2018 to 20th November 2018.

1.7 Purpose of this Design Basis


The purpose of this Design Basis is to formulate a comprehensive document outlining the
design standards to be adopted and formulating the improvement proposals for the CD
structures. Further this Design Basis shall also serve as a platform for discussing the
merits and de-merits of the improvement proposals for bridge structures and highlight any
deviations from the concession agreement.

In case of any specific requirements which are not covered in the Design Basis, a
technical note shall be prepared and discussed on a case to case basis before finalising
the construction drawings.

The proposals outlined in this Design Basis are based on the broad design standards
specified in Schedule D of the Concession Agreement.

2 HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC STUDY

2.1 Main Objective


The main objective of the hydrological and hydraulic study is to determine the required
size of new drainage structures adequacy of vent to allow the estimated design flow of the
streams to cross the road safely, and to check whether waterways of existing structures
are sufficient to pass the flow without risk so that appropriate decisions could be taken
concerning their rehabilitation.

The hydrological and hydraulic study for the project has been based on:
Topographic survey data of cross drainage structures
Generated topographical data and maps of streams for upstream and downstream, rainfall
intensity, duration and its distribution.
Rainfall pattern of the project site

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

2.2 Description of the Project Site


The project stretch starts at Pachod (Km0+000) on SH-61 and terminates near Ashti
(Km 77+800). Total existing length of project road is 77/800 km while design length of
project road is 75+800 km. Project road lies at the Aurangabad district in which the entire
project road is within the state of Maharashtra.

The soil in the project site is having brownish to blacking silty clayey sand on top with
slightly weathered rock beneath.

2.3 Data Collection and Data Analysis

Requirements for Hydrological and Hydraulic Design

The hydrological study aims at estimating the peak discharge of the flood generated by
the run-off of rainfall within the catchment area. The hydrological study requires:
• Knowledge of the characteristics of peak rainfall in the regions:
• Knowledge of the characteristics of the catchment areas:
• Topographic data about the stream, upstream and downstream:
• Survey of India topo maps to a scale of 1: 50,000 for identification of
catchment area and its characteristics.
• Site study of the characteristics of the catchment areas, HFL from local
enquiry.

Data Collection
Topographic surveys have been done at all the major and minor stream crossings with
a view to obtain the cross section of the rivers at the proposed road crossing. As per
IRC: SP: 13-2004 Clause 3.3, Table-1, approximate distances, upstream and
downstream of the selection site of crossing at which cross sections should be taken
are as under.

Distance (u/s and d/s of the crossing) at


Catchment Area
which cross sections should be taken)
Upto 3.0 sq. km 100m
From 3.0 to 15 sq. km 300m
Over 15 sq. km 500m

For major bridges and the spans more than 30m, the catchment area more than 15
square km the topographic surveys have been done one and a half km or the width
between the banks, whichever is more as per IRC 05-2015, clause 102.1.2.3.

The characteristics of the catchment areas have been ascertained from Survey of India
topo sheets, to a scale of 1:250000/1:50000 from which, catchment area at the
proposed bridge site, length of the stream and fall in elevation from originating point to
the point of crossing, could be determined.

HFL data
The High Flood Levels (HFL) have been obtained from existing flood marks or
ascertained from enquiry with local people.

2.4 Methodology of Discharge Calculations

Discharges for the major and minor bridges are worked out as per methodology
described under various applicable standards of IRC, e.g. IRC: 5 -2015, pocket book of
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DESIGN BASE REPORT

bridge engineers and SP-13-2004. The computed values are adopted through site
validation and local inquiry with judgment.
The following methods have been used to estimate the peak discharge and
waterway for bridge sites on major and minor streams.

2.4.1 Area Velocity Method/Slope Area Method


2.4.2 Catchment Area Method
• Rational formula
• Dicken’s formula
2.4.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (as per CWC Manual-subzone 3e)

Paths of streams having nominal discharges of minor bridges at some locations could
not identified on topo sheets. So, the calculation of discharges for that particular bridges
have to be done as per Area Velocity method only.
For catchment areas not exceeding 50 sq. km, Area velocity method is a universally
accepted relating formulae for discharge calculation as per clause 106.3.4 IRC:5-2015. If
the catchment area is more than 50 sq. km the calculation of discharge has to be done
as per Synthetic Unit Hydrograph method.
2.4.1 Area Velocity Method/Manning’s Formula
This method has been utilised to calculate the discharge from the stream cross-section
and stream slope/bed slope at the proposed bridge sites, for both major and minor
bridges. After plotting the cross section of the river, and marking the observed HFL, the
cross-sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter (P) have been computed. The bed slope
of the river has been estimated along its length.

The velocity and Discharge have been calculated using the Manning’s formula:
V = 1/n R 2/3 S 1/2
Q = AxV
Where,
V = Velocity in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth in m
S = Flood slope/bed slope
n = Co-efficient of rugosity
Q = Peak Discharge
A = Area of cross section

The value of ‘n’ has been adopted as per soil criteria and river bed characteristics,
observed at site and are based on Table 5.1 of IRC SP-13: 2004 which has been
tabulated below.

Surface Perfect Good Fair Bad


Natural Streams
1. Clean, straight bank, full stage, no 0.025 0.0275 0.030 0.033
rifts or deep pools
2. Same as (I), but some weeds and 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.040
stones
3. Winding, some pools and shoals, 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050
clean
4. Same as (3), lower stages, more 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055
ineffective slope and sections
5. Same as (3) some weeds and 0.033 0.035 0.040 0.045
stones
6. Same as (4), stony sections 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060
7. Sluggish river reaches, rather 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080
weedy or with very deep pools
8. Very weedy reaches 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

2.4.2 Catchment Area Method

a) Rational Formula
Pocket Book for bridge engineers, published by IRC or methodology available in IRC:
SP-13:2004 has been adopted for computation of discharge by this method. In this
method discharge is assumed to be proportional to the upstream catchments at the
crossing and critical intensity of rainfall.

Q= 0.028 P f A IC
Where:
Q = Maximum runoff in cumecs
A = Catchment area in hectares
Ic = Critical intensity of rainfall in cm/ hr.
P = Coefficient of run-off for the given catchment characteristics. The table is
reproduced in the next page.
f = Spread factor for converting point rainfall into aerial mean rainfall.
Ic = Io*[2/ (Tc+1)]
Io = Intensity of one hour rainfall that occurs from the severest storm in the region.
The intensity is chosen from Appendix – A of SP-13-2004.
Tc= Time of concentration in hour.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Time of Concentration
Time of concentration (Tc) has been determined from the following Empirical

Formula:

Tc = [0.87 (L3/H) ] 0.385

Where, L is the distance of basin critical point to the outfall point/crossing in km and
H is the elevation difference in meter in length L.
Point rainfall values are adjusted for aerial mean value using recommended spread factor
as per IRC: SP-13, vide fig. 4.2, showing ‘f’ curve.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Maximum rainfall
The maximum 24 hour rainfall had been taken as 200 mm for 100 years return period as
per flood estimation report of Central Water Commission and IRC SP 42

b) Dicken’s Formula :
It has been used to estimate flood discharges from a single parameter, catchment area.
Flood discharges calculated from these formulae cannot be assigned with any Return
Period.
Discharge, Q = C A 0.75
Where, A = Catchment area in Sq. km.
C is Run-off coefficient, which depends on the annual rainfall. The max annual rainfall
collected from various rain gauge stations within the project site is 800mm. So, the value
of C adopted is 12.

2.4.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (as per CWC Manual-subzone 3e)


According to CWC Manual of sub zone 3e the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph was computed
by using the equations given below:
Basin Lag, t p = 0.727*( L L c/√S) 0.59)
Peak of the Unit Hydrograph, q p = 2.020 * (t p) 0.88
Width of Unit Hydrograph measured at 50% max. Peak discharge Q p,
W50 = 2.228 * (q p) 1.04
Width of Unit Hydrograph measured at 75% max. Peak discharge Q p,
W75 = 1.301 * (q p) 0.96
Width of Unit Hydrograph measured at 50% of Q p between the rising limb and Q p
ordinate in hours,
W R50 = 0.880 * (q p) 1.01
Width of Unit Hydrograph measured at 50% of Q p between the rising limb and Q p
ordinate in hours,
W R75 = 0.540 * (q p) 0.96
Base width, TB = 5.485 *( t p) 0.73
Time from start of rise to the peak of Unit Hydrograph, Tm = t p + t r /2
Max. Peak discharge, Qp=qpxA

2.5 Design Discharge


For spans less than or equal to 30m, the general condition laid down in IRC SP-13 has
been used to fix the design discharge which states that “the highest discharge does not
exceed the next highest discharge by more than 50%. If it does, restrict it to that limit”. For
spans beyond 30m the design discharge has to be considered according to IRC: 5-2015 in
which the design discharge shall be adopted by considering the maximum discharge of all
methods.

2.6 Design HFL


If the design discharge is obtained by area velocity method as governing case, then the
design HFL has taken as the observed HFL only. If not the design HFL has been obtained
by back calculation, i.e., fixing the design discharge as constant and modify the HFL
accordingly at the bridge site cross section.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

2.7 Linear Waterway


Linear water way is obtained by dividing the design discharge by velocity through vent,
depth of flow and factor of safety depends on cross section of river.

2.8 Afflux Calculation


If any of the bridges in the alignment have less clear waterway as compared to natural
stream width. This causes afflux at bridge sites during flood. Afflux for the bridges has
been calculated using Molesworth formula as described in IRC: 89-1997 and pocket book
for bridge engineers. Value of afflux, h in meter, is given by the following expression:
é V2 ù éæ Au ö ù
2

ê + 0 . 015 ú ´ ê ç ÷ - 1ú
ë17 .89 û ëêè Ae ø ûú

Where, V = Average velocity of river prior to obstruction in m/sec


Au = Unobstructed sectional area of the channel in m 2
Ae = Sectional area of river at obstruction in m 2
2.9 Results :
Design discharge = Q in ‘cumecs’
Velocity = Vf in m/sec
Effective Linear water way = Leff in ‘m’
Depth of flow (from the lowest bed level) = Actual depth of flow
Afflux = Afflux provided
Free Board = depends on the discharge(table 1)
Depth of Soffit = (HFL + Afflux + Free Board)

Table: 1(Free Board)

Discharge (Cumecs) Free Board(mm)


Up to 0.30 150
0.30 - 3.00 450
3.00 - 30.00 600
30.00-300.00 900
300.00-3000.00 1200
>3000.00 1500

2.10 Scour depth :


The scour depth is calculated according to the IRC SP: 13-2004. From the soil samples,
recovered from the bore holes during soil investigation, grain size analysis are carried out
and silt factors are calculated up to the depth of anticipated scour level in accordance with
IRC-5-2015.

The mean scour depth is calculated using the formula:

dsm = 1.34(Db2/ Ksf)1/3.


Where, Ksf = silt factor
Db = (Qb/ Le) Design discharge in cumecs per meter width.
Obtain total design divided by the linear water way as per IRC: 5-
2015.
Dsm = mean scour depth of scour level below HFL.
Le = effective linear water way.
Qd = Design discharge = 30% of estimated discharge
(Increase over design discharge as per SP 13:2004.)

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3 BRDIGES AND STRUCTURES

3.1 Bridge Width

Typical sketch showing cross section of 2 –lane Highway with paved shoulder

If the width of additional widening will be less than 1m, the widening of the structure will be
dispensed with in accordance with para 7.3(ii) of Manual specification and standards.

3.2 Vertical Clearances


Vertical Clearance adopted for Grade separator; VUP & Cattle / Pedestrian crossing is proposed
as below.
➢ 5.5m for VUP as per schedule-B.

3.3 Loads
❖ Dead Load (DL):
Unit weight of dead loads calculation shall be considered as per IRC: 6- 2017as below:

Materials : Unit weight


Plain Concrete : 2.5 T/m3
Reinforced Concrete &
Prestressed Concrete : 2.5 T/m3
Wearing Coat : 2.2 T/m3
Structural Steel : 7.85 T/m3

❖ Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL):

Unit weight of superimposed dead load shall be in conformity with IRC: 6. For calculating
the dead weight due to wearing coat, thickness of 65mm shall be considered.
The crash Barrier will be designed as per table 3 of IRC: 6 – 2017 under P-1 "Normal
Containment" category. The crash barrier shall be provided as per IRC: 5-2015. The railing
on top shall be replaced by concrete of same height. The cross-sectional area of the crash
barrier works out to be approx. 0.3 m2.
Weight of crash barrier = 0.3 x 25 = 7.5kN/m
❖ Live Load (Carriageway (CWLL)):

1 Lane of Class 70R Or 2 lane of Class A Load of carriageway, without footpath


conforming to IRC 6 whichever producing severe effect shall be considered in design.
Reduction in Longitudinal effect for multilane loading shall not be considered as in one
direction only two lane traffic will act.
❖ Braking and Centrifugal Force:

Breaking and centrifugal forces are to be considered as per codal provisions mentioned in
IRC: 6-2017.
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DESIGN BASE REPORT

❖ Temperature Forces (Temperature Gradient):


Temperature forces considered for calculation of bearing movement and for the design of
expansion joint shall be as per IRC: 6. The design is based on the range of effective
bridge temperature at the site location of the structure. The temperature gradient
considered for stress calculations of all structure members are as per the IRC: 6.

Minimum temperature = 10° C


Maximum temperature = 47° C
Mean temperature = (10 + 47) / 2
= 28.5° C
Temperature increase/ Decrease = 47- (28.5 - 10)
= 28.5° C
Coefficient of Thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6/° C
For the calculation of shrinkage effect, the shrinkage strain of 2 x 10 -4have been converted
into equivalent temperature fall as shown below:
Total temperature fall due to shrinkage = 2 x 10-4 / 117 x 10-7 = 17/° C
While considering the forces due to these strains, young's modulus of elasticity of concrete
can be reduced to 50% of the original value to consider the long term effect.

❖ Wind Forces:
Wind Forces shall be considered as per IRC: 6. Drag Coefficient, Gust factor and Lift
Coefficient shall be calculated as per the above clauses.

❖ Water Current Forces:


o Water Current Forces shall be considered as per IRC: 6.

❖ Buoyancy:
Buoyancy shall be considered as per IRC: 6. In the design of submerged structures, the
buoyancy effect through pore pressure may be limited to 15% of full buoyancy.

❖ Earth Pressure:
Active pressure due to filling behind the retaining / abutment shall be evaluated by
Coulomb's formula.
The Coefficient of active pressure (horizontal).

Ka =

Following soil properties for filling behind abutment and between return walls shall be
considered in the design.
i) Angle of Internal friction, ϕ = 30°
ii) Angle of Wall Friction, δ = 2/3 ϕ
iii) Angle of cohesion, c = 0
iv) Dry density of back fill material = 2.0 T/m3
The value for coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka is calculated using the above formula
and design parameters, case by case. Passive earth pressure in front will be suitably
accounted, case by case. For the Box structures, where uniform earth pressure act from
both sides of the box, earth pressure at rest (Ko) shall be considered in the design.
Ko = 1- sinϕ =0.5
Surcharge live load, equivalent to 1.2m of earth fill shall be considered in the design.

❖ Seismic Forces:
The project stretch falls under Seismic Zone III as per IRC: 6. The seismic coefficientis
calculated considering the Importance factor of 1.2 as there are at grade service roads
areavailable. Seismic reduction factor is considered as 3.0 with POT bearings for column
and 1.0 with POT bearing for wall section for the design of substructure & foundation.
Seismic reduction factor shall be 1.0 for bearings.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

Bridges with length less than 10m are not required to be designed for seismic forces in all
zones. For bridges with span length less than 15m and total length less than 60m need not
be designedfor seismic forces in Zone II & III.

3.4 Partial Safety Factors for various limit state:


Partial safety factor of 1.5 has been adopted for Concrete and 1.15 has been adopted for
steel as per clauses 6.3.5 & 6.4.2.8 of IRC: 112-2011 respectively.

Rectangular stress distribution has been considered for concrete as per Annexure A-2 of
IRC: 112-2011.
The partial safety factor for loads for different limit states has been adopted, as given in
IRC:6 - 2017, shall be as per
• Table 3.1 for the verification of equilibrium
• Table 3.2 for checking the structural strength
• Table 3.3 for verification of serviceability
• Table 3.4 for base pressure & design of foundation

3.4.1 Ultimate Limit State of Shear, Punching Shear and Torsion:

Ultimate Limit State of Shear, Punching Shear and Torsion shall be checked as per
section of 10 of IRC: 112.

3.4.2 Serviceability of Limit State

Serviceability of Limit states of Stress levels, Crack width and deflection shall be carried
out as per section of 12 of IRC: 112.

3.5 Durability
Durability of structure depends on the materials used, mix proportions, workmanship
achieved, design and detailing including minimum cover to steel. The grade of concrete,
steel and cover to reinforcement given in Section 7 of this document is to be adopted.

3.6 Method of Analysis:


3.6.1 Box Type Minor Bridge:

All above are analyzed per meter width of strip for self-weight and superimposed loads.
For live load analysis, effective width method recommended by IRC is used for calculating
the dispersion. The section design is done for critical values of loads and combinations
from the output of the analysis.
3.6.2 Analysis for Superstructures with RCC/PSC Girders for Bridges

➢ Grillage Analysis

Superstructure decks of slab on girder bridges are analyzed as a two dimensional grillage
for the geometry by applying calculated grillage properties. Analysis is carried out for static
as well as moving loads. Secondary effect due to shrinkage and creep of concrete for
composite structures are accounted by IRC method.

The analysis of the slab on girder bridges for longitudinal flexure shall be carried out using
Grillage model on STAAD Pro on the following basis:

• Grillage model has been generated with longitudinal members along the C/L of the l-
Girder and along the outer edges. Suitable transverse members along the cross
beams have also been provided.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

• Moment and shear force will be calculated separately for inner & outer girders by
keeping the loading with minimum eccentricity to crash barrier.

• For the design of the longitudinal Girders stresses and moments shall be determined
at End of solid section, End of tapering section, and mid-section at suitable intervals
for other locations.
• Transverse members of the grillage other than the Cross-diaphragm shall be modeled
as slab elements.

Method of Analysis for Cross Diaphragm


The analysis of the Cross Diaphragm shall be carried out using Grillage model on STAAD
Pro on the following basis:
The end cross Diaphragm shall be designed both as a continuous beam supported on the
longitudinal girders and for the jack up condition. Intermediate diaphragm provided needs
to be designed at service stage loads for the results of the grillage analysis.
Section properties
• The effective flange width calculation for determination of sectional properties for the
longitudinal girders and cross diaphragm shall be done in accordance with IRC: 112.

• The longitudinal members of bridges shall have negligible torsion carrying capacity.
Torsion effect is accounted in bridges by assigning very small torsional moment of
inertia for the members in the grillage model.

Method of analysis for deck slab


The deck slab shall be designed as a continuous one-way slab supported on the
longitudinal girders with cantilever overhang beyond the girders. Live load effects shall be
taken based on effective width method recommended in IRC: 112
3.7 Bearings
POT / Elastomeric bearings are proposed. The design of elastomeric bearing is as per the
recommendations of IRC 83 (Part II). The design loads for POT– PTFE bearings are
calculated as per the guidelines of IRC 83 (Part III).
The horizontal forces due to bearings shall be calculated as per clause 211 of IRC: 6-
2017.
3.8 Substructure
The pier has been designed for the vertical forces transferring from superstructure and for
the biaxial moments developed in both longitudinal and transverse directions due to
braking, seismic and other horizontal forces.
Retaining Wall is proposed behind the abutment and for the approaches for flyover and
conventional plate type abutment type structure is proposed depending upon the height of
the structure.
The abutment and pier are checked for both cracked and un-cracked condition and
designed as per section 8 of IRC: 112.
Pedestals are provided under each of the girder. The pier cap is checked for bending and
shears arising from vertical forces acting on bearings and torsion due to unbalanced
vertical loads on bearings. Grade of Concrete for substructure consists of Pier and pier
cap of M30 and that of pedestal shall be M40 grade.
3.9 Foundation
Type of foundation is based on the properties of sub grade soil strata. Foundation type as
per preliminary data of the soil investigation is of open foundation.
Grade of concrete for open foundation shall be M30.
3.10 Retaining walls
The retaining wall will be provided as per CA. Coulomb's theory is applicable for Earth
pressure calculations as per IRC: 6 -2014.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

3.11 Materials Used:


Concrete:
Minimum grade of Concrete shall be:
(a) Leveling course : M15
(b) PCC members : M20
(c) RCC Deck Slab/Girder/ Voided Slab : M35
(d) RCC Pier Shaft, Abutment Shaft & footing : M30
(e) RCC Abutment cap & Pier cap : M30
(f) RCC Retaining wall & median wall : M25
(g) RCC Approach Slab : M30
(h) RCC Box/ Slab Culvert : M30
(k) RCC Crash Barrier : M40
(l) Blinding Concrete : M10
Reinforcement (untensioned Steel as per Code IS:1786):
Grade of HYSD bars shall be Fe 500 & Modulus of elasticity 2.0 X 105Mpa
Prestressing Steel:
Prestressing steel comprises uncoated stress relieved strands conforming to Cl.2 strands
of IS.14268-1995.12T13/19T13 with HDPE Sheathing duct of 90mm diameter.
Modulus of elasticity = 1.95 x 105 N/mm2.
Structural Steel (High Tensile Steel Conforming to IS 14268):
The following type of structural steel considered for the design of steel / composite super-
structure.Fe490 conforming to IS: 2062-1992: The basic permissible stresses for design of
steel sections are taken from Table 6.2 of IRC: 24-2001.

Cover:
The minimum cover to reinforcement shall be determined from the recommendations of
IRC: 112 table 14.2 taking into account the moderate environmental conditions .
Drainage Provisions:
Drainage Spouts shall be placed not greater than 5m center to center. Down-take pipes
will be provided to dispose the water below soffit of the superstructure.

Expansion Joints:
Strip seal type of expansion joint is provided.

Wearing Course:
50mm thick wearing course is proposed as per section 2702 of MoRTH Specification.

3.12 Codes and References:


The design of various components of the structure, in general are based on provisions of
IRC/IS Codes. The list of IRC Codes (latest revisions) given below will serve as a guide for
the design of structures.
➢ IRC: 5-2015 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section-I – General features of Design.

➢ IRC: 6-2017 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section-II – Loads and Stresses.

➢ IRC: 22-2015 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section-VI –Composite Construction.

➢ IRC: 24-2010 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section-V –Steel Road Bridges (Limit State).

➢ IRC: 78-2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section-VII – Foundation & Substructure.

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DESIGN BASE REPORT

➢ IRC: 83-2002 (PIII) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section-IX –Bearings-Part III: POT,POT-cum-PTPE and Metallic guide Bearings.

➢ IRC: 112-2011 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges.

➢ IRC: SP: 13-2004 Guidelines for Design of Minor Bridges & Culverts.

Wherever IRC code is silent, following standards will be followed.


• American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials (AAHSTO) Standards.
• British Standards.
• Any other National or International Standard as considered suitable.

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